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At least 919 records · Page 51Linked to original sources
PubMed1976

Passive transfer of autoimmune aspermogenic orchiepididymitis (AIAO) by antispermatozoa sera. Influence of the type of autoantigen and of the class of antibody.

Three different autoantigens (S, P and T), extracted and separated from guinea-pig spermatozoa, give rise to an autoimmune aspermogenic orchitis (AIAO) when injected with Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA). They also induce specific antibodies, such as anaphylactic (with S and P), complement-fixing (with P and T), spermotoxic (only with T) and precipitating and Arthus-inducing antibodies (only with P). Passive transfer of AIAO was attempted by injections of high total doses (15-20 ml per animal) of immune sera directed against one of the three antigens. Successful passive transfers were evaluated by the intensity of the epididymal and testicular lesions which were comparable to the actively induced ones, and by the rapid appearance of these lesions in less than 1 week and their lasting for at least 2 weeks. The disease was passively transferred with anti-P immune sera in as many as 64% of these cases and up to 40% with anti-T immune sera. Anti-S sera did not transfer AIAO more than did control normal and anti-DNP-BGG guinea-pig sera. The incidence and intensity of lesions were greatly for anti-P or slightly for anti-T increased by pretreating the future recipients with FCA. Hyperimmune sera are considerably more effective than early sera even when the latter are used in a time sequence reproducing that of the active reaction. The orchitogenic acitvity of anti-T sera appears to be localized in IgG2 DEAE fractions while that of anti-P has been found only in Ig1-containing DEAE fractions.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Morphological changes in testicular tissue in clean-up personnel after the Chernobyl nuclear reactor accident].

Pathomorphological alterations of testicular tissue were absent in men exposed to total body ionizing radiation in the dose of 1 to 10 cGy. Some changes in seminiferous tubules appeared in the dose of 10 to 20 cGy. Lymphoid infiltration of the seminiferous tubules arose 5 years after the accident and of the interstitial tissue--10-15 years after the radiation in exposure in the dose 20-30 cGy. Autoimmune orchitis affects spermatogenesis early after irradiation. Lymphoid infiltration of the seminiferous tubules and interstitial tissue is observed 5 years after radiation in the dose 30 to 50 cGy. Sclerosis of 50% seminiferous tubules, foci of regeneration of Leydig cells with lymphoid infiltration and interstitial fibrosis takes place 10-15 years after irradiation.

Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation↗
PubMed2004

X-linked chronic granulomatous disease: first report of mutations in patients of Argentina.

BACKGROUND: Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a primary immunodeficiency due to absent or decreased NADPH oxidase activity in phagocytic cells. The X-linked form of the disease (X-CGD) arises from mutations in the CYBB gene, which encodes the 91-kD glycoprotein gp91(phox), the largest component of the oxidase. METHODS: The authors recently started the molecular characterization of X-CGD in 18 patients reported to the Argentinean Registry of Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases. The authors reviewed data from clinical records to examine the relationship of clinical presentation and the type of mutations responsible for the genotype. RESULTS: The frequency and type of infections present in these patients were similar to prior reports. However, pulmonary tuberculosis was observed in the group as well as unusual complications such as eosinophilic cystitis, hepatic abscess with cholangitis, and chronic orchitis. Eleven different mutations in the CYBB gene were identified, and seven of them were novel. The types of mutations were intronic, single-nucleotide substitution resulting in nonsense or missense codons and one or two nucleotide deletions resulting in frameshifts. Molecular studies of 18 mothers revealed X-CGD carrier status in all but 2. CONCLUSIONS: No correlation existed between the type of mutation and the clinical phenotype of the disease: the molecular defects identified resulted in no expression of the flavocytochrome b558 in patients' neutrophils, leading to the X91(o)-CGD phenotype. The lack of gp91(phox) protein could explain the early onset and the severity of the clinical manifestations of CGD in this group of patients from Argentina.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

[Antisperm antibodies in prepubertal patients].

Antisperm antibodies were studied in 44 patients with less than 14 years of age, with unilateral testicle torsion and other testicular pathologies with vascular and inflammatory processes. The clinical and evolution of testicular size after one year of initial evaluation were obtained. Four cases had positive antisperm antibodies: One testicular torsion, two acute orchitis and one varicocele. In all the cases including those with positive antibodies the testicular size was normal in both sides. These findings agree with the theory of initiation of autoimmune process after a unilateral testicular damage, although we can not give data to support any damage to the contralateral testes.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2005

Painless scrotal swelling: ultrasonographical features with pathological correlation.

