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PubMed1994

Conjugal power and synchronic differentiation in productive organization.

Diachronic differentiation in productive organization is considered to have great significance for family relations. The transition from family-based production to wage-work is considered to have had important consequences for gender and generational hierarchies within the family and for relations with other kin. On the other hand, the significance for family relations of synchronic differentiation in productive organization has scarcely been explored. In this paper the issue of the significance of synchronic differentiation in productive organization for conjugal power relations is approached by examination of data from a comparative study of family relations in artisan and worker households existing side by side in time and place, in a community of Athens, Greece. Artisan wives were found to have much less conjugal economic power than worker wives. This difference in power can be traced to a structural difference between the two types of production engaged in. However, it results in a difference in conjugal power only because it occurs together with specific features of the wider material and cultural context which both groups share.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Predictors of paternal role competence by risk status.

One hundred seventeen men whose partners had experienced a low-risk pregnancy (LRM) and 61 men whose partners had been hospitalized during pregnancy for an obstetrical risk (HRM) were studied to determine whether they differed in paternal role competence from the time of their partners' early postpartal hospitalization to 1, 4, and 8 months after birth. No differences were found between LRM and HRM in paternal role competence, and their trajectory of paternal competence did not differ. During the 1-month and 8-month postpartal period, paternal competence increased from 76.07 to 77.14 for HRM and from 77.21 to 78.29 for LRM. From 15% to 34% of the variance in paternal competence was explained among HRM, and from 41% to 44% was explained among LRM. Anxiety was the major predictor of paternal role competence for HRM, and sense of mastery and depression were major predictors for LRM.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

The critical times: meeting parental communication needs throughout the NICU experience.

The parental stresses caused by a premature birth and the NICU experience may create problems in the parent-child relationship. These problems may lead to subsequent difficulty in bonding or parenting, and may even be related to child neglect and abuse. The NICU staff is in a unique position to help minimize parental stress by providing information, support, and understanding to facilitate coping with fear and uncertainty. Parents need help in adjusting their expectations to reality, especially during the early days in the NICU. While the mother is still hospitalized, the father is in an especially vulnerable position, as he may be unprepared to be a primary caregiver, threatened by the female staff, and expected to assume a focal role while he may need comfort himself. Information that is most helpful to parents is that which helps return some control to them. Involving parents in the child's caregiving and in decision making also helps increase parental feelings of control and decrease feelings of stress. Attention should be paid to the questions and nonverbal communication of the parents to ascertain when communication is especially important. Key times during which communication is typically crucial are identified.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1977

School-age parents: how permanent a relationship?

One hundred eighty school-age girls who registered for care in a prenatal clinic were studied through two years postpartum. At registration, the mean age of the pregnant girls was 15.6 and the putative fathers was 18.5 years. Many of the fathers continued to see the young mothers, to provide financial support, and to visit their children. By 26 months after delivery, however, only 23% of the mothers had married the putative fathers, 23% still were seeing them regularly, 18% saw them occasionally, and 35% either never saw them or had married someone else. Only 25% of the mothers who expected to marry the putative father did so. The study findings have significant implications for the inclusion of putative fathers in programs for school-age mothers.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Men's perceptions of their roles and responsibilities regarding sex, contraception and childrearing.

Data from the 1991 National Survey of Men examine men's perceptions about their roles in relation to those of women in a couple's decision-making about sex, contraception and the rearing of children. A majority of men (61%) perceive that there is gender quality in sexual decision-making, and more than three-quarters (78%) believe that men and women share equal responsibility for decisions about contraception. However, men are three times as likely to say that women play a greater role in a couple's decisions about sex as they are to believe that men have the greater voice (30% compared with 9%). In contrast, men are more than twice as likely to perceive than men have a greater responsibility in contraceptive decisions as they are to say that women do (15% compared with 7%). Finally, 88% of men strongly agree that a man has the same responsibilities as a woman for the children they have together.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The forgotten parent: understanding the forces that influence incarcerated fathers' relationships with their children.

Fathers who are in prisons and jails are not just convicts--they are parents as well. The family roles and responsibilities of incarcerated fathers, however, are seldom the focus of institutional policies, scholarly research, or child welfare services. This article examines the issues that must be addressed in designing policies and providing services that promote the maintenance of parent-child bonds and responsible parenting when fathers are incarcerated. It describes the family roles and structures of men in prison and looks at differences between public perceptions and the real-life experiences of prisoner parents. The ways in which correctional policies and child welfare practices influence and shape fathers' parenting abilities and father-child relationships are discussed, and strategies for creating a supportive environment for fathers and their children and families are proposed.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Mental retardation and decision making: balancing autonomy and protection.

