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PubMed2002

The growth defect of lrt1, a maize mutant lacking lateral roots, can be complemented by symbiotic fungi or high phosphate nutrition.

The growth of three maize (Zea mays L.) mutants, each impaired in the formation of one individual element of its root system, was compared under "natural" limiting phosphate conditions (0.1 mM). Mutant plants exhibiting a reduction in root hairs (rth3-1) or a depletion of crown and brace roots (rtcs) grew as well as the corresponding wild-type plants. However, mutant plants lacking lateral roots (lrt1) showed a strong reduction in plant growth. The growth defect of lrt1 was overcome when it was grown in association with an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Glomus mosseae. Establishment of symbiosis was associated with the occurrence of a new type of lateral root. These new lateral roots were stunted and highly branched, giving rise to a bush-like structure. Supply of high phosphate (1 microM) ameliorated the growth of lrt1 plants too, but less efficiently than the symbiosis did. Hence, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as well as phosphate functionally complemented the lrt1 mutation.

Fungi↗
PubMed2002

Phenylthiourea disrupts thyroid function in developing zebrafish.

Thyroid hormone (T4) can be detected in thyroid follicles in wild-type zebrafish larvae from 3 days of development, when the thyroid has differentiated. In contrast, embryos or larvae treated with goitrogens (substances such as methimazole, potassium percholorate, and 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil) are devoid of thyroid hormone immunoreactivity. Phenythiourea (PTurea; also commonly known as PTU) is widely used in zebrafish research to suppress pigmentation in developing embryos/fry. PTurea contains a thiocarbamide group that is responsible for goitrogenic activity in methimazole and 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil. In the present study, we show that commonly used doses of 0.003% PTurea abolish T4 immunoreactivity of the thyroid follicles of zebrafish larvae. As development of the thyroid gland is not affected, these data suggest that PTurea blocks thyroid hormone production. Like other goitrogens, PTurea causes delayed hatching, retardation and malformation of embryos or larvae with increasing doses. At doses of 0.003% PTurea, however, toxic side effects seem to be at a minimum, and the maternal contribution of the hormone might compensate for compromised thyroid function during the first days of development.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Three-dimensional cytoarchitecture of rat pulmonary venous walls: a light and scanning electron microscopic study.

The three-dimensional architecture of the rat pulmonary veins was studied by light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). For LM, the left lungs were fixed with formalin, sectioned and immunostained with an anti-alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) antibody in addition to conventional staining. For SEM, the specimens were fixed with glutaraldehyde and immersed in 30% KOH solution for 8 min followed by treatment of collagenase solution for more than 5 h. By LM, the smooth muscle cells stained with anti-alpha-SMA showed discontinuous, periodical thickenings of circular bundles in the wall of the venules, but they became thin and continuous in the larger vessels (or veins) that had a cardiac muscle layer on the outside. Under SEM, the smooth muscle cells formed circular-oriented bundles at constant intervals along the venules less than 100 microm in diameter. These bundles had circumferential constrictions in the lumen. The cardiac muscle cells, which appeared in large pulmonary veins of more than 100 microm, ran in a circular or oblique direction and completely surrounded the vessel wall outside of the thin continuous layer of smooth muscle cells. The muscle arrangements were considered to play a significant role in the return blood flow in rat pulmonary veins.

Actins↗
PubMed2003

Purification of Sarcocystis neurona sporocysts from opossum (Didelphis virginiana) using potassium bromide discontinuous density gradient centrifugation.

This report describes a new, inexpensive procedure for the rapid and efficient purification of Sarcocystis neurona sporocysts from opossum small intestine. S. neurona sporocysts were purified using a discontinuous potassium bromide density gradient. The procedure provides a source of sporocyst wall and sporozoites required for reliable biochemical characterization and for immunological studies directed at characterizing antigens responsible for immunological responses by the host. The examined isolates were identified as S. neurona using random amplified polymorphic DNA primers and restriction endonuclease digestion assays. This method allows the collection of large numbers of highly purified S. neurona sporocysts without loss of sporocyst viability as indicated by propidium iodide permeability and cell culture infectivity assays. In addition, this technique might also be used for sporocyst purification of other Sarcocystis spp.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Plant N capture from pulses: effects of pulse size, growth rate, and other soil resources.

