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Results for “Persons with Visual Disabilities”

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At least 919 records · Page 51Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

Replication of nonvocal system for teaching nonreaders to read in an adult training centre.

An attempt was made to replicate a study to evaluate a system used by Kuntz, et al. in 1978 to teach children with mental handicaps to read. The original study was done in a children's hospital training centre with children who had considerable communication difficulties, whereas the present study was undertaken with adults with mental handicaps in an adult training centre. In the UK, adult training centres are currently at the centre of service provision by Social Services for the instruction of adults with mental handicaps, providing both a sheltered workshop and a practical educational situation. Nine out of 33 nonreaders completed the programme so the success rate was well short of that of the original study.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

[The relationships between visual disability and visual scores in patients with retinitis pigmentosa].

PURPOSE: To evaluate the relationship between visual disability and visual scores in patients with retinitis pigmentosa. METHODS: The relationship between visual disability and visual scores (visual acuity and visual field) were investigated in 93 patients with retinitis pigmentosa. The visual disability of each patient was evaluated using a questionnaire (a total of 35 questions in 7 sections regarding daily life). Reproducibility and validity of the questionnaire had been established by an investigation in glaucoma patients. The mean (+/- standard deviation) age of patients was 52.6 +/- 15.1 years, the mean visual acuity (log10 MAR) was 0.6 +/- 0.4, and the mean deviation of visual field with Humphrey program 30-2 was -21.1 +/- 10.0 dB. RESULTS: The visual acuity in the better eye (r = 0.66-0.81) and the mean sensitivity within the central 10 degrees of the visual field (r = -0.76(-)-0.62) had a definite relationship to the visual disability index of each section (section DI) and their sum (total DI) (p < .0001). This relationship was also confirmed in stepwise multiple linear regression analysis which showed a high correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.57-0.77, p < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: Besides the visual acuity, the mean sensitivity within the central 10 degrees of the visual field is important in evaluating the visual disability of patients with retinitis pigmentosa.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Attentional functioning and relational learning.

Stimulus properties such as similarity-dissimilarity and novelty-familiarity are inherently relational and are embedded in ubiquitous stimulus contexts. Children with mental retardation and young children without mental retardation are particularly prone to failure on relational tasks such as oddity and match-to-sample (Greenfield, 1985; Soraci et al., in press). Converging evidence from a number of studies suggest that a critical factor in the performance discrepancies between these and other children is a differential sensitivity to relational information. In these studies relational characteristics of stimulus arrays were enhanced in order to facilitate performances on such relational tasks. Findings indicate the theoretical and practical significance of perceptually based interventions that induce rapid discrimination learning.

Attention↗
PubMed1997

Prediction of success from a multidisciplinary treatment program for chronic low back pain.

STUDY DESIGN: The study included 90 disabled patients with chronic low back pain recruited from a pain clinic who were admitted to an 8-week program of functional restoration and behavioral support. Initial evaluations included a medical examination, rating of the physical impairment, a personal interview, a visual analogue scale to record pain intensity, an assessment of limitations for daily activities, a pain disability index, a depression and psychovegetative scale, and a scale to evaluate general living standards. The physical assessment included different flexibility measurements, measurement of power and endurance through standardized exercises, and measurements of isokinetic trunk and lifting strength and general endurance. The measurements were repeated at the end of the 8-week program and thereafter an intervals of 6 and 12 months. Final analyses were carried out on 82 patients. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether objective or subjective signs most influence the outcome of rehabilitation. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: In recent years, several studies have shown that active and intensive multimodal treatment of chronic low back pain is successful. Until now there has been lack of information about which patients will respond to the therapy and what is the most effective part of treatment. METHODS: Prognostic factors (return to work, pain intensity, self-assessment of treatment success by patients) were tested by studying variance and regression analyses for their ability to predict treatment outcome. RESULTS: Certain factors were identified that had a significant impact on determining the probability of a patient's return to work and the reduction of pain intensity. These factors included self-evaluation for predicting a return to work, the length of absence from work, application for pension, and a decrease is disability after treatment. Overall satisfaction with treatment was best determined by the number of medical consultations before treatment, the extent of disability, previous measures taken for coping with the disease, and reduction of disability during treatment. Medical background, medical diagnosis, and physical impairment had no predictive value. Physical variables (i.e., mobility, strength, endurance, and physical performance) also demonstrated only limited predictive value. CONCLUSION: This study has demonstrated that the most important variable in determining a successful treatment of chronic low back pain is the reduction of subjective feelings of disability in patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Ocular trauma in a rural south Indian population: the Aravind Comprehensive Eye Survey.