Balancing autonomy with protection in caring for patients with mental retardation remains a formidable task for many clinicians. Though historical debate has resulted in an attitude supporting increased autonomy for all patients generally, and in legislation for enhanced decision making for the developmentally disabled specifically, the operationalization of such attitudes and policies lacks sufficient attention in the literature. The authors discuss three important areas of decision making as these relate to the care of patients with mental retardation: competence, respect, and multiple stakeholders; and, offer recommendations in each area to provide clinicians with some guidance in balancing the goals of autonomy and protection in clinical care when treating people with mental retardation.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Paternal alcoholism, paternal absence and the development of problem behaviors in boys from age six to twelve years.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the association between paternal alcoholism, paternal absence, and the development and stability of behavioral problems in boys, from kindergarten to the end of elementary school. METHOD: A sample of 642 boys originating from low socioeconomic status (SES) families was used. Paternal alcoholism was established using the Short Michigan Alcohol Screening Test. Behavioral problems (opposition, hyperactivity, inattention, physical aggression and anxiety) were assessed by teachers' reports when the boys were 6 and 12 years old. Four groups of boys were created on the basis of paternal alcoholism (nonalcoholic, alcoholic) and family structure (intact families, nonintact/father-absent families). RESULTS: Consistent with personality theories of alcoholism, results showed that a propensity for physical aggression and low anxiety best distinguished sons of male alcoholics (SOMAs) from non-SOMAs at both ages (6 and 12 years), even when SES was controlled. In addition, SOMAs were more oppositional and hyperactive than non-SOMAs at both ages. No significant effects were observed for family structure or age, or an interaction between these factors and paternal alcoholism in the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that problem behaviors in SOMAs begin early and persist over time, and that paternal alcoholism and family structure are not associated with changes in boys' behaviors between kindergarten and the end of elementary school in this population, at least in the sample used.

Aggression↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Neurochemical, but not behavioral, deviations in the offspring of rats following prenatal or paternal inhalation exposure to ethanol.

In addition to its widespread social use, ethanol is used extensively as an industrial solvent. Inhalation exposures to ethanol which produce narcosis in maternal rats are not teratogenic. The present study sought to extend the previous research by including offspring from paternal exposures, and testing for behavioral disorders in the offspring following maternal or paternal exposures. Groups of 18 male (approximately 450 g) and 15 female (200-300 g) Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed 7 hours/day for six weeks or throughout gestation to 16000, 10000, or 0 ppm ethanol by inhalation and then mated with untreated rats. Litters were culled to 4 males and 4 females, and were fostered within 16 hours after birth to untreated dams which had delivered their litters within 48 hours previously. Offspring from paternally or maternally exposed animals performed as well as controls on days 10-90 in tests of neuromotor coordination (ascent on a wire mesh screen, rotorod), activity levels (open field, modified-automated open field, and running wheel), and learning ability (avoidance conditioning and operant conditioning). In addition, brains of 10 21-day-old pups were analyzed for neurochemical differences from controls in concentrations of protein and the neurotransmitters acetylcholine, dopamine, norepinephrine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, substance P, Met-enkephalin, and beta-endorphin. Levels of acetylcholine, dopamine, substance P, and beta-endorphin were essentially unchanged in the offspring of rats exposed to ethanol. Complex, but significant changes in levels of norepinephrine occurred only in paternally exposed offspring. 5-Hydroxytryptamine levels were reduced in the cerebrum, and Met-enkephalin levels were increased in all brain regions of offspring from both maternally and paternally exposed rats.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed2003

Using shared and unique parental views to study the etiology of 7-year-old twins' internalizing and externalizing problems.

In a sample of 1,940 Dutch 7-year-old twin pairs we studied the etiology of individual differences in Internalizing and Externalizing behavioral problems. For the majority of twins in the sample, both maternal and paternal ratings of behavioral problems were obtained from the Child Behavior Checklist. This made it possible to take into account processes underlying agreement and disagreement between maternal and paternal ratings. For both problem behaviors, a Psychometric model fitted the data better than a Rater Bias model, implying that parents, in addition to the behaviors they similarly observed, also assessed unique aspects of their children's behaviors. Relatively large genetic influences were found for Externalizing problems, explaining over 50% of the variance in both boys and girls. For internalizing problems, the heritability was over 30% in both sexes. Shared environmental factors were nearly as important as genetic influences in explaining the variation in behavioral problems. For both Externalizing and Internalizing problems, around 30% of the variance was accounted for by the shared environmental factors.

Analysis of Variance↗