In arid ecosystems, the ability to rapidly capture nitrogen (N) from brief pulses is expected to influence plant growth, survival, and competitive ability. Theory and data suggest that N capture from pulses should depend on plant growth rate and availability of other limiting resources. Theory also predicts trade-offs in plant stress tolerance and ability to capture N from different size pulses. We injected K15NO3, to simulate small and large N pulses at three different times during the growing season into soil around the co-dominant Great Basin species Sarcobatus vermiculatus, Chrysothamnus nauseosus ssp. consimilis, and Distichlis spicata. Soils were amended with water and P in a partial factorial design. As predicted, all study species showed a comparable decline in N capture from large pulses through the season as growth rates slowed. Surprisingly, however, water and P availability differentially influenced the ability of these species to capture N from pulses. Distichlis N capture increased up to tenfold with water addition while Chrysothamnus N capture increased up to threefold with P addition. Sarcobatus N capture was not affected by water or P availability. Opposite to our prediction, Sarcobatus, the most stress tolerant species, captured less N from small pulses but more N from large pulses relative to the other species. These observations suggest that variation in N pulse timing and size can interact with variable soil water and P supply to determine how N is partitioned among co-existing Great Basin species.

California↗
PubMed2005

Carbamide peroxide bleaching agents: effects on surface roughness of enamel, composite and porcelain.

This study examined the effect of 10 and 35% carbamide peroxide bleaching agents on the surface roughness of enamel, feldspathic porcelain, and microfilled and microhybrid composite resins. Standardized cylindrical specimens were prepared for restorative materials. Enamel samples were obtained from buccal and lingual surfaces of human molars. Samples from each substrate were divided in three subgroups (n=10), according to surface treatment: distilled water (control), and 10 and 35% carbamide peroxide. The 10% agent was applied 3 h daily and the 35% agent was applied for 30 min/week, at 37 degrees C, during 21 days. Control samples remained stored in distilled water, at 37 degrees C. Roughness measurements (Ra, microm) were made at 24 h and repeated after 7, 14 and 21 days of exposure. Data were analyzed using ANOVA (split-plot design) and Tukey's test (5% significance level). Samples from control groups showed no significant alteration during all test periods, while for exposure to 10% agent, only the porcelain presented a rougher surface after 21 days (p<0.05). For the 35% product, roughness means significantly increased during the first and second weeks for enamel (p<0.05), and after 21 days for porcelain (p<0.05) and for the microhybrid composite (p<0.05). Microfilled samples showed no significant alteration throughout the 21-day period, regardless of the surface treatment.

Aluminum Silicates↗
PubMed2006

Deposition of fluoride on enamel surfaces released from varnishes is limited to vicinity of fluoridation site.

The aim of the in-situ study was to determine fluoride uptake in non-fluoridated, demineralized enamel after application of fluoride varnishes on enamel samples located at various distances from the non-fluoridated samples. All enamel samples used were demineralized with acidic hydroxyethylcellulose before the experiment. Intra-oral appliances were worn by ten volunteers in three series: (1, Mirafluorid, 0.15% F; 2, Duraphat, 2.3% F and 3, unfluoridated controls) of 6 days each. Each two enamel samples were prepared from 30 bovine incisors. One sample was used for the determination of baseline fluoride content (BFC); the other was treated according to the respective series and fixed in the intra-oral appliance for 6 days. Additionally, from 120 incisors, each four enamel samples were prepared (one for BFC). Three samples (a-c) were placed into each appliance at different sites: (a) directly neighboured to the fluoridated specimen (=next), (b) at 1-cm distance (=1 cm) and (c) in the opposite buccal aspect of the appliance (=opposite). At these sites, new unfluoridated samples were placed at days 1, 3 and 5, which were left in place for 1 day. The volunteers brushed their teeth and the samples with fluoridated toothpaste twice per day. Both the KOH-soluble and structurally bound fluoride were determined in all samples to determine fluoride uptake and were statistically analyzed. One day, after fluoridation with Duraphat, KOH-soluble fluoride uptake in specimen a (=next) was significantly higher compared to the corresponding samples of both the control and Mirafluorid series, which in turn were not significantly different from each other. At all other sites and time points, fluoride uptake in the enamel samples were not different from controls for both fluoride varnishes. Within the first day after application, intra-oral-fluoride release from the tested fluoride varnish Duraphat leads to KOH-soluble fluoride uptake only in enamel samples located in close vicinity to the fluoridation site.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Fluoride uptake in dentin with and without simulating dentinal fluid flow.