Scrotal swelling may be due to extratesticular and intratesticular lesions. The majority of extratesticular lesions are benign while the majority of intratesticular lesions are malignant. Ultrasonography (US) is helpful in separating extra- from intratesticular lesions. US can show whether a mass is cystic, solid or complex, and also features such as associated calcifications, epididymal involvement, scrotal skin thickening and colour Doppler flow pattern. Extratesticular lesions include hydrocoele, spermatocoele, varicocoele, epididymal cyst, hernia and tumours of the epididymis and cord structures. Intratesticular lesions include primary tumour, metastases, lymphoma and leukaemia. Tuberculous epididymitis or epididymo-orchitis may also present with painless scrotal swelling. US features of these disease patterns, with pathological correlation, are presented in this pictorial essay.

Genital Diseases, Male↗
PubMed2006

Electro-orchidogram: a non-invasive diagnostic tool in testicular pathologies.

BACKGROUND: We investigated the hypothesis that the transcutaneous electro-orchidogram (EOG) can act as a diagnostic tool in testicular pathological conditions. MATERIAL/METHODS: Three electrodes were applied to the scrotal skin of 21 healthy volunteers (controls), 12 patients with acute epididymo-orchitis (EO), 8 with testicular torsion (TT), 10 with unilateral undescended testicle (UT), and 9 with testicular seminoma (TS). Recordings were performed before and 48 hours and 1, 3, and 6 months after treatment. Semen analysis was done 1, 3, and 6 months post-treatment. RESULTS: Recordings from healthy volunteers showed slow waves (SWs) with similar wave variables from the three electrodes of the same individual. Patients with EO exhibited increased SW variables (p<0.05) during acute stage, which normalized in 8 and diminished in 4 patients 1, 3, and 6 months after inflammatory process resolution. Post resolution, the 8 patients had normospermia and the 4 oligospermia. In TT, SWs were absent during torsion and after detorsion in 7 patients; SWs and semen normalized in 1 patient 6 months after detorsion. The UT showed absent SWs up to 6 months post-descent; semen remained oligospermic. Testicles with TS exhibited areas with SWs and silent areas. CONCLUSIONS: Testicles in the above pathological conditions showed electro-orchidographic changes associated with changes in semen character. Repeated EOG could demonstrate the progress of the pathological condition in the testicle. The non-invasive EOG may act as a diagnostic and follow-up tool in some testicular pathological conditions after further studies have been performed in this issue.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Ectopia vasa deferentia inguinal hernia, vesicourteric reflux, imperforate anus, and recto-vesical fistula: a case report.

Urologic congenital anomalies are frequently associated with anorectal abnormalities. Vas deferens anomalies in the general population are estimated to be less than 0.05%. Many of the abnormalities can be explained by events in early fetal life. Urosepsis and epididymitis are the usual presenting signs and symptoms in such patients. We describe an infant who was discovered after birth to have an association of high imperforate anus with recto-vesical fistula, right inguinal hernia, left vesicoureteral reflux, and bilateral dilated vasa deferentia ectopically terminating in the posterior urethra, which caused recurrent epididymo-orchitis.

Anus, Imperforate↗
PubMed1991

Acute scrotal swelling in children.

Children with acute scrotal swelling are a common surgical emergency. We reviewed retrospectively the case notes of 143 children seen over a 5-year period. Of these, 60 boys had torsion of an appendage testis, 50 had torsion of the testis, 15 had acute epididymo-orchitis, ten had idiopathic scrotal oedema and eight had undiagnosed scrotal pain. Particular attention is drawn to the age of presentation of the different pathologies, the apparent shorter time to infarction of the testis following torsion in those under 12 years of age, and the association of anal lesions to idiopathic scrotal oedema.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1991

[Tuberculous inflammation of the testicle: characteristic echographic picture].

During the last 3 years (1987/1990) the authors have performed 562 ultrasound studies of the scrotum in patients ranging 6 months to 76 years of age. All patients were referred with a non-specific clinical suspicion of scrotal pathologies. Only 214/562 patients presenting with signs and symptoms of scrotal inflammation were considered for this study. Among this group of 214 patients, 34 cases of tuberculous epididymo-orchitis were identified. The remaining 180 patients were classified as follows: non-specific inflammation 141, other non inflammatory pathology 39. In the group with findings of tuberculosis, all stages of disease were identified, including miliary forms as well as nodular forms. The patients were closely followed during medical therapy or until surgery was performed to study the course of the disease. For each form of disease specific US findings and differential diagnostic criteria were recognized and will be illustrated in this paper. All diagnosis of tuberculosis were confirmed either at surgery or on the basis of successful response to specific chemotherapy. US diagnosis based on the morphologic and echo texture criteria allowed high diagnostic accuracy: in fact in the whole group of 214 patients with inflammatory disease there were only 1 false positive and 1 false negative diagnoses with a sensitivity of 96.9%, a specificity of 89.9% and a diagnostic accuracy of 98.85%. The paper also stresses the importance of US in the short- and long-term follow-up of the patients undergoing medical therapy.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sperm nuclear chromatin heterogeneity in infertile subjects.

