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At least 919 records · Page 51Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

Control of freshwater fish parasites: a Southeast Asian perspective.

Parasites commonly found in freshwater fishes and other aquatic animals primarily belong to Protozoa, Platyhelminthes, Acanthocephala, Nematoda, Hirudinea and Crustacea. Most of these parasites are external parasites of the skin, fins or gills, while few are internal parasites living in the epidermal intralamellar gills, intestine or intramuscular tissues. Possible control measures involving manual removal, cleaning by topical cleaners, management practices, nutritional improvement, vaccination, chemoprophylaxis, chemotherapy, and quarantine and certification, etc., are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

A field study of the ivermectin sustained-release bolus in the seasonal control of gastrointestinal nematode parasitism in first season grazing calves.

The effect of an ivermectin sustained-release bolus (I-SRB) on the epidemiology of nematode parasites and on calf productivity was evaluated in a field trial under Northwestern European conditions. Twenty parasite-naive female Friesian calves (principals) aged 5-9 months were used together with six male Friesian tracer calves. Principal calves were allocated by restricted randomization on day 0 body weight to either an untreated control group or a group given one I-SRB, designed to deliver 12 mg ivermectin per day for 135 days, orally on day 0. Each group was grazed on adjacent paddocks, naturally contaminated with parasitic nematode larvae, from 13 May 1991 (day 0) until housing on 30 September (day 140). Body weights of principal calves were recorded and individual blood and faecal samples taken at regular intervals throughout the trial. Pasture nematode contamination was monitored by larval counts on herbage and by worm counts of tracer calves grazed on each paddock from day 126 to day 140. Nematode contamination levels on the control paddock did not rise until the end of the grazing season, as a result of a mid-summer drought period. The period of exposure to a high larval challenge was too short to provoke body weight losses and clinical parasitic gastroenteritis in control calves. Use of the I-SRB resulted in zero faecal egg counts of trichostrongyles during the whole pasture season, thereby preventing a build-up of parasitic gastrointestinal nematodes on pasture.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1999

Malaria control in Nicaragua: social and political influences on disease transmission and control activities.

Throughout Central America, a traditional malaria control strategy (depending on heavy use of organic pesticides) became less effective during the 1970s. In Nicaragua, an alternative strategy, based on frequent local epidemiological assessments and community participation, was developed in the 1980s. Despite war-related social instability, and continuing vector resistance, this approach was highly successful. By the end of the contra war, there finally existed organisational and ecological conditions that favoured improved malaria control. Yet the expected improvements did not occur. In the 1990s, Nicaragua experienced its worst recorded malaria epidemics. This situation was partly caused by the country's macroeconomic structural adjustment programme. Volunteers now take fewer slides and provide less treatment, malaria control workers are less motivated by the spirit of public service, and some malaria control stations charge for diagnosis or treatment. To "roll back malaria", in Nicaragua at least, will require the roll-back of some erroneous aspects of structural adjustment.

Developing Countries↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Principles, objectives and methods for the control of the gastro-intestinal parasites of pigs in France.

Parasitic levels are considered in relation to the size of farms and according to the application of anthelminitic programmes and the age groups of the animals. The most common and important parasites in France against which systematic control measures should be taken are Oesophagostomum, Ascaris and Hyostrongylus in pregnant sows, and Oesophagostomum and Ascaris in piglets at weaning and fattening pigs. Strongyloides and Trichuris are found occasionally but could be sometimes important (Mestastrongylus is anexceptional finding). As regards the use of anthelmintics, emphasis is placed on treatment of sows at parturition, or of piglets on transfer to the growing units, with two treatments being given at an interval of 14-21 days. Continuous administration in the food is a complementary solution. Specific treatments for the control of Trichuris and Strongyloides are also examined. In the control of parasites the strict observation of the rules of hygiene is also very effective.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Research in tropical medicine and primary health care in Peru].