The aim of the present study was to compare fluoride uptake of dentin with and without simulating dentinal fluid flow. Eighty-five dentinal discs were prepared from retained human molars. Seventeen discs were used to assess baseline fluoride content (controls). Sixty-eight discs were evenly distributed among two experimental groups and were fixed for 24 h in a two-chamber device allowing for simulating dentinal fluid flow. Thirty-four samples were treated with dentifrice slurry containing a low fluoride concentration (Elmex, dilution 1:5); the remaining discs were treated with a solution of a high fluoride concentration (Elmex Fluid). For the perfused group, each of the 17 discs of the high and low concentration fluoride groups were constantly perfused during the experiment. The remaining fluoridated specimens were not perfused. All specimens were assayed for KOH-soluble fluoride and structurally bound fluoride. Structurally bound fluoride was determined in three successive layers of 20 microns each. Uptake of KOH-soluble fluoride was significantly higher in the specimens fluoridated with Elmex Fluid compared to the samples treated with the dentifrice slurry. The uptake of KOH-soluble fluoride was not influenced by perfusion of the dentinal discs. However, perfusion resulted in lower acquisition of structurally bound fluoride in the samples treated with the dentifrice slurry. After application of Elmex Fluid, no significant difference was found in the amount of structurally bound fluoride between the perfused specimens and non-perfused samples. It is suggested that further studies on fluoride uptake in dentin should use a model simulating outward dentinal fluid flow.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1997

Clinical and quantitative marginal analysis of feldspathic ceramic inlays at 4 years.

The aim of this clinical study was to evaluate feldspathic ceramic inlays both by clinical criteria and quantitative margin analysis in continuation of an earlier, identically conducted 2-year study. Fifty feldspathic ceramic inlays were adhesively luted in Class II preparations with all margins located in enamel. The inlays were evaluated clinically according to modified USPHS criteria after 3 and 4 years. Quantitative margin analysis was performed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Clinically, the inlays showed no recurrent caries and no changes in colour, but superficial marginal discolouration (6%) was apparent after 4 years. Margins were perceptible clinically in 64% of the cases after 4 years. Quantitative margin analysis showed significantly more marginal gaps at the composite/ceramic interface than at the enamel/composite interface, There was neither a significant decrease in perfect margins nor a significant increase in marginal gaps and marginal imperfections at both interfaces between the third and fourth year. Clinically, the inlays performed very well up to 4 years. Clinical evaluation using an explorer only detected substance loss in the cementation gap. The SEM evaluation showed significantly higher changes in marginal qualities during the first 2-year interval of clinical service compared to the second 2-year interval following an exponential mathematical regularity. Quantitative margin analysis should be included in clinical long-term trials to detect early marginal deficiencies at the luting interfaces.

Aluminum Silicates↗
PubMed2003

Physiology of biofilms of thermophilic bacilli-potential consequences for cleaning.

Thermophilic Bacillus species readily attached and grew on stainless steel surfaces, forming mature biofilms of >10(6.0) cells/cm2 in 6 h on a surface inoculated with the bacteria. Clean stainless steel exposed only to pasteurized skim milk at 55 degrees C developed a mature biofilm of >10(6.0) cells/cm2 within 18 h. When bacilli were inoculated onto the steel coupons, 18-h biofilms were 30 microm thick. Biofilm growth followed a repeatable pattern, with a reduction in the numbers of bacteria on the surface occurring after 30 h, followed by a recovery. This reduction in numbers was associated with the production of a substance that inhibited the growth of the bacteria. Variations in the environment, including pH and molarity, affected the viability of the cells. Chemicals that attack the polysaccharide matrix of the biofilm were particularly effective in killing and removing cells from the biofilm, demonstrating the importance of polysaccharides in the persistence of these biofilms. Treatment of either the biofilm or a clean stainless steel surface with lysozyme killed biofilm cells and prevented the attachment of any bacteria exposed to the surface. This suggests that lysozyme may have potential as an alternative control method for biofilms of these bacteria.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Evaluation of electrokinetic remediation of arsenic-contaminated soils.

The potential of electrokinetic (EK) remediation technology has been successfully demonstrated for the remediation of heavy metal-contaminated fine-grained soils through laboratory scale and field application studies. Arsenic contamination in soil is a serious problem affecting both site use and groundwater quality. The EK technology was evaluated for the removal of arsenic from two soil samples; a kaolinite soil artificially contaminated with arsenic and an arsenic-bearing tailing-soil taken from the Myungbong (MB) gold mine area. The effectiveness of enhancing agents was investigated using three different types of cathodic electrolytes; deionized water (DIW), potassium phosphate (KH(2)PO(4)) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The results of the experiments on the kaolinite show that the potassium phosphate was the most effective in extracting arsenic, probably due to anion exchange of arsenic species by phosphate. On the other hand, the sodium hydroxide seemed to be the most efficient in removing arsenic from the tailing-soil. This result may be explained by the fact that the sodium hydroxide increased the soil pH and accelerated ionic migration of arsenic species through the desorption of arsenic species as well as the dissolution of arsenic-bearing minerals.