Sperm chromatin heterogeneity has been evaluated in infertile males affected by different testicular diseases: 37 subjects had undergone orchidopexy in childhood (ex-cryptorchid), 50 were affected by idiopathic varicocele, 18 had a history of bilateral post-parotitis orchitis and 23 were "idiopathic infertiles". All subjects, except post-parotitis orchitic patients, exhibited significantly higher sperm chromatin heterogeneity than controls, with the highest incidence in ex-cryptorchid and in idiopathic infertiles. Ex-cryptorchid subjects also presented a significant positive linear correlation (p less than 0.001) between degree of sperm chromatin abnormality and percentage of morphological sperm alterations. Four monolateral ex-cryptorchid subjects showed a higher percentage of chromatin heterogeneity even when the cryptorchid testis had been removed during orchidopexy. In patients affected by varicocele, we also observed a significant correlation between chronological age and percentage of chromatin alterations. The results are discussed in relation to the pathogenesis of the disease concerned. Since sperm chromatin heterogeneity appears to be strongly involved in the development of infertility, we would suggest that it should be evaluated in routine diagnostic procedures of male infertility.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Doppler sonography of testicular circulation following reconstruction of inguinal hernia].

The use of pre- and postoperative testicular Doppler ultrasound examination in groin hernia repair is evaluated in 50 patients operated by the technique of Shouldice. The etiological differentiation between ischemic orchitis and testicular necrosis is based on the monitoring of testicular perfusion. The technique is presented in detail. Preoperatively the arterial supply could be examined in 45 of 50 patients and the venous flow in 41 patients. The postoperative arterial flow was found in all and the venous flow in 47 patients. Our results revealed the Doppler sonography as a suitable technique for postoperative semiquantitative examination of testicular perfusion. It should be employed in all cases of postoperative testicular pain. A mandatory use of the Doppler technique to obtain an indication for operative revision has still to be discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Infections of the male genitourinary system.

This article provides the primary care physician with the rationale and guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of common male genitourinary tract infections. Disease entities include urethritis, cystitis, pyelonephritis, epididymitis, and orchitis. The format of pathogenesis, epidemiology, diagnosis, and management will facilitate use by the primary care physician for a specific patient.

Cystitis↗
PubMed1979

Increased "pregnancy-specific" beta1-glycoprotein in certain nonseminomatous germ cell tumors.

Schwangerschafts (pregnancy) protein No. 1 (SP1), a recently identified beta1-glycoprotein that occurs during pregnancy, was assayed in the sera of 97 men with germ cell tumors of the testis. SP1 was elevated at 11-440 ng/ml in 3 of 6 men with choriocarcinomas, in 5 of 17 men with teratomas or "teratocarcinomas" (embryonal carcinomas and teratomas), and in 5 of 50 men with embryonal carcinomas; the highest value in 143 patients with nonmalignant diseases was 9.1 ng/ml. None of 24 sera from men with seminomas and none of 5 sera from men with orchitis had elevated SP1. In the 1 patient examined, testicular choriocarcinoma SP1 had immunochemical and gel chromatographic properties similar to those of highly purified SP1 of placental origin.

Choriocarcinoma↗
PubMed1987

[Findings: small testicles].

