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PubMedDate not supplied

The effects of physostigmine, L-arginine and NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) on the mean arterial pressure of the rat.

The effects of physostigmine, L-arginine and NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) were investigated in urethane-anaesthetized rats. The drugs were chosen because physostigmine has been known to produce an increase in peripheral adrenergic activity, whereas L-arginine and L-NAME have been known to modulate nitric oxide (NO) production. Slow infusion of L-arginine produced significant hypotension, but only in animals pretreated by physostigmine. L-NAME applied in the same way produced a slow developing increase in blood pressure, but not in animals pretreated by physostigmine. The pressor responses to physostigmine were potentiated if the drug was injected during infusion of L-NAME, and depressed if the drug was injected after stopping L-NAME infusion (in rats not pretreated with physostigmine). It is concluded that L-arginine-NO pathways act in vivo to oppose peripheral vasoconstrictor influences coupled with central cholinergically mediated activation of the adrenergic system, as produced by physostigmine. In this way, NO is part of a general mechanism for blood pressure regulation.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Effect of injection of L-NAME on drinking response.

The drinking behavior responses to centrally administered N G-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 10, 20 or 40 microg/microl), an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, were studied in satiated rats, with cannulae stereotaxically implanted into the lateral ventricle (LV) and subfornical organ (SFO). Water intake increased in all animals after angiotensin II (ANG II) injection into the LV, with values of 14.2 +/- 1.4 ml/h. After injection of L-NAME at doses of 10, 20 or 40 microg/microl into the SFO before injection of ANG II (12 ng/microl) into the LV, water intake decreased progressively and reached basal levels after treatment with 0.15 M NaCl and with the highest dose of L-NAME (i.e., 40 microg). The water intake obtained after 40 microg/microl L-NAME was 0.8 +/- 0.01 ml/h. Also, the injection of L-NAME, 10, 20 or 40 microg/microl, into the LV progressively reduced the water intake induced by hypertonic saline, with values of 5.3 +/- 0.8, 3.2 +/- 0.8 and 0.7 +/- 0.01 ml/h, respectively. These results indicate that nitric oxide is involved in the regulation of drinking behavior induced by centrally administered ANG II and cellular dehydration and that the nitric oxide of the SFO plays an important role in this regulation.

Angiotensin II↗

PubMed2003

Delayed matching to two-picture samples by individuals with and without disabilities: an analysis of the role of naming.

Delayed matching to complex, two-picture samples (e.g., cat-dog) may be improved when the samples occasion differential verbal behavior. In Experiment 1, individuals with mental retardation matched picture comparisons to identical single-picture samples or to two-picture samples, one of which was identical to a comparison. Accuracy scores were typically high on single-picture trials under both simultaneous and delayed matching conditions. Scores on two-picture trials were also high during the simultaneous condition but were lower during the delay condition. However, scores improved on delayed two-picture trials when each of the sample pictures was named aloud before comparison responding. Experiment 2 replicated these results with preschoolers with typical development and a youth with mental retardation. Sample naming also improved the preschoolers' matching when the samples were pairs of spoken names and the correct comparison picture matched one of the names. Collectively, the participants could produce the verbal behavior that might have improved performance, but typically did not do so unless the procedure required it. The success of the naming intervention recommends it for improving the observing and remembering of multiple elements of complex instructional stimuli.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Medication errors caused by confusion of drug names.

Many drug names can look or sound like other drug names, which leads to confusion and potentially harmful medication errors. While various types of drug names exist, brand (proprietary) names are most commonly confused. Examples of the numerous drug names that have been confused because they look and/or sound similar include Celebrex (celecoxib), Cerebyx (fosphenytoin), and Celexa (citalopram). Factors such as poor handwriting and clinical similarity may exacerbate the problem. This problem can be alleviated through actions by regulatory agencies, pharmaceutical manufacturers, healthcare professionals, and patients. To address the problem, significant changes in the pharmaceutical regulatory process have occurred in the US and Europe.

Clinical Pharmacy Information Systems↗

PubMed1984

Short-term memory for colors and color names in the absence of vocalization.