Arsenic↗
PubMed2006

Assessment and treatment of hydrocarbon inundated soils using inorganic nutrient (N-P-K) supplements: II. A case study of eneka oil spillage in Niger Delta, Nigeria.

Polluted soils from Eneka oil field in the Niger delta region of Nigeria were collected two months after recorded incidence of oil spillage as part of a two-site reclamation programme. The soils were taken on the second day of reconnaissance from three replicate quadrats, at surface (0-15 cm) and subsurface (15-30 cm) depths, using the grid sampling technique. Total extractable hydrocarbon content (THC) of the polluted soils ranged from 1.006 x 10(3)-5.540 x 10(4) mg/kg at surface and subsurface depths (no overlap in Standard Errors at 95% Confidence Level). Greenhouse trials for possible reclamation were later carried out using (NH(4))(2)SO(4), KH(2)PO(4) and KCl (N-P-K) fertilizer as nutrient supplements. Nitrogen as NO(3)-N and potassium were optimally enhanced at 2% (w/w) and 3% (w/w) of the N-P-K supplementation respectively. Phosphorus, which was inherently more enhanced in the soils than the other nutrients, maintained same level impact after 20 g treatment with the N-P-K fertilizer. Total organic carbon (%TOC), total organic matter (%TOM), pH and % moisture content all provided evidence of enhanced mineralization in the fertilizer treated soils. If reclamation of the crude oil inundated soils is construed as the return to normal levels of metabolic activities of the soils, then the application of the inorganic fertilizers at such prescribed levels would duly accelerate the remediation process. This would be, however, limited to levels of pollution empirically defined by such THC values obtained in this study. The data on the molecular compositional changes of the total petroleum hydrocarbon content (TPH) of the spilled-oil showed the depletion of the fingerprints of the n-paraffins, nC(8)-nC(10), and complete disappearance of C(12)-C(17) as well as the acyclic isoprenoid, pristane, all of which provided substantial evidence of degradation.

Ammonium Sulfate↗
PubMed2005

Formation of apatitic calcium phosphates in a Na-K-phosphate solution of pH 7.4.

Poorly crystalline, apatitic calcium phosphate powders have been synthesized by slowly adding a Na- and K-containing reference phosphate solution with a pH value of 7.4 to an aqueous calcium nitrate solution at 37 degrees C. Nano-particulated apatitic powders obtained were shown to contain small amounts of Na and K, which render them more similar in chemical composition to that of the bone mineral. Precipitated and dried powders were found to exhibit self-hardening cement properties when kneaded in a mortar with a sodium citrate- and sodium phosphate-containing starter solution. The same phosphate solution used in powder synthesis was found to be able to partially convert natural, white and translucent marble pieces of calcite (CaCO3) into calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite upon aging the samples in that solution for 3 days at 60 degrees C. Sample characterization was performed by using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, and simultaneous thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis.

Apatites↗
PubMed2006

Preparation of hollow hydroxyapatite microspheres.

The preparation of hollow hydroxyapatite (HA) microspheres as potential drug-delivery vehicles was investigated. A lithium-calcium-borate (10Li(2)O-15CaO-75B(2)O(3)) (mol%) glass, made by fusing the components at 1100 degrees C for 1 h, was ground to a powder and passed through a flame at approximately 1400 degrees Celsius to spheroidize the particles. The resulting glass microspheres (106-125 microm in diameter) were reacted in 0.25 M K(2)HPO(4) solution for 5 days at 37 degrees Celsius and pH 10-12, resulting in the formation of porous, hollow microspheres of a calcium phosphate (Ca-P) material with external diameters similar to those of the original glass particles. Heat treatment at 600 degrees Celsius for 4 h partially converted the Ca-P material to HA, as confirmed by X-ray diffraction, and also increased the strength of the hollow microspheres.

Borates↗
PubMed2005

Determination of catechin in aqueous solution by chemiluminescence method.

A method to determine catechin in aqueous solution by measuring chemiluminescence intensities using a stopped flow system has been studied. The lucigenin-hydrogen peroxide chemiluminescence reaction was chosen for the determination of catechin. Fe(II) ion was added to the chemiluminescence system to increase the sensitivity. The chemiluminescence intensity from the lucigenin system was increased by the addition of catechin. Effects of flow rates of reagent and sample and concentrations of lucigenin, hydrogen peroxide, Fe(II) ion and KOH were investigated. The calibration curve for catechin was linear over the range from 1.0x10(-6) to 1.0x10(-3) M and the detection limit was 3.0x10(-7) M under the optimal experimental conditions.

Acridines↗