PURPOSE: To determine the rate of ocular trauma in a rural population of southern India and its impact on vision impairment and blindness. METHODS: A population-based cross-sectional study of 5150 persons 40 years or older in a randomly chosen rural population of 3 districts of southern India. Prospective information on trauma, type and agent of injury, setting of injury, and details of treatment sought for the last episode was recorded with questionnaires after face-to-face interviews. All interviewed subjects underwent a comprehensive ocular examination, including vision estimations, slit-lamp biomicroscopy examinations, and dilated posterior segment examinations. RESULTS: We elicited a history of ocular trauma in either eye from 229 (4.5%) persons, including 21 (0.4%) persons with bilateral ocular trauma. Blunt injuries (n = 124; 54.9%) were the major cause for trauma reported in this population. The most common setting where the ocular trauma occurred was during agricultural labor (n = 107; 46.9%). Nearly three quarters (n = 170; 74.2%) of those reporting ocular trauma sought treatment from an eye specialist (n = 104; 57.8%) and one fifth (n = 37; 20.6%) from a traditional healer. The age-adjusted (adjusted to the population estimates for India for the year 2000) prevalence for blindness in any eye caused by trauma was 0.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.4-1.1). The odds ratios (OR) for trauma were higher for males (OR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.6-3.0) and laborers (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.2-2.4) and lower for literates (OR, 0.7; 95% CI, 0.5- 0.9). Seeking treatment from a traditional eye healer for trauma was not associated with vision impairment (OR, 1.0; 95% CI, 0.3-3.2) or with blindness (OR, 3.4; 95% CI, 0.2-56.5). CONCLUSIONS: Eye care programs may need to consider ocular trauma as a priority in this population, because the lifetime prevalence of ocular trauma is higher than that reported for glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, or diabetic retinopathy from this population. Simple measures such as education regarding the use of protective eyewear could possibly significantly decrease this preventable cause of visual disability.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

[Practice guidelines for diagnosis of vision disorders in mentally handicapped persons. National Organization for Quality Assurance in Hospitals].

Visual impairment is more frequent among people with intellectual disability than among the general population. Because the diagnosis often fails to be made in this group screening is justified. Timely recognition may have consequences for prevention and treatment. Therefore, a consensus statement has been developed by the Dutch associations of physicians for intellectual disability, general practitioners, ophthalmologists, paediatricians, youth health physicians and orthoptists. Specialized ophthalmological assessment of all young children with retarded development is recommended, as well as assessment of visual function at the ages of 3, 6, 12 and 18 years and every 5 years from the age of 45. In adults with Down's syndrome, an additional assessment at the age of 30 is recommended for detection of age-related cataract and (increased) refractive errors. Most people can be assessed by the general practitioner, using normal methods. Diagnostic methods applicable in insufficiently co-operative people have been recommended. Low-threshold regional expert centres for diagnosis in children and adults who are difficult to assess and for specialized guidance would be advisable.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Recovery as a mind-brain paradigm.

