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PubMed2006

Job strain, worksite support, and nutrient intake among employed Japanese men and women.

BACKGROUND: The association of job strain (as defined by the job demands/control model) and worksite support with nutrient intake is not clear. METHODS: A questionnaire survey was conducted of 25,104 workers employed in nine companies in Japan. Job strain and worksite support were assessed using the Job Content Questionnaire. Daily intake of 17 nutrients was measured using a dietary history questionnaire. Data from 15,295 men and 2,853 women were analyzed, controlling for age, education, marital status, occupation, and study site. RESULTS: Among men, job strain was positively associated with average daily intakes of fat, vitamin E, cholesterol, poly- and mono-unsaturated fatty acids (p for trend<0.05), and worksite support was positively associated with average daily intakes of total energy, crude fiber, retinol, carotene, vitamins A, C, and E, cholesterol, and saturated fatty acid (p for trend<0.05). Among women, worksite support was positively associated with average daily intakes of total energy, protein, vitamin E, and polyunsaturated fatty acid (p for trend<0.05). However these differences were generally small. CONCLUSIONS: The present study showed that job strain and worksite support were only weakly and inconsistently associated with nutritional intakes. It does not seem that changes in nutritional intakes explain the association between job strain or worksite support and coronary heart disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Marital relationship in late adulthood: synchronous versus asynchronous couples.

The article presents a study on marital relations in late adulthood, conducted among a sample of 469 Israeli couples, who were divided into four groups based on occupational status and spousal timing of retirement. Two of the groups were categorized as synchronous: pre-retired couples (both partners are close to retirement); and retired couples (both partners are retired), and two of the groups were categorized as asynchronous: employed husband/retired wife and retired husband wife/employed husband. Differences between the groups were examined in three areas: Division of tasks in the home; marital power relations; and quality of marriage. Regarding division of tasks in the home, feminine tasks were usually more egalitarian among retired couples and retired husbands/employed wives than among pre-retired couples and employed husbands/retired wives. In addition, synchronous-retired couples were found to be more egalitarian than synchronous-pre-retired and asynchronous employed husbands/retired wives with regard to general tasks, while masculine tasks were usually carried out by husbands in all four groups. With respect to quality of marriage, the pre-retired couples expressed more marital complaints than did the retired couples, while no differences were found between either of the asynchronous groups. Nonetheless, marital power relations were generally egalitarian in all four groups.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

Identification and classification of factitious disorders: an analysis of cases reported during a ten year period.

OBJECTIVE: The current article offers a new conceptualization of factitious disorders based on cases reported in the literature. METHOD: The current analysis examines twenty-nine cases of factitious disorder patients over the course of ten years (1986-1996). Cases were found through PSYCHLIT and MEDLINE searches. Patient variables examined include: demographics, occupational status, marital status, childhood history, extent of medical history, the presence of a borderline personality disorder, and presence of a psychosocial stressor prior to the onset of the factitious disorder. RESULTS: An examination of the cases found demographic patterns of illness presentation consistent with previous reviews of the disorder. From the examination emerged two distinct types of factitious presentations-one acute, one chronic. A two-dimensional approach is introduced in an attempt to understand various disease presentations. Cases were classified based on proposed Current Life Stress and Chronic Life Pattern dimensions. These dimensions are measures of the extent to which the patient's factitious presentation is in response to an immediate psychosocial stressor, or an action consistent with a long-term maladaptive behavior pattern resulting from an underlying character pathology. Three patient groups were identified based on estimated patient levels of each dimension. The three groups are: Stress Response, Life Response, and Mixed Response. CONCLUSION: Recommendations are made to increase the role of physicians in the detection of factitious patients, as well as to move toward a more uniform reporting of cases of factitious disorders in the literature.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Predictors of driving while intoxicated (DWI) among American Indians in the northwest.

This study compares DWI arrest records for American Indians to those of the general population in Washington State. Within the period January 1987 through December 1987, 1,067 American Indians were arrested for DWI. This sample was compared for age, gender, and occupational status to 28,130 total DWI arrestees during the same period. The data indicate that American Indians were the most over-represented population as they were two-and-one-half times as likely to be arrested for DWI, compared to overall DWI arrest population. The population of American Indians arrested for DWI was three times as likely to be unemployed as compared to the resident labor force of all American Indians. This research supports the conclusion that DWI arrests may be viewed as a symptom of alcohol misuse, abuse, or chemical dependency for American Indians, and that a DWI prevention approach should include education, prevention, intervention, treatment, aftercare, and law enforcement efforts that are sensitive to tribal diversity.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Aging and primary relations.

