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Results for “Maxillofacial Development”

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PubMed1981

Review: the value of the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) as a model for research in craniofacial development.

American alligators exhibit a number of morphological features which are more characteristic of mammals than reptiles. This unique combination makes an extremely useful animal for experimental investigations of craniofacial development. Thus, it is possible to make a longitudinal study of the development of the alligator's secondary palate by utilizing shell-less culture techniques. Incubation of eggs at 28 degrees C, as opposed to 3 degrees C, slows development sufficiently to enable both the recovery of critical intermediate stages, and also great precision in the timing of teratogen administration. Injection of either 0.01 mg of 5-fluoro-2-desoxyuridine or 0.05 mg of hydrocortisone into the yolks of Days 12, 14, and 17 embryos produces cleft lip, cleft lip and palate, and cleft palate, respectively. Application of the teratogen at critical developmental stages on Day 12 reliably induces unilateral cleft lip on either the right or left sides, while injection on Day 10 yields embryos with normal lips and palates but virtually no lower jaw. The spontaneous malformation rate is very low, but highest in eggs laid by young and old animals. Changes in eggshell banding provide a noninvasive method for monitoring embryonic development. Detailed comparisons of palatal development in birds and alligators permit an accurate phylogenetic study of physiological clefting in the aves. The alligator dentition is readily amenable to experimental studies.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed1980

The role of connective tissue in craniofacial development, function and disease.

The connective tissue, composed of cells, fibers and ground substance, plays a vital role in the processes of craniofacial development, growth, wound healing and disease. This article reviews current knowledge of connective tissue biology and relates it to certain clinical situations of relevance in oral surgery.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1999

Disturbances in oral and dental structures in patients with pediatric lymphoma after chemotherapy: a preliminary report.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of chemotherapy on oral and dental structures and craniofacial growth in 30 survivors of childhood lymphoma. STUDY DESIGN: Eruption status, root malformations, premature apexification, agenesis, crown anomalies, soft tissue abnormalities, gingival and periodontal status, enamel defects and discolorations, and craniofacial growth status of the subjects were documented and compared with findings in 20 healthy children who served as controls. RESULTS: Statistically significant (P < .05) differences between the study and control groups were found for plaque index, enamel hypoplasias, discolorations, and agenesis. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the study suggest that antineoplastic therapy and/or childhood cancer can result in a higher prevalence of various malformations in teeth. Children treated in the early years of their lives displayed the most severe dental defects, suggesting that immature teeth are at a greater risk of developmental disturbances than fully developed teeth.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Craniofacial morphology in patients with multiple congenitally missing permanent teeth.

The purpose of this study was to examine the association between the number of congenitally missing permanent teeth, excluding third molars, and the craniofacial morphology. The sample comprised 118 children with five or more congenitally missing teeth. Twenty-seven reference points were digitized from lateral cephalometric radiographs and 13 angular measurements of craniofacial morphology were calculated. After an initial analysis, the sample was divided into two subsamples, one with 5-12 missing teeth and the other with 13-21 missing teeth. Within each subsample there was no significant association between number of missing teeth and the angular variables, but a comparison between the two subsamples showed significantly smaller mandibular plane inclination (NSL/ML, NL/ML) and gonial angle (RL/ML), and a more prognathic mandible (s-n-pg) in the subsample with more than 12 teeth missing. It is suggested that the difference in morphology could be due to a reduced vertical development of the lower face, caused by a reduced occlusal support in the subsample with more than 12 congenitally missing teeth.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Genetically engineered mice: tools to understand craniofacial development.

