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PubMedDate not supplied

Gas chromatographic analysis of coyote and magpie tissues for residues of compound 1080 (sodium fluoroacetate).

Tissues of coyotes and magpies administered known dosages of 1080 were analyzed for residues by an analytical method specifying gas chromatography and electron capture detection. The repeatability of the method was determined for the replicate analyses of coyote muscle tissue samples aged under different storage conditions. The average coefficient of variation (CV) was 6% for quadruplicate determinations of 1080 in fresh tissues, 12-14% for samples stored at - 10 degrees C for 30-60 days, and 24% for samples aged for 7 days at ambient temperatures. The larger CV value obtained for stored samples is attributed more to greater sample variability than to less precision of the analytical method. Residues of 1080 appear to be relatively stable in tissues; there was essentially no change in the concentration of 1080 in samples stored up to 28 days at ambient temperature. Residue levels in the muscle, heart, kidney, and intestine were comparable, slightly lower in the liver, and much higher in the stomach. The concentration of 1080 in the muscle tissue was related to the administered dosages. Correlation analyses of dosages and residue levels in coyote muscle tissue showed a correlation coefficient of 0.99 for 1080 administered by gavage, and 0.88 for 1080 administered by bait. A correlation coefficient of 0.99 was observed between dosages and mean residues in the breast muscle tissues of magpies. The average CV value was 3.5% for duplicate analyses of 1 g samples of magpie tissues.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Submuscular breast reconstruction--indications and techniques.

We review the care and treatment of 93 patients who underwent submuscular breast reconstruction in our service between 1975 and 1980. The indications and clinical situations in which submuscular reconstruction has been useful include: following simple mastectomy; following modified radical mastectomy; following subcutaneous mastectomy (immediate or delayed reconstruction); in standard augmentation mammaplasty in selected patients; and with unusual, unsatisfactory, or dangerous preexisting breast conditions. Unusual indications include unsatisfactory subcutaneous placement with capsule formation after subcutaneous mastectomy; use of unsatisfactory or dangerous implants such as Ivalon and Etheron; and replacement of the old-fashioned Cronin gel implants with fixation patches. Submuscular placement has also been used to advantage in patients with excessively scarred, tenuous skin. Technical modifications in the submuscular implantation technique are detailed. We have used subserratus-subpectoral placement in most instances. Technical tips to keep the implant in a low position by division of the serratus attachments and limitations of upward dissection are detailed. Clinical studies on the upward migration of implants and pressures developed under the serratus and pectoralis muscles as measured by manometer are also detailed.

Breast↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Implications of surgical techniques.

Modified radical mastectomy, with preservation of both pectoralis muscles, is the treatment of choice in most cases of breast cancer. The technique of this procedure is explained and important details to facilitate later reconstruction are stressed.

Female↗
PubMed1994

Complications of plombage in a Cuban exile.

Collapse of the affected lung, or plombage, was a common operative treatment for tuberculosis in the United States in the 1930s and 40s. Due to the lack of antitubercular drugs, this practice continued in Cuba into the 1950s. After 41 years the plombage material in an exile patient was found to be infected. This resulted in the bronchopleural fistula which required a pectoralis muscle flap to close. Physicians should be aware that many Cuban exiles have been treated for tuberculosis via plombage and are at risk for similar complications.

Bronchial Fistula↗
PubMed1994

[Controversies in the surgical options for the patient with primary breast cancer].

We analysed the results of relapse free survivals for breast cancer patients treated with traditional mastectomy through 10 years of follow up. In the consecutive series of 162 patients with Stage III breast tumor, we noted that the mastectomy followed by radiation to axilla and adjacent area failed to confirm the efficacy to support the prevention for local and distant relapse in the past decade (1962-1974) (27.2%). The concepts of neoadjuvant and/or adjuvant chemotherapy were evolved primarily from clinical trials: these have been shown to influence favorably for the 228 patients with STAGE III in the next decade (1975-1985) (46.1%). Modified mastectomy, which involved removal of the breast, overlying skin and axillary contents but spares the pectoralis muscle, has recently been established as an entirely satisfactory approach for STAGE I (295 patients) and STAGE II (281 patients) breast carcinomas (1986-1991). Five-year relapse free survivals of these 2 categories calculated 93.7% and 86.8%, respectively. In recent studies, the many trials to breast conservation therapy reported, such as partial mastectomy plus nodes dissection with or without radiotherapy for selected patients with early cancer represent as effective results as modified mastectomy. Breast preservation has focused attention on the extent and distribution of cancer (multifocality, residual foci of surgical margin, etc) for clinicians.