After listing all consanguinal and affinal kin, our sample of 800 respondents forty-five and older identified those with whom they felt very close and who among these were confidants. A parallel procedure was used to identify very close friends and confidant friends. These four types (primary relatives, confidant relatives, primary friends, confidant friends) were seen as constituting the primary-group resource of our respondents. Thirty of the 800 individuals lacked primary ties with kin, compared to 118 of 800 without primary ties with friends. While very few of the respondents were without very close ties of any kind, those with extensive primary-group resources were more likely to be women rather than men, younger rather than older, married rather than single, and in high rather than low-status occupation.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1992

Habitual physical activity in adult IDDM patients. A study with portable motion meters.

The objective of this study was to assess the habitual physical activity of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) patients on intensive insulin therapy. This case-control study consisted of 34 IDDM patients (14 on multiple injection therapy, 20 on continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion [CSII], and control subjects matched for sex, age, weight, height, body mass index, smoking behavior, and occupational status). Seven IDDM patients were studied before and after changing from multiple injection to CSII therapy. All patients were well controlled according to HbA1c. Portable motion meters were used to assess habitual physical activity during 7 consecutive days with appreciable reproducibility (coefficient of variation 1.24%) and agreement to standardized activity protocols (r = 0.96, P < 0.001). Habitual physical activity was similar in IDDM patients on injection treatment and in controls, respectively. CSII-treated patients exhibited on the average 17% less habitual physical activity than control subjects (P < 0.05). Changing from multiple injection therapy to CSII lowered habitual physical activity insignificantly in seven patients. There was no indication of decreasing physical exercise (e.g., sports) by CSII in this patient group. No correlations were found between habitual physical activity and HbA1c or body mass index, respectively. Habitual physical activity is similar in IDDM patients on multiple injection therapy and control subjects, but may decrease by CSII therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Sporting activity and hyperglycemia in middle-aged men.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationship between self-reported frequency of participation in sporting activity and the prevalence of hyperglycemia (nonfasting glucose level > or = 7.8 mM) in middle-aged men. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We used a cross-sectional study of 7617 British middle-aged men, drawn from 24 general practices in England, Wales, and Scotland, who were participants in the British Regional Heart Study. The response rate was 78%. Patients with diabetes (physician-diagnosed) were excluded from our analysis. Frequency of participation in sporting activity was determined by the respondents and reported as none (61%), occasionally (12%), or frequently (27%). RESULTS: The age-adjusted prevalence odds ratio for hyperglycemia was 0.86 (95% confidence interval, 0.6-1.2) in those reporting occasional, and 0.62 (95% confidence interval, 0.4-0.85) in those reporting frequent sporting activity, compared with those reporting none. This effect of frequent sporting activity on the prevalence of hyperglycemia was independent of body mass index, occupational status, smoking status, systolic blood pressure, use of antihypertensive therapy, and time of sampling. CONCLUSIONS: Frequent sporting activity in middle-aged men is associated with a reduced prevalence of hyperglycemia and may reduce the risk of NIDDM.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Body attitudes and eating behaviors of female clothing sales personnel.

Recent research suggests that social standards for ideal female beauty are related to negative body-image and dieting among young women. We hypothesized that women who work in settings that emphasize physical appearance (women's fashion clothing sales) would have more disturbed body attitudes and eating behaviors than college women. Sales personnel (n = 21) and students (n = 25) answered questions about their occupational status, weight, and demographic characteristics, and completed the Body-esteem Scale and the Eating Disorder Inventory. Weight and scores on the two scales were similar in both groups except that sales personnel reported more dissatisfaction with their body parts on the Body dissatisfaction scale of the Eating Disorder Inventory. Among sales personnel, those who perceived their appearance to be of greater importance in their work also reported more concern about dieting and weight, as reflected on the Drive for thinness subscale of the Eating Disorder Inventory. Results are discussed with regard to situational influences on women's body attitudes and their implications for eating behaviors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Predictors of outcome in drug treatment of adolescent inpatients.

Little is known about for whom treatment is most effective and how to match adolescent clients to substance-abuse treatment. 280 adolescents treated in a multifaceted program participated. Of these, 128 did not complete treatment prior to termination of the 2-mo. inpatient phase. They were significantly different from clients who completed treatment measures of alienation, social maladaptation, aggression, and lower occupational status of the father. Of those who completed inpatient treatment and remained in the study at 1-mo. postdischarge (n = 69) two groups were formed, those who improved and those who either remained the same or worsened in terms of substance abuse. For those who improved factors which differentiated them were identification with middle-class values, tendency to be older, initial difficulty identifying emotions, and depressive symptoms at intake. Clients who did not change or worsened were distinguished by more social anxiety, depressive symptoms, and troubling thoughts at intake. These results suggest that individual characteristics may identify cases who are more likely to benefit from treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Relations between marital processes and outcomes in the marriages of nontraditional and traditional women.