In this review, we provide a survey of the experimental approaches used to generate genetically engineered mice. Two specific examples are presented that demonstrate the applicability of these approaches to craniofacial development. In the first, a promoter analysis of the Msx2 gene is presented which illustrates the cis regulatory interactions that defined cell-specific gene expression. In the second, a mouse model of the human disease craniosynostosis, Boston type, has been created by misregulation of the Msx2 gene product. Finally. we present a formulary of spontaneously occurring and genetically engineered mice that exhibit defects in developmental processes affecting the craniofacial complex. The purpose of this review is to provide insight into the experimental approaches that are used to create genetically engineered mice and to impress upon the reader that genetically engineered mice are well-suited to address fundamental questions pertaining to the development maintenance, and regeneration of tissues and organs.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Dental occlusion after Veau-Wardill-Kilner versus minimal incision technique repair of isolated clefts of the hard and soft palate.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the Veau-Wardill-Kilner technique with a technique similar to the minimal incision technique described by Mendosa et al. on the basis of surgical complications and dentoalveolar status in the deciduous dentition. DESIGN: Retrospective study of medical and dental records and casts. PATIENTS: A consecutive series of 129 Caucasian children born with isolated cleft palate between 1980 and 1992. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: From medical records, the variables of time for surgery, blood loss, complications in the immediate postoperative period, and frequency of fistulas were evaluated. On dental casts, the variables of sagittal, transversal, and vertical relations; structure of the palatal mucosa; and height of the palatal vault were studied. RESULTS: Time for surgery was shorter in the extensive clefts repaired with a Veau-Wardill-Kilner technique. Blood loss was higher using the Veau-Wardill-Kilner technique. The width of the upper jaw was significantly narrower in the Veau-Wardill-Kilner group, compared with the minimal incision group. Scar tissue and pits of the palate were more frequently found in the Veau-Wardill-Kilner group. CONCLUSIONS: The minimal incision technique in this study has been shown to result in better development of the upper jaw with a better dental occlusion and palatal mucosa with significantly less scar tissue.

Cephalometry↗
PubMed1991

Craniofacial development in children with unilateral clefts of the lip, alveolus, and palate treated according to four different regimes. I. Maxillary development.

Lateral skull radiographs of 85 patients with unilateral clefts of the lip, alveolus, and palate treated according to four different regimes were compared at three different ages regarding maxillary development. Regimes that included primary bone grafting to the alveolus at six months of age resulted in inhibited anterior maxillary growth and reduced maxillary inclination. Regimes that included secondary bone grafting after eruption of the incisors but before the eruption of the canines, resulted in better maxillary development, but were not as good as regimes that omitted bone grafting altogether.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Incomplete manifestations of myotonic dystrophy in a large kinship in Labrador.

In a large kinship affected by myotonic dystrophy (MyD), 133 subjects, including 21 spouses, were examined independently by a neurologist and an ophthalmologist to determine the earliest identifying evidence of the disease. Assessment included tonometry, slit-lamp examination, facial measurements, and electromyography (EMG). Thirty-two subjects, all of whom had EMG characteristics of myotonia, were definitely affected. Low intraocular tensions were a more consistent finding than lens opacities; endocrine abnormalities were absent. Twenty-seven subjects had one to five features but lacked clinical or electrographic evidence of myotonia; they were designated as having a "partial syndrome." Signs most commonly found included weakness of the upper face, brachial hyporeflexia, low intraocular tensions, and the presence of sparse colored specks at the posterior poles of the lenses. All but 2 subjects (siblings) with the partial syndrome had a parent with either MyD or the partial syndrome. Linkage studies indicated that 7 subjects should not be carrying the gene, while others could be regarded as having a minor expression of MyD. In most persons with the partial syndrome, we could not predict whether typical MyD would develop later. Transmission of the disease may depend upon more than a single autosomal dominant gene, and nongenetic influences may also be important.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Common patterns of facial ontogeny in the hominid lineage.

Recent evaluation of Neanderthal and modern human ontogeny suggests that taxon-specific features arose very early in development in both lineages, with early, possibly prenatal, morphological divergence followed by parallel postnatal developmental patterns. Here we use morphometric techniques to compare hominoid facial growth patterns, and show that this developmental phenomenon is, in fact, not unique to comparisons between Neanderthals and modern humans but extends to Australopithecus africanus and to the hominoid lineage more broadly. This finding suggests that a common pattern of juvenile facial development may be more widespread and that the roots of ontogenetically early developmental differentiation are deep-perhaps predating the ape/human split of 6+ million years ago.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Orofacial manifestations in a child with Fanconi's syndrome.

Orofacial and dental findings in a child with Fanconi's syndrome and accompanying glycogen storage disease are presented. Remarkable retardation of skeletal growth, resulting in dwarfism, was noted. Cephalometric analyses revealed that the size of the patient's craniofacial bones at 10 years of age was as small as that of the average 4-year-old child. Development of the permanent dentition was retarded for 3 to 4 years. Histologic examination of an exfoliated primary canine showed hypomineralization of the dentin structure.

Cephalometry↗
PubMed1980

The interrelationships between facial areas and other body dimensions.

