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PubMed2005

Integrative neuroscience: the role of a standardized database.

Most brain related databases bring together specialized information, with a growing number that include neuroimaging measures. This article outlines the potential use and insights from the first entirely standardized and centralized database, which integrates information from neuroimaging measures (EEG, event related potential (ERP), structural/functional MRI), arousal (skin conductance responses (SCR)s, heart rate, respiration), neuropsychological and personality tests, genomics and demographics: The Brain Resource International Database. It comprises data from over 2000 "normative" subjects and a growing number of patients with neurological and psychiatric illnesses, acquired from over 50 laboratories (in the U.S.A, United Kingdom, Holland, South Africa, Israel and Australia), all with identical equipment and experimental procedures. Three primary goals of this database are to quantify individual differences in normative brain function, to compare an individual's performance to their database peers, and to provide a robust normative framework for clinical assessment and treatment prediction. We present three example demonstrations in relation to these goals. First, we show how consistent age differences may be quantified when large subject numbers are available, using EEG and ERP data from nearly 2000 stringently screened. normative subjects. Second, the use of a normalization technique provides a means to compare clinical subjects (50 ADHD subjects in this study) to the normative database with the effects of age and gender taken into account. Third, we show how a profile of EEG/ERP and autonomic measures potentially provides a means to predict treatment response in ADHD subjects. The example data consists of EEG under eyes open and eyes closed and ERP data for auditory oddball, working memory and Go-NoGo paradigms. Autonomic measures of skin conductance (tonic skin conductance level, SCL, and phasic skin conductance responses, SCRs) were acquired simultaneously with central EEG/ERP measures. The findings show that the power of large samples, tested using standardized protocols, allows for the quantification of individual differences that can subsequently be used to control such variation and to enhance the sensitivity and specificity of comparisons between normative and clinical groups. In terms of broader significance, the combination of size and multidimensional measures tapping the brain's core cognitive competencies, may provide a normative and evidence-based framework for individually-based assessments in "Personalized Medicine."

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Neuroscience.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Forecasting↗
PubMed2003

Whatever happened to the soul? Theological perspectives on neuroscience and the self.

Traditional religious teachings about the nature of the person, especially body-soul dualism, influence majority views of the self. Following a historical overview, it is argued that a purely physicalist account of human nature is equally compatible with contemporary science and with Christian thought. However, an account that reduces higher human capacities to neurobiology is unacceptable from a theological perspective.

Ego↗
PubMed2003

Introduction: Behavioral neuroscience and childhood mental illness.

Advances in the treatment of mental illness depend, in part, on the elimination of barriers to the use of new basic research findings. Some of the barriers originate in the different research perspectives adopted by clinical and basic researchers. Clinical research is driven by the need to recruit and examine classes of individuals, and so the conceptual framework focuses largely on categories of disorders. Basic researchers, including psychologists and behavioral neuroscientists, investigate fundamental features of behavior such as emotion regulation, attention, or arousal; therefore, disorders are commonly approached from a "dimensional" framework. In the broadest sense dimensions are those features that are common to multiple disorders. Categories are an effort to draw distinctions among disorders. The differences between these frameworks, and the perspectives held among clinicians and basic scientists, are not dichotomous. Many clinicians investigate fundamental aspects of pathophysiology and behavior that apply to multiple disorders, and many basic researchers are developing animal "models" of categorical disorders. It is timely and important to examine these approaches critically, and to work toward formulating perspectives that capture the strengths of each group of researchers so that their common goal of translating research findings into treatments for childhood mental health disorders is strengthened.

Affect↗
PubMed2004

The human HPLC column: "minds-on" neuroscience for the next generation.

Science education researchers have suggested that neuroscientists can play an important role in science education programs for adolescents by creating "minds-on" teaching and learning modules for scientists and teachers to use in classrooms. Effective educational partnerships between teachers and visiting scientists not only ignite student interest but also provide opportunities for scientist and teacher professional development. The aim of the present teaching module was threefold: (1) to introduce adolescents to the acute neurochemical effects of psychomotor stimulant drugs and their analysis using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), (2) to spur maturation of analytical reasoning skills among adolescents, and (3) to spark enthusiasm for science education.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Clinical implications of neuroscience research in PTSD.

The research showing how exposure to extreme stress affects brain function is making important contributions to understanding the nature of traumatic stress. This includes the notion that traumatized individuals are vulnerable to react to sensory information with subcortically initiated responses that are irrelevant, and often harmful, in the present. Reminders of traumatic experiences activate brain regions that support intense emotions, and decrease activation in the central nervous system (CNS) regions involved in (a) the integration of sensory input with motor output, (b) the modulation of physiological arousal, and (c) the capacity to communicate experience in words. Failures of attention and memory in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) interfere with the capacity to engage in the present: traumatized individuals "lose their way in the world." This article discusses the implications of this research by suggesting that effective treatment needs to involve (a) learning to tolerate feelings and sensations by increasing the capacity for interoception, (b) learning to modulate arousal, and (c) learning that after confrontation with physical helplessness it is essential to engage in taking effective action.

Arousal↗