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PubMed1999

Magic bullets need accurate guns--syphilis eradication, elimination, and control.

When cases of early syphilis are treated promptly, the spread of the bacteria within a population is interrupted. However, if complacency is induced by successful control, then upsurges in syphilis incidence can occur. The methods and aims of syphilis control in industrialised countries are reviewed in the light of the potential for regional elimination and global eradication programmes. While the medical means to eliminate syphilis are at hand, acceptable means for finding and treating cases that transmit infection need to be developed, particularly in the marginalized communities with limited access to care.

Communicable Disease Control↗
PubMed2001

Constructions of sexuality for midlife women living with chronic illness.

AIM: In this paper, we reveal constructions of sexuality that were articulated by women who participated in an inquiry which aimed to understand the experiences of midlife women who live with chronic illness. The aim of this paper is to illuminate sexuality as an important health issue for women living with chronic illness and to offer ways that nurses may acknowledge and facilitate sexuality issues for women. BACKGROUND: The first author, as part of her doctoral study, corresponded with 81 women living with chronic illness. The participatory inquiry was framed by feminist principles and enabled women to anonymously share their experiences and collaborate in the direction of the research. During the analysis phase of the research, it became evident that illness had altered the way in which women conceptualized sexuality. DESIGN: The three authors performed secondary analysis of the original data set in order to re-examine the impact that chronic illness had on the sexuality of midlife women who live with chronic illness. Whilst we acknowledge that sexuality has multiple meanings, in this paper we describe the way in which women themselves have constructed and articulated their sexuality. FINDINGS: We found that sexuality incorporated women's desires, appearance, sexual feelings and expression and imposed on aspects of their lives that they had not needed to acknowledge before illness intruded. Three concerns are discussed; the changing body, meeting the needs of others and communicating sexuality. CONCLUSIONS: This paper reveals that issues of sexuality are an important health concern for women who live with long-term illness and should be acknowledged in sensitive and responsive health practices. The paper concludes that it is important for nurses to provide women opportunity for open and genuine communications about sexuality. In this way, a foundation of acceptance for the whole person is established which provides women permission to ask questions and seek assistance with sexuality issues.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

An evaluation of sexual performance--comparison between sexually dysfunctional and functional couples.

A multidisciplinary team approach was used to identify different correlates of sexual inadequacy, by comparing sexually dysfunctional and adequately functioning couples. Early familial disruption, traditional/religious upbringing and current religiosity of the male patient, prejudices concerning normal sex behavior, sexual ignorance, communication problems, and myths resulted in rigid stereotyped sexual behavior for both partners in our dysfunctional, patient group. These behaviors are characterized by "gender asymmetry" in all aspects of sexual activity. Contrary to previous reports, it was found that men are very concerned with partner satisfaction and are the primary initiators for therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Gay men with AIDS and their families of origin: an analysis of social support.

This article reviews the literature on the relationships between gay men with AIDS and their families of origin to determine why the family is not a principal source of social support. Several reasons explain the absence of the family from the support network, including the family's lack of acceptance of homosexuality and the relationship with a male partner; the stigma associated with AIDS; the inability of family members to communicate openly about homosexuality and AIDS; the lack of competence among family members in dealing with HIV issues; and overprotective, infantilizing behavior by parents. A sibling, most often a sister, is the family member to whom the gay man with AIDS feels closest and from whom he is most likely to seek support. Implications for practice and research are discussed.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1987

Structure and electrochemistry of oxidoreductases.

The principles on which Nature has developed multifunctional redox centres, covering a large range of potentials, protected from water and oxygen and surrounded by highly specific proteins, are demonstrated. Structures and accessibilities of the active sites of iron-sulphur proteins, sulphur proteins, flavoproteins, cytochromes and copper proteins are correlated with their possibilities and modes of electron exchange with natural partners, artificial mediators and (modified) electrodes. The participation of charge-transfer and tunnelling processes in electron transport is demonstrated, and a suitable relative orientation of the partners is recognized as one of the most important requirements for electrochemical communication between large molecules and electrodes. The use of specifically modified electrode surfaces, for example those based on electroconductive polymers, is proposed as one of the aspects of future developments for direct electron transfer to proteins.

Cytochromes↗
PubMed1998

Childhood sexual abuse and couples' relationships: female survivors' reports in therapy groups.