The purpose of this study was to examine the importance of the marital processes of cohesion, flexibility, and communication to marital quality and marital stability in the marriages of nontraditional and traditional women. Selected longitudinal data from the 1992 Marital Stability Over the Life Span Data Set were used. A subsample of 74 married women who were defined as nontraditional and a comparison group of 274 traditional women were selected according to their occupational status and gender-role orientation. Comparisons indicated that some marital processes, including higher emotional bonding, spousal interaction, negotiation, and positive communication patterns, were significantly related to marital outcomes for nontraditional women.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

The incidence of repeat induced abortion--a prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: To measure the cumulative incidence of first and second repeat induced abortion and what differentiates first-time repeaters from non-repeaters. METHODS: The study population comprised 2,925 women who had their first induced abortion at the University Hospital of Trondheim, Norway between January 1, 1987 and December 31, 1991. Repeat induced abortion within the study period was measured as a cumulative incidence of second and third induced abortion. Survival analyses and logistic regression analysis were applied using 'repeater' as the dependent variable. RESULTS: The cumulative incidence of second induced abortion was 3.7% at end of first year, 7.1% at end of second year, 9.9% at the end of third year, and 12.3% at four completed years of observation. The cumulative incidence of third induced abortion was 0.1% at the end of first year, 0.6% at the end of second, 1.3% at the end of third and 2.0% at four years of observation. The cumulative incidence of the third abortion, measured as the time at risk from the second to the third abortion, remained twice that of the cumulative incidence of the second abortion after one year of observation (p < 0.001). At the first abortion, variables predicting a risk for repeat induced abortion were age, occupational status and becoming pregnant as a result of a contraceptive failure. CONCLUSION: Repeat induced abortion in inevitable. The incidence of repeat induced abortions doubled from the second to the third abortion, indicating that the moral threshold for choosing an abortion after recognition of an unplanned pregnancy is the first induced abortion. More detailed studies on the effect of intensified contraceptive counselling programs after the first abortion are needed.

Abortion Applicants↗
PubMed1985

Social variables and patient acceptance of complete dentures. A study of patients attending a dental school.

It has been suggested that the social conditions under which patients live may influence their acceptance of dentures. In this paper a sample of 74 complete-denture wearers has been interviewed with regard to several social variables. These variables include the patients' marital status, occupation, interests, social activities, economy, housing conditions, relationship to neighbors, and other people's opinion of their new dentures. The last factor appeared to influence denture acceptance strongly. The other social variables tested showed no significant or only minimal effects in this respect.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Sex differences in psychiatric morbidity: an analysis of Victorian data.

This study examined relevant Victorian data in the light of overseas findings on sex differences in psychopathology and utilisation of psychiatric treatment resources. Data sources included community health surveys and treatment statistics from the State psychiatric services, general hospitals and general practitioners. It was revealed that more Victorian women than men reported and were treated for psychiatric problems, and that women were most often diagnosed as depressed and otherwise neurotic, whereas men more often had alcohol and personality disorders. Married women had higher rates of mental illness than married men, whereas single and divorced men had higher rates of psychiatric morbidity than their female counterparts. Occupational status was related to men's, but not women's mental health. Various explanations for the findings are discussed, with some stress on the possible contribution of the sex role socialisation and cultural expectations of men and women.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1999

The invisible wounds: the occurrence of psychological abuse and anxiety compared with previous experience of physical abuse during the childbearing year.

The aim of this study was to measure the prevalence, effects and character of psychological abuse in women visiting antenatal clinics. A standardized questionnaire based on four different established scales (PMWI, SVAW, TSC-33, and STAI) was used to estimate the frequency of psychological, physical and sexual abuse, anxiety and depression. In the study 207 pregnant Swedish born women married to or cohabiting with Swedish born men were consecutively chosen from three different antenatal clinics from the city of Göteborg, Sweden. Personal interviews were conducted in connection to their regular visit to the antenatal clinic, ranging from the first to the third trimester. Fifty-one (24.5%) women out of 207 reported threats and/or acts of violence during the last year according to the Severity of Violence Against Women Scale (SVAW). There was 89.4% who had experienced dominance/isolation according to the Psychological Maltreatment of Women Inventory (PMWI) and 44.4% of the women reported emotional/verbal abuse. Occupational status, but not age income or education, was found to be significantly correlated to physical violence, dominance/isolation and to emotional/verbal factor according to Psychological Maltreatment of Women Inventory (PMWI). Threats of moderate violence' and 'serious violence' were strongly correlated to physical violence (correlation coefficient 0.9433 and 0.9405, respectively). Sexual abuse demonstrated a high correlation to physical violence and emotional/verbal factor. The results indicate that sexual violence is highly represented in the abusive relationship and also that depression and anxiety in the childbearing year may be caused by domestic violence. This study emphasises the importance of incorporating screening for threats and actual acts of psychological, physical and sexual abuse into routine care for women, enabling health care providers to identify high-risk patients and improve quality of care.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Convergence insufficiency in brain-injured patients.