Antineoplastic Agents↗
PubMed1993

Patterns of proliferation and differentiation of adult myoblasts define a unique myogenic population.

In here we summarize some of our recent studies on adult chicken myoblasts. We discuss a) myosin isoform expression by the differentiated myoblasts, and b) the role of PDGF during proliferation of the cells. These studies demonstrate that adult myoblasts represent a unique myogenic population (or lineage) which emerges in late development. Furthermore, we discuss possible lineal relationship between adult and somitic/limb bud cells. Unless otherwise noted, the source of myoblasts was chicken pectoralis muscle, and all procedures and antibodies were as described in previous publications (Yablonka-Reuveni, et al., 1987; Yablonka-Reuveni and Seifert, submitted; Hartley, et al., 1991; 1992).

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Modified radical mastectomy. Experience of the Institut J. Bordet (author's transl)].

The authors report the results of a homogeneous series of 319 modified radical mastectomies where both pectoralis muscles are respected, in the treatment of breast cancer. Operative mortality is nill and morbidity is low. Persistant lymphedema of the arm is not marked. The frequency of axillary nodes is 64%. Local recurrences occur in 12% of cases. Total 5 year survival was 50.1%. It was 89% for stage I, 57.3% for stage II and 43.7% for stage 222. It was 61.5% if there were no involved nodes, 63.9% when 1 to 3 nodes were involved and 32% when 4 or more nodes were involved. The authors recommend this type of operation of tumors of state II and III as the 5 year survival is identical to that of other techniques, as morbidity and mortality are low and distant sequellae are unimportant.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Detection and isolation of a 30 kDa abnormal protein in avian dystrophic muscle.

We have studied the protein composition of the pectoralis superficialis muscle of genetically dystrophic (New Hampshire line 413) and normal control (line 412) chickens by one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. A protein, referred to hereafter as the 30 kDa abnormal protein, was specifically detected in the affected muscle. It was purified to homogeneity, and its molecular properties were studied. It is a monomer with a molecular mass of approximately 30 kDa and an isoelectric point of about pI 8.4. We have screened by Western blotting a variety of muscles from line 412 and line 413 chickens for the presence of the 30 kDa protein. While the pattern of total protein is very similar in all cases, the 30 kDa protein was not detected in the pectoralis superficialis muscle of line 412 chickens. However, the immunoreactive bands were detected in the sartorius muscle and the tensor fasciae latae muscle from dystrophic and normal chickens. Interestingly, the immunoreactive bands of normal skeletal muscles are smaller in molecular weight than those of dystrophic skeletal muscles. To determine the early time sequence of the appearance of the abnormal protein, we studied muscles from embryos and post-hatched chickens at various ages. The abnormal protein was detected in dystrophic muscles as early as 15 days ex ovo and occurred throughout development up to six months ex ovo. Although the implication of the dystrophy-associated appearance of the 30 kDa protein in the affected muscle is not clear at present, it would be of particular interest to elucidate the biochemical functions of the 30 kDa protein in the affected muscle (pectoralis superficialis muscle) of genetically dystrophic chicken.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Poland's anomaly. Natural history and long-term results of chest wall reconstruction in 33 patients.

Poland's anomaly is an uncommon congenital aberration of the chest wall characterized by absence of the pectoralis major muscle and other nearby musculoskeletal components. In this series, a wide spectrum of thoracic deformities was associated with the Poland anomaly, ranging from segmental agenesis of the ribs, sternum, and nearby muscles, to simple aplasia of the pectoralis major muscle. Although little disability was associated with the syndrome, the patients primarily sought operative correction due to the asymmetry and their perception of adverse cosmesis. Over a 10-year period, 53 operations were performed on 27 individuals with the goal of correcting the abnormal contour of the chest wall. The most successful reconstructions involved the use of the latissimus dorsi muscle, which was detached and transferred to the anterior chest wall while preserving the neurovascular pedicle. In women, this was accompanied by insertion of a mammary prosthesis. Reconstruction of the so-called "herniation" of the lung with rib grafts or alloplastic materials was found to be unnecessary, and the use of custom-made chest wall prostheses is not recommended, since four of five of these devices had to be removed due to migration, erosion of local tissues, and adverse cosmesis.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Validation of the lift-off test and analysis of subscapularis activity during maximal internal rotation.