Struck by the sometimes contradictory representations of recovery that rehabilitation specialists resort to in their professional activity, we examine five models covering the whole range: neuronal regeneration, neuro-psychological plasticity, intersensory compensation, behavioural relearning, and finally the cognitive and affective concern for a new life. This exercise and a review of the literature lead us to consider a two-way relationship between psychological adaptation and nervous restoration. We think that reference to a integral model of recovery is essential for an inter-disciplinary team to find all the means for helping each individual case. The implications appear to be valid not only for rehabilitation, but also for the daily care of the chronically handicapped: it is suggested that they should benefit from a comparative study in which they experience the different modes of action. In special education also, mentally handicapped children should be trained by different methods tested with each child; a sequential programme of alternating periods of verbal, visual, and bodily training is proposed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1994

Prevalence of disabling conditions in a rural northern Thai community: a survey conducted by village health communicators.

This report presents a survey of disabling conditions conducted by village health communicators (VHCs) in 1989 in a rural northern Thai community. The disabled were first identified by a VHC and then examined clinically and socially by a health care team both to confirm the clinical diagnosis and to formulate an appropriate treatment plan. The overall prevalence rate of disabled persons was 6.3/1,000 population. The prevalence rate was higher for males than females and increased with age. Locomotor disability (48.8%) was the most commonly identified disabling condition, with visual disability (27.8%) the next most common. Communication disorders, mental retardation, and psychosis constituted the remaining 23.4%. Of the locomotor disabilities, the major disabling conditions were poliomyelitis, congenital malformations, traumatic amputations, and cerebral palsy. Unoperated cataract accounted for 72.0% of all cases with visual disabilities. While the true magnitude of the disability problem may be somewhat understated, the data reported in this study clearly reveal that there are many persons with untreated disabling conditions in rural communities, and that a significant number of them can benefit from medical treatment and rehabilitation. A survey utilizing VHCs may be helpful to identify the disabled in rural communities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Visual handicaps of mentally handicapped people.

Recent literature concerning visual handicaps of mentally handicapped people was reviewed. Topic areas considered were etiology and epidemiology, visual acuity, color vision, and educational techniques. The material considered indicated that a large proportion of mentally handicapped people are affected by some form of visual handicap and the extent to which further specialization of care and training techniques is required in order to limit the extra disadvantages imposed by such defects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Comparison scan training and the matching and scanning performance of severely and profoundly mentally retarded students.

This study investigated the effects of comparison scan training on the matching and visual scanning performance of severely and profoundly mentally retarded students. A match-to-sample-problem pretest was administered to 32 students, whose eye movements were recorded on videotape, and the 12 subjects who demonstrated at least minimal competence on the pretest task were matched on pretest performance and assigned to training (n = 6) or comparison (n = 6) groups. Training-group students were provided with visual comparison scan training, while the comparison group performed the same task but received no training. A posttest identical to the pretest followed. The training group was superior to the comparison group during training and showed a significant increase in correct responding from pretest to posttest, whereas the comparison group did not. Neither measures of scanning behavior nor the latencies of the choice response were related to matching performance or affected by the training procedure. Possible relationships among visual scanning, comparison scan training, and matching-task performance were discussed.

Discrimination Learning↗
PubMed1975

[Blindness according to the law in Schwerbeschädigten-Gesetz, Schwerbehinderten-Gesetz, Bundessozialhilfe-Gesetz and Bundesversorgungs-Gesetz (author's transl)].

It is possible to calculate the granulation of disturbances of vision in combined disturbances (reduction of central vision and visual fields defects) with the aid of the tables in the "Anhaltspunkte für die ärztliche Gutachtertätigkeit im Versorgungswesen". The total disability with 160% is equal to the disturbance of visual acutiy of 1/50.

Blindness↗
PubMed1982

Generalization of visual discrimination by mentally retarded children.

The effects of varying training settings and objects on the development of skill generalization were studied. I hypothesized that by manipulation of these variables, mentally retarded children could be taught to generalize a particular visual discrimination skill to extra-therapy situations. Sixty retarded students were randomly assigned to treatment groups. Research procedures were identical for all groups except for the manipulation of settings and objects. A factorial analysis of covariance supported the prediction that the visual discrimination training would develop generalized avoidance skill by the students. Educational implications of the findings were discussed.

Adolescent↗