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At least 919 records · Page 51Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

A 10-year study of the progression of destructive periodontal disease in adult and elderly Chinese.

This study describes the progression of destructive periodontal disease among Chinese aged 20 to 80 with limited access to dental health facilities and minimal traditions for oral hygiene procedures. These individuals were followed for 10 years to determine whether the rates for progression of periodontal disease were markedly different than for populations with more access to oral health care. At baseline, participants had been examined for tooth mobility, plaque, calculus, gingival conditions, attachment levels, and probing depths on 4 sites of each tooth present. These probing depth and attachment level recordings were repeated at follow-up, although third molars were excluded from examination. A total of 398 persons remained dentate at follow-up. The analysis demonstrated that virtually all subjects experienced > or = 2 mm attachment loss over the 10-year period, and frequently in a large proportion of the sites present. Attachment loss > or = 3 mm was also widespread, but the distribution of persons according to the extent of > or = 3 mm attachment loss was positively skewed in all age groups. Positive skewness was even more pronounced when attachment loss of > or = 4 mm was considered. Some types of teeth, such as mandibular incisors and maxillary molars, had higher progression rates than did, for example, maxillary incisors. The mean individual attachment loss rates did not differ significantly between age groups, and were remarkably similar to those reported for populations whose access to and tradition for oral health care is widespread.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

[Periodontal diseases in a university setting in Ivory Coast].

The aim of this study was to measure the prevalence and severity of periodontal diseases, and also to evaluate periodontal treatment needs of the students of Abidjan University, in Ivory Coast. 647 students were randomly selected and interviewed to determine age, sex and oral hygiene habits; the subjects were examined for tooth mobility, plaque, calculus, gingival bleeding, periodontal probing depths and gingival recessions. The oral hygiene was insufficient: 86.08% of the subjects presented calculus--The average of sextants presenting gingival bleeding was to 4.03 and to 3.43 for calculus. The prevalence and severity of periodontal pockets were low: only 0.36 sextants on average presented pockets of 4-5 mm and 0.025 sextants presented pockets of 6 mm or more. As concerns periodontal treatment needs, 89.64% of subjects needed oral hygiene advises, 84.85% needed scaling/root planning, and 1.39% needed complex periodontal treatment. Our findings confirm the fact that destructive periodontal disease is not an inevitable consequence of gingivitis. The information, screen, and prevention should begin reality in our daily practice.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Effects of specific nutrients on periodontal disease onset, progression and treatment.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this paper is to review the available literature pertaining to the effects of specific nutritional elements (e.g. vitamin B-complex, vitamin C and dietary calcium) on general wound healing, periodontal disease status and response to periodontal therapy. METHODS: Critical appraisal of various studies that have evaluated the effects of calcium, ascorbic acid and vitamin B-complex in wound healing and periodontal treatment. RESULTS: Periodontal disease onset, progression and response to therapeutic interventions have been shown to be influenced by several systemic, local and environmental modifying factors. Nutritional supplementation has been suggested as a possible influencing factor on periodontal status and wound healing. Several studies have reported various degrees of association between nutritional elements/supplements and periodontal status, and others have reported possible positive influences of nutritional supplementation on periodontal therapeutic outcomes. Future research needs to more fully explore the presence and strength of association between nutrition and periodontal health. CONCLUSIONS: Data collected from the literature suggests that nutrient supplementation causes minimal or no side effects. However, the efficacy of prophylactic nutrient supplementation for the prevention of the onset and progression of periodontal disease, or for the enhancement of periodontal wound healing, remains to be determined.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Levels of platelet-activating factor in gingival crevicular fluid and gingival tissue in specific periodontal diseases.