Tropical medicine's fundamental task is to improve health in the tropics. By adopting primary health care strategies, it satisfies the real needs of the population while doing research, improving its effectiveness and social impact. We illustrate this with some examples drawn from our experience, where this potentiation is evident. A sanitary dermatology study, based on health auxiliaries and promoters, encompassed a whole jungle province, with 68,977 km2 and 103,681 inhabitants. It resulted in an excellent relationship with the populations, and findings of significance for early diagnosis and control of hanseniasis and other diseases. It also facilitated an extension of activities to include the entire Amazonian Region, with specific concentration on training of the health personnel. Clinico-epidemiological studies on leishmaniasis in Andean valleys incorporated activities of sanitary education, health care, aspects of community development, etc., and extended into other geographic areas. Migrant workers from high-altitude communities in Cusco who have been to the jungle and acquired cutaneous or mucocutaneous leishmaniasis formed Patient Associations. The latter now receive support for their health and development needs from health authorities and many institutions; our Institute contributes with improved therapeutic procedures and further epidemiologic studies to orient preventive and control measures.

Humans↗
PubMed1993

Intestinal parasitic infections of urban and rural children on Pemba Island: implications for control.

The intestinal parasites of the schoolchildren from one rural area and one urban area, both on Pemba Island, Zanzibar, Tanzania, were surveyed within the framework of the local Helminth Control Programme. Stool samples were examined for helminth eggs and protozoa by quantitative (Kato-Katz) and concentration (formalin-ether) techniques. The results indicate that intestinal helminthiases represent a significant public health problem in the study areas. All the subjects were found to be infected with helminths, most (> 97%) with more than one species. Hookworms and Trichuris appear to constitute the most serious challenges to the schoolchildren, both in terms of prevalence and intensity of infection. There were no significant differences between the results from the urban area and those from the rural area. The observations are important in the planning of control activities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

[Inquiry of veterinarians in Niedersachsen concerning the occurrence of parasitic diseases and their control in small animals].

A questionnaire was sent to all veterinarians in Lower Saxony (approximately 3500). The regular occurrence of parasitic infections in small animals, problems with particular parasites, the routine application of diagnostic and therapeutic measures, and the significance of Echinococcus multilocularis were asked for. Due to the disappointing low number of filled-in questionnaires sent back by the practitioners (n = 68) a statistical analysis of the data was not applicable. Nevertheless, certain trends could be recognized. Cestodes and ascarids are stated as regularly occurring parasites of dogs (92.1% and 94.1%) and cats (94.1% and 95.6%) by most veterinarians. Cestodes are most frequently regarded as parasites causing problems in dogs (16.2%) and cats (17.5%). Pyrantel and praziquantel are the anthelmintics preferred by the majority of the practitioners for the treatment of parasitic infections in dogs (86.7% and 63.2%) and cats (47.1% and 75.0%). Coproscopical methods are performed by most veterinarians (92.6%) and they are generally regarded as adequate diagnostic tools (86.8%). To date, Echinococcus multilocularis is not noticed as a major problem in Lower Saxony by the practitioners, although sporadically veterinarians are asked for advice.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Which way for malaria control and epidemiological services?

Historically epidemiological services were intimately linked with malaria control, and both were conceived as an integral part of local public health services. The strategy of malaria eradication between 1956 and 1969 moved malaria activities away from the health services and led to a weakening of epidemiological capacities. The epidemiological requirements of malaria control are now greater than ever. However, the capacity of health services to fulfil these requirements remains seriously weak. Investment in malaria control could provide an important building block for the much-needed strengthening of national public health.

Developing Countries↗
PubMed1996

Trypanosoma cruzi: IL-10, TNF, IFN-gamma, and IL-12 regulate innate and acquired immunity to infection.

Control of the acute phase of Trypanosoma cruzi infections is critically dependent on cytokine-mediated macrophage activation to intracellular killing. We investigated the roles of IL-10, TNF, IFN-gamma, and IL-12 in the control of parasitism by innate and specific immunity. Mice with disrupted IL-10 genes (IL-10 KO) infected with Y strain T. cruzi have lower parasite numbers in the blood and tissues and higher IFN-gamma and nitric oxide (NO) production by spleen cells than wild type (WT) mice. Treatment of IL-10 KO and WT mice with recombinant IL-10 resulted in increased parasitemia. Mice with disrupted recombinase-activating genes (RAG/KO) that lack B and T cells provided a model for determining the importance of innate immunity to resistance. RAG/KO and WT mice had similar parasitemia levels until Day 13 of infection, suggestive of effective control of parasitism by the innate immune system during the early phase of infection; from them on parasitemia was higher in RAG/KO. Double RAG/IL-10 KO mice and RAG/KO mice had superimposable parasitemia curves, indicating that in the absence of T and B cells, endogenous IL-10 does not limit the efficacy of the innate immune system. Treatment of infected RAG/KO, IL-10/KO, and WT mice with anti-IFN-gamma, anti-TNF, or anti-IL-12 neutralizing mAbs increased parasitemia levels showing the importance of endogenous production of these cytokines in the control of parasitism by innate and specific immune responses. Spleen cells from anti-IL 12-treated WT mice had diminished production of IFN-gamma and NO, suggesting that early IFN-gamma synthesis is most dependent on IL-12 stimulation.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Effect of synthetic combinations and tobacco root extract and the mixture of them on broomrape seed germination.