Therapy videotapes from five therapy groups for female child sexual abuse (CSA) survivors were analyzed for emerging themes of couples' difficulties reported by clients. Subsequently, the thematic categories were applied to sessions selected from an additional four groups and then correlated with CSA-specific variables. The two most frequent relationship themes were difficulties with emotional communication or intimacy, and polarized positions on control. Whereas these two themes were correlated with survivors' CSA characteristics, sexual difficulties were correlated with survivors' level of current traumatic symptomatology. Results are discussed in terms of implications for the treatment of CSA survivors and their partners.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Individual behavioural-cognitive therapy v. marital therapy for depression in maritally distressed couples.

BACKGROUND: Depressed patients are often characterised by marital distress, but few studies investigate the effects of marital therapy on depressed mood and relationship dysfunction. METHOD: Twenty-seven depressed patients experiencing marital distress were randomly assigned to either individual behavioural-cognitive therapy or marital therapy. The individual treatment condition focused on depressed mood, behavioural activity and dysfunctional cognitions, whereas in the marital condition the partner was involved in the treatment and the focus was on the communication process in the marital relationship. MANOVAs revealed that treatment led to statistically significant improvements in depressed mood, behavioural activity and dysfunctional cognitions, an increase in relationship satisfaction and improvement of communication in patients and spouses. A significant interaction effect was found, showing that marital therapy had more impact on relationship variables than the individual treatment. CONCLUSION: Both individual cognitive-behaviour therapy and marital therapy lead to less depressive complaints, and both treatment conditions have a positive effect on the relationship, although the effect on the relationship is significantly stronger in couples who were tested by marital therapy compared with patients who were treated individually.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Social stories, written text cues, and video feedback: effects on social communication of children with autism.

This study investigated the effects of written text and pictorial cuing with supplemental video feedback on the social communication of 5 students with autism and social deficits. Two peers without disabilities participated as social partners with each child with autism to form five triads. Treatment was implemented twice per week and consisted of 10 min of systematic instruction using visual stimuli, 10 min of social interaction, and 10 min of self-evaluation using video feedback. Results showed increases in targeted social communication skills when the treatment was implemented. Some generalized treatment effects were observed across untrained social behaviors, and 1 participant generalized improvements within the classroom. In addition, naive judges reported perceived improvements in the quality of reciprocal interactions. These findings support recommendations for using visually cued instruction to guide the social language development of young children with autism as they interact with peers without disabilities.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed2005

Hurricane Katrina response and guidance for health-care providers, relief workers, and shelter operators.

Hurricane Katrina struck the coastal areas of Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, and Mississippi on August 29, 2005, causing substantial numbers of deaths among both humans and animals, infrastructure damage, and flooding. Affected areas continue to experience shortages of essential services, including electricity, potable water, food, and fuel; damage to health-care and public health systems; and disrupted communications. CDC/ATSDR, local and state health departments, other federal agencies, and other partners are supporting public health and medical-care functions for persons in affected areas and those displaced as a result of the hurricane.

Disaster Planning↗
PubMed1989

[The comprehensively oriented complex rehabilitation of laryngectomized patients].

We report 14 patients who took part in a specially designed comprehensive rehabilitation programme for the laryngectomee. Our results clearly indicate that it is only possible to carry out such a project successfully if there is intensive communication between all participants in the programme, including the patient and his/her partner.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Social interaction in hearing and deaf preschoolers: successes and failures in initiations.

Dyadic free play of 32 children (16 deaf, 16 hearing) who attended the same preschool was videotaped on 2 occasions, once with a hearing partner and once with a deaf partner. Each 15-min play session was analyzed in terms of the hearing and deaf children's initiation strategies, their responsiveness to one another's initiations, and the characteristics of successful and unsuccessful initiations. Results indicated that mean interaction duration and proportion of time spent in interaction were greater in "like" (hearing child and hearing partner or deaf child and deaf partner) as opposed to "mixed" dyads. Contrary to previous hypotheses about inadequate communication skills, deaf children were found to be persistent initiators who frequently combined social acts. Underlying similarities were also apparent in the types of initiating acts used by hearing and deaf children. At the same time, however, the deaf preschoolers encountered interaction difficulties. Their initiation attempts were more likely than those of their hearing counterparts to be actively refused. They were also more likely to be recipients of inappropriate initiations, such as gestures or vocalizations to their backs. These results were discussed in terms of previous hypotheses about inferior social skills of the deaf and for their relevance to programs interested in integrating hearing and nonhearing children.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1998

Social marketing sexually transmitted disease and HIV prevention: a consumer-centered approach to achieving behaviour change.

This paper proposes that international sexually transmitted disease (STD)/HIV prevention efforts might be enhanced by the application of social marketing principles. It first outlines the conceptual basis of social marketing approaches to health behaviour change generally and then explores key issues and opportunities for using these principles to improve current STD/HIV prevention efforts.

Condoms↗