BACKGROUND: Platelet-activating factor (PAF), a potent phospholipid mediator of inflammatory and immune reactions, is involved in a variety of biological responses seen in periodontal diseases. The aim of the present study was to examine the role of PAF in the pathogenesis of specific periodontal diseases. METHODS: PAF levels were investigated in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and gingival tissue (GT) samples of 12 patients with generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAgP), 6 patients with localized aggressive periodontitis (LAgP), 10 patients with chronic periodontitis (CP), 6 with gingivitis (G), and 6 periodontally healthy subjects (H). Periodontal status was evaluated by measuring probing depth, gingival index, papillary bleeding index, and plaque index. PAF was extracted from GCF samples passing through amberlit resin columns, purified by high performance liquid chromatographic method, and then analyzed by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS: GAgP, LAgP, and CP groups had significantly higher GCF PAF levels compared to the H group (P<0.005). Although statistically not significant, GCF PAF levels were also higher in the G group than those of the H group (P = 0.0784). GAgP, LAgP, and CP groups had similar GCF PAF levels (P>0.005). These groups had higher levels of GCF PAF than those of the G group, but the difference was significant only for the GAgP group (P<0.005). When the data were expressed as concentration, GAgP, LAgP, and CP groups were found to have higher concentrations of GCF PAF compared to the H group (P<0.005). GCF PAF concentration was similar in patient groups (P>0.005). All patient groups had significantly higher GT PAF levels compared to the H group (P<0.005). GAgP, LAgP, and CP groups had similar amounts of GCF and GT PAF (P>0.005). GAgP, LAgP, and CP groups had higher GT PAF levels than those of the G group, but the differences were only significant for LAgP and CP groups (P<0.005). No significant correlation was found between GCF and GT PAF levels and clinical parameters. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study indicate that PAF is likely to be an important mediator in regulating inflammatory responses in the human periodontal tissues. To our knowledge, this is the first report investigating PAF levels in GCF and GT in specific periodontal diseases. We believe that this potent phospholipid mediator may need to be considered in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Reactive oxygen species: a potential role in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases.

The pathological events leading to the destruction of the periodontium during inflammatory periodontal diseases are likely to represent complex interactions involving an imbalance in enzymic and non-enzymic degradative mechanisms. This paper aims to review the increasing body of evidence implicating reactive oxygen species (ROS), derived from many metabolic sources, in the pathogenesis of periodontal tissue destruction. ROS are generated predominantly by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) during an inflammatory response and are regarded as being highly destructive in nature. The detection of ROS oxidation products, the elevation of iron and copper ions, which catalyse the production of the most reactive radical species, and the identification of an imbalance in the oxidant/antioxidant activity within periodontal pockets, suggests a significant role for ROS in periodontal tissue destruction. In vitro studies have shown that ROS are capable of degrading a number of extracellular matrix components including proteoglycans, resulting in the modification of amino acid functional groups, leading to fragmentation of the core protein, whilst the constituent glycosaminoglycan chains undergo limited depolymerisation. The identification and characterisation of connective tissue metabolites in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) resulting from the degradation of periodontal tissues, notably alveolar bone, provides further evidence for a role for ROS in tissue destruction associated with inflammatory periodontal diseases.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed2003

[The role of Matrix Metaloproteinases in the progression of periodontitis, and the use of specific inhibitors to these enzymes in the treatment of the periodontal disease].

Matrix Metaloproteinases (MMPs) play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of the periodontal disease. This group of enzymes can degrade most of the proteins that compose the extracellular matrix. Recently a new concept of treatment, the "host modulating therapy" (HMT) was developed. The rationale behind this concept is to inhibit the production of the inflammatory mediators and/or to block the production of the host MMPs and thus inhibiting disease production. In the recent years it was found that Tetracyclines (TC) decrease the levels of TNF-alpha, IL-1, Nitric Oxide, and prostaglandins, and via intra and extra cellular mechanisms inhibit the production and activation of the MMPs. A capsule of 20 mg Doxycycline, called later Low Dose Doxycycline (LDD), was the first HMT in the periodontal disease. In a 9 month study it was found that LDD bid after supragingival scaling statistically increased pocket reduction and attachment gain compared to supragingival scaling alone. However, this improvement was found only in pockets of 7 mm or more, and was not compared yet to periodontal supportive therapy every three month. There is a need for more basic and clinical research in the field of HMT in the treatment of periodontal disease, to expand our knowledge and clinical experience that will enable us to decide when and how to use medications to modulate host response.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1987

[Periodontal diseases in adults. Immunohistochemical study of inflammatory cells and of collagen].

An immunohistochemical study was performed on 9 gingival biopsy specimens from patients suffering of a periodontal disease comparatively to 7 control specimens from patients with inflammatory gingival hyperplasia of various causes and from healthy gums. We used mono or polyclonal antibodies as markers of the different types of inflammatory cells (T-1 lymphocytes and their subsets, B-lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells). In patients with periodontal disease, the high percentage of transformed T-lymphocytes with a majority of helpers was obvious. In controls, the inflammatory cells were principally B-lymphocytes, macrophages and plasma cells. The characterization of different types of collagen produced by periodontal fibroblasts was performed by specific antibodies (anti I, III, V collagen sera). The respective ratio and the topographic distribution of those collagen substances were different in patients with periodontal disease and controls. In the first eventuality, one could find quite exclusively type I collagen. In the other group, type I collagen was associated with type III sub epithelial and type IV perivasor ar collagen. By means of these findings, the pathogenesis of the periodontal disease was discussed and its immune mechanism was suggested.