In a previous experiment, Allen found no release from proactive inhibition using the Brown-Peterson procedure in a group who were shifted from recalling colors to recalling the names of colors. The lack of release suggests that colors and color names are encoded in similar ways. It was argued that the similarity of encoding might have been caused by the procedure of requiring the subjects to say out loud the names of the colors at the time of stimulus presentation and recall. In the present experiment, a procedure was devised that eliminated the need for verbalization of the colors. The same pattern of results was obtained, namely, release from proactive inhibition in the group shifted from recalling color names to colors but not in the group shifted in the opposite direction. It was concluded that if subjects encode colors as a verbal label, then this encoding strategy is not caused by the procedure of requiring the subjects to verbalize the colors.

Color Perception↗

PubMed1995

Effects of color on children's naming of pictures.

Two experiments assessed possible effects of memory for the typical colors of objects on children's naming of pictures. Children, 5 to 10 yr. old (N = 54 per experiment), named pictures of familiar objects in uncolored, typically colored (red for apple), and atypically colored (blue for apple) versions. Presentation of the three types of pictures was mixed in Exp. 1 and blocked in Exp. 2. With mixed presentation, reaction times for naming were unaffected by typical colors but slowed by atypical colors. With blocked presentation, naming was speeded by typical colors, but only for younger children, and was unaffected by atypical colors. Implications are discussed for understanding the processes by which objects are identified and named and the development of knowledge regarding the color of objects.

Association Learning↗

PubMed1995

Short-term memory for color names using Stroop material.

A modified Stroop arrangement consisting of color names printed in ink of a different color was used in a release from the proactive inhibition (PI) paradigm. In Exp. 1, half of the subjects were informed prior to a trial whether they were to recall the colors or the color names while the remaining half were not informed in advance. After three trials, half of the subjects were shifted to recalling the other material while control subjects continued with the same recall material. Analysis indicated that (1) when subjects were informed in advance, PI release was found in a color name to color shift, but no PI release was found with a shift from color to color name, and (2) when subjects were not informed in advance, no PI release was observed in either shift condition. Exp. 2 replicated the not-informed condition and introduced a longer stimulus-exposure duration for 160 undergraduates. Except for higher recall scores, the same results were obtained. The results were interpreted in terms of differences in the kinds of encoding operations performed on colors and color names.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Eyeblink activity in a word-naming task as a function of semantic priming and cognitive load.

Eyeblink activity was examined based on a discrete-trial paradigm in which 17 subjects engaged in a semantic priming task. They were presented a series of pairs of words (prime and target) associatively related or associatively unrelated and were required to name them as quickly as possible. Cognitive load or difficulty of naming of the target word was also manipulated. The latency data for naming of the target word showed a typical priming effect, namely, facilitation of naming speed by the associatively relate prime word. The eyeblink rate changed synchronically to onset of stimuli as a function of prime-target relationship and cognitive load during the task. Specifically, the eyeblink rate was suppressed during presentation of the target word and peaked just after that. This study showed that suppression of eyeblinks was longer on trials with high cognitive loads than on those with low cognitive loads and the peak of eyeblink rate was higher on trials for which the prime and target were unrelated than on those for which they were related. These results suggested that the eyeblink activity is influenced by inner cognitive processes of word recognition.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Effects of age of acquisition, word frequency, and familiarity on object recognition and naming in dementia.

116 patients with established dementia completed a short confrontation naming test. Naming latency correlated -.69 (Kendall tau, p < .001) with general frequency of the name of the object. Recognition failure correlated .53 with age of acquisition of the name and -.58 with familiarity of the object. These and other correlations are not in accord with recent findings from studies of normal people. More extensive studies of these relationships in dementia, where disorders of recognition and naming are common, would be informative.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Picture-name priming in the cerebral hemispheres: evidence for phonological access in the right hemisphere.

