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At least 919 records · Page 51Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Paleoparasitological records in a canid coprolite from Patagonia, Argentina.

In this note, organic remains identified as a canid coprolite were examined. The material was dated at 6540 +/- 110 B.P.; it was collected in the Perito Moreno National Park, Santa Cruz, Argentina. Paleoparasitological analysis was performed following standard procedures. Coprolite fragments were rehydrated in a trisodium phosphate aqueous solution and subjected to spontaneous sedimentation for microscope analysis. Eggs of nematodes identified as Trichuris sp., Capillaria sp., Uncinaria sp., and an ascaridid (probably Toxascaris sp.) or spirurids (presumably Physaloptera sp.), plus a cestode (Anoplocephalidae), presumably Moniezia sp., were found.

Acari↗
PubMed1989

The hard evidence of alveolar bone loss in early hominids of southern Africa. A short communication.

Since the discovery at Taung of the first early hominid specimen to be recovered in Africa, designated as Australopithecus africanus, the South African Pliocene and earliest Pleistocene deposits of the Blaauwbank Valley (Sterkfontein, Swartkrans, Kromdraai) in the Transvaal and of Makapansgat in the northern Transvaal, have yielded the most spectacular fossilized hominid remains of the genus Australopithecus and associated fauna, together with some intriguing and fascinating specimens of the genus Homo.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Periodontal disease morbidity quantification. I. Optimal selection of teeth for periodontal bone loss surveys.

The assessment of alveolar bone loss with bite-wing radiographs is attractive because bite wings are relatively convenient, inexpensive, and available. The choice of teeth used influences the validity of global bone loss assessments based on partial mouth measurements. The objective of this study was to validate periodontal bone loss indices based on a few teeth. The mandibular posterior teeth were considered as a basis for abbreviated indices. The optimum number of teeth included was evaluated, and the utility of abbreviated indices was determined experimentally. The teeth from 75 skulls were measured from the cemento-enamel junction (CEJ) to the alveolar bone at six locations per tooth. The subsets of teeth which best represent the average whole mouth bone loss were found with all-possible-subsets regression analysis. Bone loss data from 179 prehistoric skulls were used to test the validity of selected teeth indices. Bone loss measurements from the mandibular posterior areas were representative of full-mouth bone loss measurements. Mandibular second premolars plus any other mandibular posterior teeth were the optimal combination of tooth for an abbreviated index. This subset is suitable for use with bite-wing radiographs.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The environment and health condition of the upper palaeolithic sunghir people of Russia.

Human bones from the Sunghir Late Palaeolithic settlement of the Northern-East part of the Eastern European Plane were observed by a gross study of possible skeletal lesions. The complex of pathological conditions we studied could mirror the features of the ancient environment. The climatic conditions of the Upper Palaeolithic, especially in its final stages, were severe. Thus environmental change and the fall of temperature is reflected in the distribution of pathological indicators. The comparative analysis of early and late Upper Palaeolithic populations demonstrates the increasing frequency of some stress markers. The analysis of physiological stress markers convincingly demonstrates that the Sunghir people had an active lifestyle without experiencing considerable negative stress. Living in the cold conditions and a humid climate, the Sunghir people had adequate reactions relative to their life conditions. Different types of physical activity were noted for both children and adult man. It could be that this is the result of the influence of gender diversity in labour.

Bone and Bones↗
PubMed2001

Hybridization screening of very short PCR products for paleoepidemiological studies of Chagas' disease.

Single strands of very short PCR products can be covalently immobilized to a slide and then easily detected by probe hybridization. In this work, the PCR product was a 70-nucleotide segment of ancient DNA, representing a portion of repeat mini-circle DNA from the kinetoplast of Trypanosoma cruzi, the infectious agent of Chagas' disease (American Trypanosomiasis). The target segment was initially established to be present in soft tissue samples taken from four "naturally" mummified Andean bodies using PCR followed by cloning and sequencing. Hybridization screening of the covalently immobilized PCR products positively identified products from 25 of 27 specimens of different tissues from these four mummies. The method appears to be ideal for the purpose of screening a large number of specimens when the target PCR product is very short.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

The paleoepidemiology of porotic hyperostosis in the American Southwest: Radiological and ecological considerations.

Porotic hyperostosis was observed in 34 percent of 539 crania excavated from sites in Arizona and New Mexico. Common causes of this cranial pathology in the Old World (thalassemia, sickel cell anemia, and malargia) do not explain its occurrence in the American Southwest, as malaria and hemoglobinopathies are not known to have existed in the New World prior to European contact. Iron deficiency anemia which may also be assoicated with porotic hyperostosis occurs on a mass level only with hookworm infestation or nutritionally-related iron deficiency. Since hookworm infestation is rare in the American southwest and has not been reported in prehistoric southwestern American Indians, the hypothesis of nutritional anemia was examined. In canyon bottom sites where the diet was heavily dependent on maize, which is low in iron and also contains an inhibitor of iron absorption, significantly more crania had porotic hyperostosis than in sage plain sites, where the diet included ample animal protein rich in easily absorbable iron (p less than .001). Furthermore, canyon bottom children, who were more susceptible to iron deficiency anemia, had a higher incidence of porotic hyperostosis lesions than adults (p less than .0001).