We used electromyographic analysis to determine the muscle activity of the shoulder muscles during the lift-off test and during resisted internal rotation. The activity in the upper and lower subscapularis muscle during a lift-off test from the region of the midlumbar spine was approximately 70% of maximal voluntary contraction. This level was significantly higher than for all the other muscles tested (P < 0.05). The lift-off test with the hand placed in the region of the midlumbar spine resulted in one-third more electromyographic activity in the subscapularis muscle than when the test was modified and performed with the hand at the buttocks region. A resisted lift-off test resulted in higher activities in all the muscles, but only a small increase in the pectoralis major muscle. The pectoralis major muscle was significantly more active during resisted internal rotation with the arm in front of the body. Comparison of activity in the upper subscapularis with that in the lower subscapularis muscle showed no significant differences during any of the tests. This study documents the importance of the subscapularis muscle during the lift-off test and suggests that other potential internal rotators of the humerus have a limited role in maintaining internal rotation when the arm is placed behind the back.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

The effect of bupivacaine hydrochloride on skeletal muscle fiber type transformation by low frequency electrical stimulation.

Bupivacaine hydrochloride (bupivacaine HCl) is known to induce the degeneration and regeneration of skeletal muscles. We examined the priming effect of chronic and continuous nerve stimulation (5 Hz) on regenerating pectoralis major muscle after a single injection of bupivacaine HCl (3 mg/kg). Pectoralis muscle stimulated for 24 days after bupivacaine HCl injection contained 55.4 +/- 8.2% type 1 muscle fibers (n = 4). Control pectoralis major muscle stimulated for 34 days without bupivacaine HCl injection, in contrast, contained 37.7 +/- 5.5% type 1 fibers (n = 5). Therefore, the stimulated pectoralis major muscle with bupivacaine HCl injection contained a significantly larger number of type 1 fibers than that without bupivacaine HCl injection. Undifferentiated myosatellite cells produced by bupivacaine HCl may be primed to differentiate into type 1 cells by chronic low frequency electrical stimulation.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Does the removal of pectoralis minor impair the function of pectoralis major?

The treatment of long-standing unilateral facial palsy with cross-facial nerve graft and free pectoralis minor muscle flap to the face has been the elective choice for more than 300 patients during the last 20 years at Mount Vernon Hospital in Northwood, United Kingdom. In this study, the authors assessed the residual donor-site morbidity in the chest after the procedure. During the second stage of the operation, the medial and the lateral pectoral nerves are divided at a proximal level from the plexus. Due to the common innervation shared by the two pectoral muscles, a consequent change in pectoralis major muscle function can be expected, but so far no study has been carried out to find out whether or not this occurs. The authors have performed a subjective and an objective study on a voluntary sample of 38 patients previously operated on for facial palsy with pectoralis minor muscle transfer. Cosmetic and functional outcomes were recorded. The subjective evaluation was obtained through a questionnaire. The objective evaluation was obtained through physical examination (inspection and palpation). The following quantitative parameters were determined: thickness of the muscle, arm muscle circumference, power produced at contraction, and muscle fiber activity. Subjectively, six patients (15.8 percent) reported a reduction in the force of the muscle, and 10 patients (26.3 percent) noticed a change in muscular thickness at the site of the operation. Objectively, the results of the electromyogram were almost normal in all of the muscles sampled (17 patients). Occasionally, minor changes from the normal pattern were seen in the lower half of pectoralis major. The dynamometer adduction test showed a significant reduction in the force developed on the operated side when it was the dominant side (p = 0.02), whereas no difference was shown in the group of patients who underwent operations on the nondominant sides (p = 0.18). The pectoral fold and the arm muscle circumference did not show any difference between the side operated on and the nonoperated side. This clinical study confirms that the use of the pectoralis minor muscle as a neurovascular free flap for face reanimation is associated with a low morbidity at the donor site. The authors believe that the medial pectoral nerve has a marginal role in pectoralis major muscle innervation in contrast to the classic anatomic descriptions and some of the positions of the official surgical literature regarding the actual function of this nerve.

Adolescent↗