This study investigated right hemisphere involvement in access to phonology, using a picture-naming priming paradigm where pictures and names of common objects printed in Japanese Kana were presented in succession to the same visual field or different visual fields with a stimulus onset asynchrony of 250 msec. A naming task was used for this purpose. The result showed that, when primes and targets were presented to the same visual field, facilitation for related pairs was observed in each hemisphere, with overall naming latencies being slower in the right hemisphere than in the left hemisphere. This result indicates that the prior access to phonology for a picture in the right hemisphere facilitates phonological activation of a word that names the picture in this hemisphere, suggesting that the right hemisphere is involved in access to phonology. On the other hand, when primes and targets were presented to different visual fields, there was no facilitation for related pairs with inhibition for unrelated pairs, irrespective of prime and target visual fields. It is suggested that this inhibition-dominant pattern of priming may occur due to homotopic inhibition processes proposed by N. D. Cook.

Brain↗

PubMed2005

Perceived gender of a pastor's name and ratings of vocational success.

Undergraduate students (16 men and 16 women) from a Christian university read a 1-page description of a pastor named either "Carl Anderson" or "Carol Anderson." Students rated each named pastor on four items summed for a measure of vocational success. We predicted, based on role congruity, that students would rate a female-named pastor lower than a male-named pastor on the measure, but women's ratings of pastoral vocational success were significantly higher. Men's ratings did not differ significantly for the male- and female-named pastors. Power was low so further research is appropriate.

Achievement↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Performance of closed head-injured children on a naming task.

The naming abilities of a group of 20 children (aged 8-16) who had sustained a closed head injury (CHI) at least 12 months previously were assessed with the purpose of examining the long-term effect of CHI on children's naming ability. Performance of the CHI group on the Boston Naming Test was compared to that of a group of non-neurologically impaired accident victims matched for age, sex and socioeconomic status. A detailed examination of the types of naming errors exhibited by the CHI children was also carried out. Boston Naming Test scores of the CHI group were found to be significantly lower than those achieved by the control group. The error pattern demonstrated by the CHI group, however, mimicked that of the control group.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Detrimental effects of N(omega) nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME)in experimental Escherichia coli sepsis in the newborn piglet.

The role of nitric oxide during neonatal sepsis is complex. We tested the hypothesis that nonselective inhibition of nitric oxide synthase with N(omega) -nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) is detrimental during the early phase of experimental sepsis in the newborn piglet. Newborn piglets were divided into four groups: 6 in the control group, 6 in the L-NAME control group, 12 in the sepsis group (SG), and 11 in the sepsis with L-NAME group (NS). Sepsis was induced by intravenous injection of 10(8) colony forming units of Escherichia coli. L-NAME 10 mg/kg was given intravenously 60 min before the induction of sepsis. The survival rate of piglets after 4 hr was 27% in NS, while it was 100% in other groups. Systemic hypotension, observed in both SG and NS, were more profound in NS. Leukopenia was observed in both SG and NS. Thrombocytopenia, prolongation of prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time, and increase in thrombin-antithrombin complexes were observed only in NS. Decreased PaO2 /FiO2 ratio, arterial pH and base excess, and increased blood lactate levels observed in both SG and NS, but were more profound in NS. These findings suggest that nonselective inhibition of nitric oxide synthase with L-NAME is detrimental during the early phase of experimental neonatal sepsis.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Effect of L-NAME on nitric oxide and gastrointestinal motility alterations in cirrhotic rats.