Adult↗
PubMed1983

The bicipital groove: radiographic, anatomic, and pathologic study.

By using patient radiographs and pathologic specimens, the bicipital groove of the humerus was studied to determine the normal configuration and common abnormalities of this region. Factors analyzed in evaluating the bicipital groove included the medial wall angle, depth and width of the intertubercular sulcus, and presence or absence of bony spurs arising from the floor or medial wall of the groove. The supratubercular ridge was observed as an osseous protuberance in about one-half of the population; it does not seem to be of pathologic significance. A specific radiographic projection is described, which allows evaluation of the bicipital groove.

History, Ancient↗
PubMed1987

Patterns of paravertebral ossification in the prehistoric saber-toothed cat.

In cases of paravertebral ossification in humans, the radiographic characteristics usually lead to a specific diagnosis. Similar manifestations are sometimes described in other species. We applied knowledge of the radiographic appearance of spinal alterations in modern humans to the evaluation of 48 fused thoracic and lumbar fossilized spine specimens from the prehistoric saber-toothed cat (Smilodon californicus), in which prominent paravertebral ossification is frequently found. Inspection, conventional radiography, and, in some cases, CT and fluoride analyses were performed. The spinal alterations in the saber-toothed cat, which previously were believed to be caused primarily by trauma, showed characteristics of three major pathologic processes: trauma, diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis, and inflammatory disease of a type similar to ankylosing spondylitis. The last two categories have rarely been diagnosed in species other than humans. The results suggest that diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis and inflammatory spondyloarthropathy are diseases that occurred in prehistoric times and are not confined to the human species.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Edward B. D. Neuhauser Lecture. Paleoradiology of the prehistoric Australian aborigines.

Prehistoric populations suffered the rigors of everyday survival as hunter-gatherers, and some of the individuals had osseous manifestations as a result both of these stresses and of aging. Paleomedical scientists usually seek out osseous abnormalities found in skeletal remains, thus stressing the morbidity of a population [4]. In so doing, they portray those populations as less healthy than their own. This may not necessarily be the case. Specimens without signs of injury should be considered as evidence of the population's vitality; bones with evidence of injury that has healed during life should be considered as evidence of debility; and bones with evidence of conditions that are occupational in origin should be considered as evidence of social, economic, and ecological environmental conditions [4]. This is more useful than singling out specimens with abnormalities as signs of the population's morbidity [4]. This is confirmed by the majority of bones appearing osteologically healthy, except for the characteristic findings of biomechanical wear and tear arising from acquiring food and from combat (osteoarthritis, fractures). Although a number of children may have been infected by the treponematoses, which were manifested by cutaneous lesions, only a small percentage of children actually experienced osseous infection. Also, bone metastases were extremely rare.

Australia↗
PubMed1997

Symptomatic herniation pits of the femoral neck: anatomic and clinical study.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the pathogenesis of herniation pits of the femoral neck, which are frequently considered a normal variant, and to describe the imaging abnormalities of such pits in three symptomatic patients. CONCLUSION: The changing relationship between the joint capsule and the iliopsoas muscle appears to be important in the pathogenesis of the herniation pit, especially in athletic persons. In some cases, these pits may enlarge, the overlying cortex may fracture, and significant clinical manifestations may be apparent.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

The ancient origins of oral pathology.

Belief in a golden age has provided mankind with solace in times of despair and with élan during the expansive periods of history. Dreamers imagine the golden age in the remote past, in paradise lost, free from toil and grief. Optimists put their faith in the future and believe that mankind, Prometheus-like, will master the arts of life through power and knowledge. Thus, the golden age means different things to different men, but the very belief in its existence implies the conviction that perfect health and happiness are birthrights of men. Yet, in reality, complete freedom from disease and from struggle is almost incompatible with the process of living.

Africa↗
PubMed1993

The human incisal suture and premaxillary area studied on archaeologic material.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the extent of the incisal suture, the size of the premaxillary area, and the developmental status of the dentition. Sixty-three medieval crania were examined: 30 from children and 33 from adults, including 5 cases with tooth deviations. All crania were photographed at a 1:1 scale. From the photographs the size of the premaxilla and the length of the incisal suture were measured. In addition, the spatial conditions in the anterior region were recorded. The study showed that the main closure of the suture takes place shortly after the crowns of the permanent incisors have attained their final width size. The mean size of the premaxillary area was larger in individuals with interincisal spacing and smaller in individuals with crowding when comparing with normal spatial conditions. In the cases of tooth agenesis the premaxillary areas were markedly reduced.

Adult↗