Disorders of eye movements are relatively common in brain-injured patients. Some of these disturbances are caused by direct trauma to the orbital content, cranial nerves and other brain areas. Convergence, which is a part of the near-vision complex and depends on the integrative function of the cortical and subcortical areas, is commonly affected by traumatic brain injury. Intact vergence needs the integrative function of brain structures associated with acquisition of information on one side and intact mesencephalic function, including function of a vergence integrator, and their interconnections. Clinical investigation of vergence function in 26 traumatically brain-injured patients examined as early as possible after trauma revealed disturbances in over a third of the examinees. A follow-up of 72 patients some 3 years after injury revealed vergence insufficiency in 42%. Convergence insufficiency was associated with longer periods of coma (p less than 0.001), presence of cognitive disturbances (p less than 0.005) and patients' failing to find work in the open market (p less than 0.01). It is suggested that the presence of disturbed vergence several years after trauma, and its close association with prolonged coma and cognitive disturbances, is an expression of permanent damage to mesencephalic and cortical brain structures and can serve as an important aid in evaluation of these patients. This paper describes the close relationship between vergence state and over-all rehabilitation outcome as evaluated by patients' occupational status.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Differential effects of spinal cord injury and head injury on marital adjustment.

Central nervous system (CNS) trauma can produce a multitude of physical and psychological sequelae, depending on the neurological level of injury. Clinicians have long recognized the adjustment difficulties posed in marriages of CNS trauma victims, yet there is little research documentation for this observation. The marital relationships of moderate (n = 31) and severe (n = 17) head injury (HI) groups and a spinal cord injury (SCI) group (n = 24) were assessed through spouses' self-reports in interview and through standardized questionnaires. Analyses indicated that the three groups were not statistically different in age, number of months post-injury, pre- and post-injury occupational status, and level of income. In the post-injury marital relationship, the severe HI group was significantly lower than the moderate HI and SCI groups on standardized and validated scales assessing affectional expression (p less than 0.002), dyadic satisfaction (p less than 0.001), dyadic cohesion (p less than 0.01), and total dyadic adjustment (p less than 0.001). On a scale of social role functioning, the severe HI group's performance was significantly lower than the moderate HI and SCI groups (p less than 0.005). These results empirically substantiate the clinical observation that adjustment difficulties may be more intense for wives of the severely head injured than the moderately injured or the SCI, as they must deal with neuropsychological as well as physical fall-out from the injury.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1991

Maternal cigarette smoking, breast-feeding, and respiratory tract infections in infancy. A matched-pairs study.

The importance of mothers' smoking habits for the occurrence of respiratory tract infections (RTIs) in their children during their infant years was studied. A group of 28 infants of mothers who smoked was compared with 28 infants of non-smokers. The pairs were matched with respect to mother's age, marital status, occupation, and parity. During their first year of life, the smokers' children were treated with antibiotics because of RTIs more often than the non-smokers' children (p = 0.046). The number of RTIs in the two groups were 38 and 19, respectively. However, infants of mothers who smoked were breast-fed for a shorter period than those of non-smokers (p = 0.028), the mean values being 4.5 and 6.7 months.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

One hundred and fifty men with urinary incontinence. III. Psychosocial consequences.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the psychosocial impact of urinary incontinence among men. DESIGN: Telephone interviews with men who had give their written consent to participate. SUBJECTS: 150 men were available for interviews out of 571 who had asked for information about urinary incontinence and free samples of pads by post. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Questionnaire which mapped demographic data, occupational status, medical history, medication, and toilet habits. Duration, frequency, and amount of leakage were registered, and the incontinence was classified according to a symptom questionnaire. Consultations and other sources of help were also registered, together with use of control methods, emotional, practical, and social consequences. RESULTS: Twenty-four per cent stated that their incontinence was a negligible problem. Generally, increasing severity of the incontinence caused more mental distress and social restrictions. Younger men were more handicapped than the older men. Practical inconveniences and social restrictions increased with longer duration of the incontinence. A multiple regression analysis, using a severity index, duration, type, and age as explanatory variables for the degree of mental distress, practical inconveniences, and social restrictions could explain 7%, 12%, and 25% of the variation in these groups of consequences, respectively. CONCLUSION: Urinary incontinence is associated with negative psychosocial effects, the impact increasing with the severity of the incontinence and decreasing with age of the incontinent men.

Age Factors↗