Small testicles are normal in prepubertal boys, irrespective of their height and weight. Small testicles associated with premature sexual development (pseudopuberty) usually reflect an alternate source of androgens, most frequently adrenal (e.g. in congenital adrenogenital syndrome). Small testicles as a result of testicular atrophy are either the consequence of a painful event such as mumps-orchitis or trauma (such as torsion), or a side effect of extratesticular disease (such as liver cirrhoses, chronic alcoholism, haemochromatosis, Curschmann-Steinert dystrophic myotonia etc.). Certain drugs (e.g. immunosuppressive and chemotherapy) and irradiation may also lead to testicular atrophy. Cryptorchidism as the expression of prenatal testicular damage may lead to an "incompetent", i.e. small, testis even if properly descended by surgery. However, a small testis after orchidopexy may also be the consequence of injury to blood vessels during surgery. The cryptorchid testis has an increased though still low incidence of malignancy, but a markedly elevated rate of sterility. Probably the most frequent cause of small testicles is Klinefelter syndrome (XXY/47), involving a wide spectrum from eunuchoid hypogonadism to a normally virilized albeit sterile male, in whom gynecomastia is not much more frequent than in the average male population but in whom the mammary cancer risk is definitely elevated almost to female rates.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

[Echography and scrotal masses. Apropos of 28 verified cases].

The scrotal masses are a frequent motive of consultation. The etiologic diagnosis of scrotal abnormalities is not always resolved by an accurate physical examination. From january 1985 to december 1987, 30 ultrasound examinations were performed. In the same period 245 patients were admitted for a scrotal mass. In a retrospective study the clinical diagnosis and ultrasound examination were compared with surgical and/or pathological findings, concerning 7 scrotal trauma, 8 hydrocele, 6 tumors, 4 epididymo-orchitis, 3 torsion, 1 epididymal cyst and 1 malacoplakia. The ultrasound findings correlated well in 85% of cases. Ultrasound examination appears to be an important complement to physical examination in trauma, large tumors and inflammatory lesions.

Epididymitis↗
PubMed1987

Murine autoimmune oophoritis, epididymoorchitis, and gastritis induced by day 3 thymectomy. Immunopathology.

(C57BL/6 X A/J) F1, (SWR/J X A/J) F1 and BALB/cBy mice, thymectomized on Day 3 (D3TX) or Day 7 (D7TX) or sham thymectomized (STX), were studied for immunopathologic changes in the ovary, testis, and gastric wall. In 95% of B6AF1, 100% of SWRAF1, and 35% of BALB/cBy mice ovarian disease developed, with onset at 5-6 weeks of age. Ovarian disease was not found in D7TX or STX mice. In D3TX mice, it was associated with mononuclear infiltration and ovarian follicle destruction, leading to atrophy. Epididymovasitis was detected in 70-90% of SWRAF1, 50% of B6AF1, and 64% of BALB/cBy mice after D3TX; whereas orchitis occurred in about 20% of SWRAF1 and B6AF1 mice. In some mice epididymovasitis also developed after D7TX, but not after STX. In contrast to the negative immunohistochemical findings in diseased ovaries, typical immune complex-like deposits of mouse IgG were detected by immunofluorescence along the basement membrane of epididymal ducts and seminiferous tubules. However, maximum incidence of epididymitis preceded immune complex detection. Gastritis developed in both female (57%) and male (50%) BALB/cBy mice after D3TX, occasionally after D7TX, but not after STX. Gastric mucosa was hypertrophic with dilated glands and heavy lymphocytic infiltrations throughout all gastric layers. BALB/cBy mice with gastritis usually did not have disease in the gonads, and vice versa. This study, therefore, confirms and extends the findings of Nishizuka and colleagues.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Testicular toxoplasmosis in two men with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

Testicular infection due to Toxoplasma gondii in two young men with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome manifested as a multifocal necrotizing lesion of the testicular parenchyma. At the periphery of the necrotic area were inflammatory infiltrates consisting mainly of eosinophilic leukocytes. The Toxoplasma organisms were mainly found within the necrotic seminiferous tubules, where they were identified with periodic acid-Schiff or May-Grünwald-Giemsa stains and by electron microscopy. The histologic pattern of this orchitis is characteristic and should be suspected in patients with severe disorders of the immune response.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1985

Risk factors for male breast cancer.

To investigate risk factors in male breast cancer, a case-control study of 52 histologically diagnosed cases and 52 controls--matched for age, race, marital status, and hospital--was conducted in 5 U.S. metropolitan areas. Cases were significantly more likely to be Jewish than were the controls, supporting earlier suggestions of an increased risk in Jewish males. A significant association of male breast cancer with mumps infections at age 20 years or older, along with the possible association with antecedent testicular injury and the excess frequency of mumps orchitis among cases, suggests that testicular factors may be important in the development of breast cancer among males. An increased frequency of breast cancer among persons who have worked in blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling mills is of interest because of the possible testicular effect of high environmental temperatures. The observed association between breast cancer and a prior history of swollen breast is difficult to interpret because of potential recall bias, and a possible relationship with military service needs further confirmation.

Adult↗