Biopsy↗
PubMed1984

Long-term effect of surgical/non-surgical treatment of periodontal disease.

The present investigation describes the effect of periodontal therapy in a group of patients who, following active treatment, were monitored over a 5-year period. One aim of the study was to analyze the rôle played by the patients' self-performed plaque control in preventing recurrent periodontitis. In addition, probing depth and attachment level alterations were studied separately for sites with initial probing depths of greater than or equal to 4 mm which were treated initially by either surgical or non-surgical procedures. Following active treatment (surgical/non-surgical), the patients were maintained on a plaque control regimen for 6 months, which included professional tooth cleaning once every 2 weeks. During the subsequent 18 months, the interval between the recall appointments was extended to 12 weeks and included prophylaxis as well as oral hygiene instruction. Following the 24-month examination, the interval between the recall appointments was further extended, now to 4-6 months. In addition, the maintenance program was restricted to oral hygiene instruction and professional, supragingival tooth cleaning, but further subgingival instrumentation was avoided. Clinical examinations including assessments of the oral hygiene, the gingival conditions, the probing depths and the attachment levels were performed at Baseline and after 24 and 60 months after completion of active therapy. Assessments of plaque and gingivitis were repeated annually. The results of the examinations showed that the patients' standard of self-maintained oral hygiene had a decisive influence on the long-term effect of treatment. Patients who during the 5 years of monitoring consistently had a high frequency of plaque-free tooth surfaces showed little evidence of recurrent periodontal disease, while patients who had a low frequency of plaque-free tooth surfaces had a high frequency of sites showing additional loss of attachment. The present findings demonstrated that sites with an initial pocket depth exceeding 3 mm responded equally well to non-surgical and surgical treatments. This statement is based on probing depth and attachment level data from sites which were free of plaque at the 6-, 12-, 24-, 36-, 48-, and 60-month reexaminations. It is suggested that the critical determinant in periodontal therapy is not the technique (surgical or non-surgical) that is used for the elimination of the subgingival infection, but the quality of the debridement of the root surface.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Periodontal disease in Down's syndrome: a review.

Cross-sectional as well as longitudinal studies indicate that the prevalence of periodontal disease in persons with Down's syndrome (DS) under the age of 30 years is extremely high. It is even noted in the deciduous dentition. The progression of the disease is rapid, especially in the younger age groups. Severe periodontal breakdown with horizontal bone loss is often present in the lower anteriors. The large amount of plaque and calculus alone cannot explain the severity of periodontal disease in DS persons. Many contributing factors are reported. Abnormal capillary morphology, disorders in connective tissue and anatomical aspects of teeth are some of those considered to be of influence. Alteration in immunological response may also play a role in the progression of the disease process. Disorders in the polymorphonuclear leucocyte function and monocyte function have been reported in persons with DS. T-cell functioning declines after the first 10 years of life. T-cell lymphocyte counts are low and an immature subset of T-lymphocytes is present. This latter effect occurs especially in institutions where the immunological system is under stress. The altered immune response together with higher calculus scores may explain the difference in severity of periodontal disease between institutionalized DS children and those living at home.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prevalence of periodontal disease in endemically flourosed areas of Davangere Taluk, India.

Success of fluoride in combating dental caries led to study of fluoride on periodontal disease, but studies are less reported in literature and results are varied in nature. To address this issue, the study was conducted to assess severity of periodontal disease among (n = 283) 36-45 years old adults residing in area of different concentration of fluoride in drinking water. The villages selected were having fluoride concentration in their drinking water are Shamnur (0.5 PPMF), Kundawada (1.1 ppmF) and Halebathi (3.17 ppm). Ion Selective Electrode Method (OrionUSA) estimated fluoride in drinking water. Community Periodontal Index (WHO, 1997) and Plaque Index (Silness and Loe, 1967) was used to assess periodontal status. There was consistent decrease in mean plaque score from 1.45+ _0.024 at 0.51 ppm, 1.21+ _0.009 at 1.1 ppm, and 1.12+ _0.08 at 3.17 ppm fluoride area. This difference was significant statistically (P < 0.001). As the fluoride concentration in drinking water increased there was decrease in severity of prevalence of periodontitis. This difference in observation was significant statistically (P < 0.05). There were no effects of fluoride on calculus, since little variability was found in three different fluoride areas. Thus it was concluded from the study results that the increase in fluoride concentration decreased the plaque accumulation. decreased the shallow and deep pockets. Hence lower prevalence and severity of periodontal disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

The thickness of the sound and periodontally diseased human cementum.