AIM: To investigate the effect of L-NAME on nitric oxide and gastrointestinal motility alterations in cirrhotic rats. METHODS: Rats with cirrhosis induced by carbon tetrachloride were randomly divided into two groups, one n =13 receiving 0.5mg.kg(-1) per day of N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, for 10 days, whereas the other group (n =13) and control (n =10) rats were administrated the same volume of 9g.L(-1) saline. Half gastric emptying time and 2h residual rate were measured by SPECT, using (99m)Tc-DTPA-labeled barium sulfate as test meal. Gastrointestinal transition time was recorded simultaneously. Serum concentration of nitric oxide (NO) was determined by the kinetic cadmium reduction and colorimetric methods. Immunohistochemical SABC method was used to observe the expression and distribution of three types of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms in the rat gastrointestinal tract. Western blot was used to detect expression of gastrointestinal NOS isoforms. RESULTS: Half gastric emptying time and trans-gastrointestinal time were significantly prolonged(124.0 +/- 26.4 min; 33.7 +/- 8.9 min; 72.1 +/- 15.3 min; P<0.01), (12.4 +/- 0.5h; 9.5 +/- 0.3h; 8.2 +/- 0.8h; P<0.01), 2h residual rate was raised in cirrhotic rats than in controls and cirrhotic rats treated with L-NAME (54.9 +/- 7.6%,13.7 +/- 3.2%, 34.9 +/- 10.3%, P<0.01). Serum concentration of NO was significantly increased in cirrhotic rats than in the other groups (8.20 +/- 2.48) micromol.L(-1), (5.94 +/-1.07) micromol.L(-1) and control (5.66 +/- 1.60 micromol.L(-1), P<0.01. NOS staining intensities which were mainly located in the gastrointestinal tissues were markedly lower in cirrhotic rats than in the controls and cirrhotic rats after treated with L-NAME. CONCLUSION: Gastrointestinal motility was remarkably inhibited in cirrhotic rats, which could be alleviated by L-NAME. Nitric oxide may play an important role in the inhibition of gastrointestinal motility in cirrhotic rats.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Bilingualism affects picture naming but not picture classification.

Bilinguals named pictures in their dominant language more slowly (and with more errors) than did monolinguals. In contrast, bilinguals named the same pictures as quickly as did monolinguals on the fifth presentation (in Experiment 2) and classified them (as human made or natural) as quickly and accurately as did monolinguals (in Experiment 1). In addition, bilinguals retrieved English picture names more quickly if they knew the name in both Spanish and English (on the basis of a translation test that bilinguals completed after the timed tasks), and monolingual response times for the same materials suggested that this finding was not obtained simply because names that were easier to translate were easier in general. These findings suggest that bilinguals differ from monolinguals at a postconceptual processing level, that implicit activation of lexical representations in the nontarget language can facilitate retrieval in the target language, and that being bilingual is analogous to having a lexicon full of lower frequency words, relative to monolinguals.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Normative data and naming times for action pictures.

The present article provides Spanish norms for name agreement, printed word frequency, word compound frequency, familiarity, imageability, visual complexity, age of acquisition, and word length (measured by syllables and phonemes) for 100 line drawings of actions taken from Druks and Masterson (2000). In addition, through a naming-time experiment carried out with a group of 54 Spanish students in a pool of 63 of these line drawings, we determined the best predictors of naming actions. In the multiple regression analysis, age of acquisition and name agreement emerged as the most important determinants of action-naming reaction time.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

French normative data and naming times for action pictures.

The aim of the present study was to provide French normative data for 112 action line drawings. The set of action pictures consisted of 71 drawings taken from Masterson and Druks (1998) and 41 additional drawings. It was standardized on six psycholinguistic variables--that is, name agreement, image agreement, image variability, visual complexity, conceptual familiarity, and age of acquisition (AoA). Naming latencies to the action pictures were collected, and a regression analysis was performed on the naming latencies, with the standardized variables, as well as with word frequency and length, taken as predictors. A reliable influence of AoA, name agreement, and image agreement on the naming latencies was observed. The findings are consistent with previous published studies in other languages. The full set of these norms may be downloaded from www.psychonomic.org/archive/.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

The roles of letter names and letter sounds in connecting print and speech.

Three experiments were carried out to examine the cues that are used in learning to read and spell new words. In a reading task (Experiment 1), even preschoolers who could not read simple real words were able to benefit from print-sound relationships that were based on letter names. They found it easier to learn that the made-up word TM was pronounced as 'team" (name condition) than that TM was pronounced as "tame" (sound condition) or as "wide" (visual condition). The letter-name strategy persisted among college students (Experiment 2). In a spelling task (Experiment 3), prereaders and novice readers again did better in the name condition than in the sound condition. The ability to use relationships based on letter sounds emerged later than the ability to use relationships based on letter names. However, sound-based relationships were used to a greater extent in spelling than in reading.

Adult↗