Various types of broomrape (Orobanche cermua), such as parasitic weeds, live on the roots of many important crops. Different methods may be advised to eradicate this parasite. But the seed size is so tiny with high stability in the soil and having strong connection with the host, it is very difficult to eradicate this parasite and there is no useful and economic method has not been suggested in this regard yet. The seeds of all types of broomrape germinate in the soil only when they are exposed to the secretions of the host's roots, therefore, providing special combinations that cause the parasite's seeds germinate in the absence of the host, can be an effective way in controlling this parasite. The effect of the tobacco root's extract and the synthetic combinations as well as their mixtures with different concentrations on the germination of the seeds of Orobanche cermua Loefi were tested to introduce an effective combination that can be used in controlling this parasite. This experiment includes 28 treatments in three replications. The tobacco root's extract was derived from the tobacco roots planted in pots containing Perlit in different stages and were prepared in different concentrations. Synthetic combinations (including combinations 1, 2 and 3) were also prepared with concentration of 1, 2 and 3 parts per million (ppm), then these combinations were tested as treatments on Broomrape's seeds. At the end of experiment, it was concluded that all the combinations used in different concentrations in this experiment significantly differ from the control treatment in their effects in causing the Broomrape's seeds germinate. Among all the combinations examined, the following were the most effective ones in the process of the germination of the Broomrape's seeds: 1. combination 2 with the concentration of one part per million, 2. combination 2 with the concentration of two parts per million, and 3 tobacco root's extract in the third stage.

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug↗
PubMed1993

Assessment of the effectiveness of primary health care interventions in the control of three intestinal nematode infections in rural communities.

In a 30 months' longitudinal study, primary health care intervention was effective in reducing the prevalence of three common intestinal nematode infections (Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and Necator americanus) in three communities. This was achieved by training school leavers and auxiliary aides as microscopists, health inspectors and field assistants and deploying them to provide screening, surveillance, environmental sanitation, and mass-expulsion chemotherapy (MEC). Post-control surveillance confirmed that the prevalence of these infections had been greatly reduced. The prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides had declined from 49.3% (pre-intervention) to 10.5% (post-intervention). Hookworm had fallen from 31.4% (pre-intervention) to 4.1% (post-intervention) and whipworm from 40.7% (pre-intervention) to 6.5% (post-intervention). Overall percentage decreases of 78.7%, 86.9% and 84.0% were recorded for Ascaris lumbricoides, Necator americanus and Trichuris trichiura respectively. The initial decline in prevalence was due to the MEC campaign, but the improved sanitation and health education presumably reduced the reinfection rate. If the entire population participated, periodic repetition of the mass expulsion therapy campaign at appropriate intervals combined with continued attention to environmental hygiene and prolonged health education could bring these infections under control within a few years.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Schistosomiasis mansoni in Burundi: progress in its control since 1985.

Described is the evolution of the schistosomiasis control programme in Burundi since 1985. A single round of selective population chemotherapy was carried out in the Rusizi Plain and the Bugesera focus from 1985 to 1990. The prevalences and intensities of infection as well as the number of symptomatic cases detected in general health services decreased considerably. Annual sample surveys in the treated areas showed, however, that these improvements were rapidly reversed by reinfection of the demographically changing population. Since repeated selective population chemotherapy was not sustainable in the long term, a primary health care approach was adopted. In areas with good access to basic health services, approximately 10% of all schistosomiasis cases now receive treatment annually through this approach. Yearly selective chemotherapy in primary schools in suburban Bujumbura reduced the prevalence of schistosomal infection among pupils from 23% to 9% over the period 1984-90, and this programme has now been extended to highly endemic areas in Imbo-Sud. Focal snail control produced disappointing results, and emphasis has therefore shifted towards health education and environmental control of transmission.

Adolescent↗