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PubMed1987

[Antibacterial action of essential oils extracted from Madagascar plants].

The following aromatherapy study reports the antimicrobial activity of eight Malagasy essential oils by the determination of their respective M.I.C. (Minimal Inhibitory Concentration) on enteropathogenic and spoilage bacteria strains. The aromatic plants used were taken from the Labiatae family (Thymus vulgaris, Ocimum gratissimum), the Myrtaceae family (Eugenia caryophyllata, Melaleuca viridiflora) and the Compositae (Helichrysum lavanduloides, H. bracteiferum, H. gymnocephalum, Psiadia altissima). Their inhibitory effect were tested on eight referied strains commonly used for antibiotic measurements and also on twelve others enteropathogenic bacteria strains. The results showed that three oils from Thymus vulgaris, Ocimum gratissimum and Eugenia caryophyllata were particularly efficient with a large spectra action. We noticed that the essential oil of Melaleuca viridiflora had also a high inhibitory effect especially on Gram positive bacteria.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1995

Antimicrobial activity of essences from labiates.

Bacteria, filamentous fungi and yeasts were subjected to the action of Lavandula officinalis, Melissa officinalis and Rosmarinus officinalis essences in a steam phase, using a microatmospheric technique. Due to the methodology employed, L. officinalis essence was more active in filamentous fungi than the other essential oils studied. All three essences possessed a similar degree of activity against the micro-organisms tested, though a relatively higher activity was seen in the case of M. officinalis.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1995

Broth micro-dilution method for determining the susceptibility of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus to the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil).

A broth micro-dilution method was used to examine the susceptibility of Escherichia coli (n = 110) and Staphylococcus aureus (n = 105) to the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil). The detergent Tween 80 was used successfully to enhance the solubility of tea tree oil in the test medium. The MIC90 of tea tree oil for E. coli was 0.25% while for S. aureus it was 0.50%.

Escherichia coli↗
PubMed1995

Characterization of resistance to essential oils in a strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (VR-6).

VR-6, a strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, harboured a plasmid and was not inhibited by 20 microliters ml-1 of essential oils (eucalyptus, lemongrass, palmarosa, and peppermint). On treatment with acridine orange, a clone VR-6-AO-1 was obtained which was susceptible to 16.6 microliters ml-1 of eucalyptus or palmarosa oil. The plasmid DNA content of this clone was similar to the parent strain.

Acridine Orange↗
PubMed1994

[Allergic contact eczema due to 'tea tree' oil].

In four patients, three women aged 45, 29 and 52 years and a man aged 45 years, allergic contact dermatitis due to 'tea tree' oil was diagnosed. The case of the man was published before. 'Tea tree' oils are essential oils distilled from the leaves of myrtaceous trees and shrubs occurring in Australia and South-East Asia. The 'tea tree' oil available in the Netherlands is distilled from the Melaleuca alternifolia and mainly contains eucalyptol. Eucalyptol is probably the most important allergen.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Toxicity of melaleuca oil and related essential oils applied topically on dogs and cats.

Cases of melaleuca oil toxicosis have been reported by veterinarians to the National Animal Poison Control Center when the oil was applied dermally to dogs and cats. In most cases, the oil was used to treat dermatologic conditions at inappropriate high doses. The typical signs observed were depression, weakness, incoordination and muscle tremors. The active ingredients of commercial melaleuca oil are predominantly cyclic terpenes. Treatment of clinical signs and supportive care has been sufficient to achieve recovery without sequelae within 2-3 d.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Aromatherapy.

Jane Buckle presents the results of a randomised, double-blind trial of two essential oils of two different species of lavender, topically applied on post-cardiotomy patients. The emotional and behavioural stress levels of 28 patients were evaluated pre- and post-treatment on two consecutive days. The therapeutic effects of the two lavenders appeared to be different: one was almost twice as effective as the other, thereby disproving the hypothesis that aromatherapy, using topical application of essential oils, is effective purely because of touch, massage or placebo.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1995

Melaleuca oil poisoning in a 17-month-old.

Ingestion of significant quantities of Melaleuca oil or Australian tea tree oil has been described only once in the medical literature. This report describes a 17-mo-old male who ingested less than 10 ml of the oil and developed ataxia and drowsiness. Emergency physicians, poison control personnel and pediatricians should be aware of potential toxicity from this product.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗
PubMed1996

Antibacterial and antifungal activity of ten essential oils in vitro.

The essential oils of aegle, ageratum, citronella, eucalyptus, geranium, lemongrass, orange, palmarosa, patchouli and peppermint, were tested for antibacterial activity against 22 bacteria, including Gram-positive cocci and rods and Gram-negative rods, and twelve fungi (3 yeast-like and 9 filamentous) by the disc diffusion method. Lemongrass, eucalyptus, peppermint and orange oils were effective against all the 22 bacterial strains. Aegle and palmarosa oils inhibited 21 bacteria; patchouli and ageratum oils inhibited 20 bacteria and citronella and geranium oils were inhibitory to 15 and 12 bacterial strains, respectively. All twelve fungi were inhibited by seven oils (aegle, citronella, geranium, lemongrass, orange, palmarosa and patchouli). Eucalyptus and peppermint oils were effective against eleven fungi. Ageratum oil was inhibitory to only four fungi tested. The MIC of eucalyptus, lemongrass, palmarosa and peppermint oils ranged from 0.16 to > 20 microliters ml-1 for eighteen bacteria and from 0.25 to 10 microliters ml-1 for twelve fungi.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1996

[Antiseptic properties of essential oil of Lippia sidoides Cham. Application to the cutaneous microflora].

Two samples of essential oils of Lippia sidoides Cham. have been tested for their antibacterial and antifungal properties against some microorganisms living on the skin of feet and armpits. The essential oils and also their main components, thymol and carvacrol, show strong antagonistic activities. Corynebacterium xerosis developing axillary odour is specially inhibited. But on the other hand no specific activities have been observed upon the feet microflora.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗
PubMed1996

Microcalorimetric and electron microscopic investigation on the effects of essential oil from Cymbopogon densiflorus on Staphylococcus aureus.

Microcalorimetry, optical density measurements and electron microscopy, were used to assess the influence of various amounts of the essential oil of Cymbopogon densiflorus (lemongrass oil) on the metabolic activity, growth and morphology of Staphylococcus aureus. Relatively high concentrations of the oil impaired staphylococcal growth in a bacteriostatic manner (chloramphenicol type), and in low doses metabolism became ineffective due to energy losses in the form of heat. Ultrastructural data revealed morphological changes characteristic for the influence of bactericidal antibiotics inducing bacteriolysis (penicillin type). The essential oil may have antibacterial activity by influencing bacterial targets involved in cytoplasmic and cell wall metabolism.

Body Temperature Regulation↗
PubMed1996

Enhancing effect of essential oils on the penetration of 5-fluorouracil through rat skin.

Three essential oils as penetration enhancers for 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) were studied using excised rat skin. The oils used were eucalyptus, peppermint and turpentine. Azone was used for comparison. The enhancing effect of the oils was found to be less than that of azone, but all the oils used enhanced the permeation of 5-FU. Eucalyptus oil was found to be the most active, causing about 60 fold increase, while peppermint and turpentine caused 46 and 28 fold increase, respectively. Eucalyptus oil was further studied by grading it into 5 fractions according to difference in boiling points. It was found that their activities increased as their boiling point increased. With all enhancers increased partition coefficients were observed but the diffusion coefficient values obtained were comparatively higher. The mode of action of these accelerants may be described by combined processes of partition and diffusion, the diffusion process being dominant.

Administration, Cutaneous↗