Cementum of teeth previously analysed for fluoride was re-examined in order to determine whether or not periodontal disease had affected the thickness of the tissue. In the periodontally diseased teeth the cementum was thinner than normal in the middle region of the root. The apical cementum, however, was significantly thicker in periodontally diseased than in the sound teeth of subjects over 60 yr old. This may account for the higher total fluoride levels previously reported in the apical cementum of these same teeth.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Periodontal disease and oral hygiene in Arussi province, Ethiopia.

A dental health survey was conducted in the Arussi province in Ethiopia. The survey comprised 1,700 persons between 6 and 54 years of age in five age groups from four regions of the province. Findings concerning periodontal disease and oral hygiene are reported in the present paper. The onset of periodontal disease was early, with 60% of the children in the 6-7 year group having gingivitis. In general, periodontal disease was found in a majority of the surveyed population (83%). Severe periodontal destruction was, however, unusual before the age of 30, but at the age of 45-54 years 52% of the sample exhibited pocket formation. The level of periodontal disease in Ethiopia was judged as low to moderate. A close relationship was observed between oral cleanliness and periodontal condition. A possible favorable influence of the diet and traditional oral cleaning methods is conceivable.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Costs of periodontal and prosthodontic treatment and evaluation of oral health in patients after treatment of advanced periodontal disease.

Retrospective estimations of dental care costs of periodontal and prosthodontic treatment and evaluation of oral health in 37 patients with advanced periodontal disease were carried out. Measures of their subjective evaluation of oral health 7-10 yr after the treatment are presented as a health profile and as indices in single numbers. The relations between oral health as an index and the dimensions in the health profile are analyzed. Dental care costs for treatment in the mandible was SEK 35 550, for the maxilla SEK 45 380 and for both jaws SEK 74 230. After the treatment oral health as well as general health were in excess of 75 on a 0 to 100 scale. Chewing ability, comfort and aesthetics were the variables found to significantly affect the subjective oral health. Oral health in terms of periodontal and prosthodontic conditions was maintained over the observation period.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Periodontal disease in the Arturo's black community in Contagem, Minas Gerais, Brazil].

This was a cross-sectional study on periodontal disease in a black community in Brazil. The sample consisted of 104 individuals over 13 years of age (63 females and 41 males). All teeth were examined except the third molars. Six sites per tooth were analyzed in order to measure pocket depth and clinical loss of attachment. Four sites per tooth were used to measure bleeding on probing and presence of calculus. It was observed that bleeding on probing occurred in 97.9% of the total of individuals with teeth, with probing depth >or= 4mm in 43.3% and clinical attachment loss in 63.5%. Calculus was detected in 81.2% of the sample. In the study, individuals 46 to 60 years of age showed the highest mean clinical attachment loss, 8.3mm (+/- 4.27), and a probing depth of 4.6mm (+/- 3.5). Prevalence rate for periodontal disease in this community was similar to rates elsewhere in Brazil and the world, i.e., 9.6% for the severe form. Age, schooling, and tobacco use were identified as risk indicators statistically associated with periodontal disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

The natural history of periodontal disease in man. The rate of periodontal destruction before 40 years of age.

This longitudinal study of randomly selected Norwegian students and academicians has shown that 50% of the 17-year olds have lost no periodontal support, and the other 50% exhibited slight localized loss of attachment primarily on buccal surfaces of first molars and first bicuspids of both jaws. At 21 all students show one or more of these lesions as well as loss of attachment on interproximal surfaces. At 30 years of age the mean cumulative loss is still less than 1 mm. As they approach 40 years of age the mean individual loss of attachment is slightly above 1.5 mm or 10% of the total periodontal support, and the mean annual rate of attachment loss is 0.08 for interproximal surfaces and 0.1 mm for buccal surfaces. No case of juvenile periodontitis (periodontosis) or adult aggressive periodontitis were seen in this population. Seventy percent of the 15-year-old Sri Lankans have no or very little loss of periodontal support. However, approximately 30% exhibit localized lesions measuring between 2 and 9 mm and more than 1% have one or more root surfaces with 10 mm loss of attachment or more. In this age group the lesions occur at the interproximal and buccal aspects of lower central incisors and in first molars of both jaws. At 30 years of age the mean loss of attachment is 3.11 mm and approximately 25% of the tea laborers have lesions extending 10 mm or more below the cemento-enamel junction. As the Sri Lankan approaches 40 years of age the mean loss of attachment is 4.50 mm and the mean rate of progress of the lesion is 0.20 mm per year for buccal surfaces and 0.30 mm for interproximal surfaces. This study suggests that without interference the periodontal lesion progresses at a relatively even pace and that the progress is continuous.

Adolescent↗