The data from 35 premenarchial Gujarati, Hindu girls, selected at random, in the age range of 120 months to 144 months were collected to find out statistically the nature and the values of correlation coefficients among various facial areas and other body dimensions such as body weight, stature, chronological and skeletal ages. The correlation coefficients between skeletal, chronological, height and weight ages ranged from 0.413 to 0.8105 showing moderately high association. Height and weight ages turned out to be the most reliable indicators of growth and development of facial areas in this age group and the chronological age as in ineffectual indicator of the same. Maxillary and mandibular areas showed a high value of correlation coefficients (0.67) while the orbitoethmoidal area did not show any correlation with any age variables or with other facial areas. The mandibular areas showed the highest correlation with weight age (0.63) and lowest with chronological age (0.431). The maxillary area showed highest correlation with chronological age (0.62) and lowest with skeletal age (0.42). Fifteen empirical formulae have been developed by which average value of facial areas could be predicted from the other variables.

Age Determination by Skeleton↗
PubMed2004

Early craniofacial morphology and growth in children with bilateral complete cleft lip and palate.

PURPOSE: Analysis of craniofacial morphology and growth in children with bilateral complete cleft lip and palate (BCCLP), compared with a control group with unilateral incomplete cleft lip (UICL), before any treatment as well as 20 months after lip closure. MATERIAL: The children were drawn from a group representing all Danish children with cleft born 1976 to 1981. Sixty-four children were included in the study (19 BCCLP and 45 UICL). The ages were 2 and 22 months at examinations 1 and 2, respectively. METHOD: The method of investigation was infant cephalometry in three projections. The craniofacial morphology was analyzed using linear, angular, and area variables. Growth was defined as the displacement vector from the coordinate of the corresponding landmark in the x-ray at examination 1 to its coordinate at examination 2, corrected for x-ray magnification. The growth of an anatomical region in a patient was assessed by investigating the growth pattern formed by a collection of individual growth vectors in that region. RESULTS: The BCCLP group differed significantly from the UICL group. The most striking findings in BCCLP were an extremely protruding premaxilla; markedly increased posterior maxillary width; increased width of the nasal cavity; short maxilla with reduced posterior height; short mandible; bimaxillary retrognathia; severe reduction in the size of the pharyngeal airway; and a more vertical facial growth pattern. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that a facial type including a wide and posterior short maxilla, short mandible, and bimaxillary retrognathia might be a liability factor that increases the probability of developing cleft lip and palate.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed1996

Supraperiosteal flap technique versus mucoperiosteal flap technique in cleft palate surgery.

Recent animal experiments have shown that palatal repair without denudation of bone leads to a superior dento-alveolar development. The aim of this clinical study was to evaluate the peri- and postoperative course and the dento-alveolar development of the deciduous dentition in Japanese ULCP, and CP patients up to 5 years after two different types of palatal repair. One of the methods, the Kohama (1991) supraperiosteal flap technique, is performed without denudation of the bony palate, while the other, the Wardill (1937) push-back technique, results in areas of denuded bone. It was concluded that the supraperiosteal technique can be performed successfully in approximately the same amount of time as the push-back technique. Re-epithelialization of the wound areas after supraperiosteal repair takes about 1 week, which is one third of the time associated with healing after the push-back technique. Arch depth of the deciduous dentition after the supraperiosteal technique is superior compared to the push-back technique. The question of whether or not the supraperiosteal technique produces more favorable dento-alveolar development than the mucoperiosteal technique in the permanent dentition in humans has to be elucidated in future research.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2001

TMJ fractures in children: clinical management and follow-up.

The mandible is the facial structure that is the most affected by trauma and the most common fracture site is the condyle. New perspectives for this problem are due to the fact that often TMJ fractures in children are undiagnosed and consequently untreated. This becomes evident when growth disturbances show up a year or two later. These types of trauma must be focused not only as a cause of direct damage to osseous structures, but also of future disturbances of the dentofacial development. Three cases of particular significance for the requested therapeutic approach are reported.

Bone Remodeling↗
PubMed1991

[Individual response to treatments using Teuscher activator].

Variations in facial growth and dentoalveolar development were studied in a group of 40 patients treated with the Teuscher appliance, a functional appliance which is a combination of an activator and a high-pull headgear. Patients were selected for this study on the basis of an initial Class II Division 1 malocclusion and on being consecutively treated with this appliance. The results showed that in 80% of the patients the maxilla either remained unchanged in it's relationship to the anterior cranial base (NSL) or became more retrusive during the treatment period. The mandible in 70% of the patients became more prognathic, only in four cases did the mandible become slightly more retrognathic. The analysis further showed that no statistically significant change occurred in the inclination of the mandible during treatment. Correlation analysis of the association between pretreatment mandibular plane angle and the changes during treatment showed no association. The dentoalveolar changes were characterized by retroclination of the maxillary incisors in 90% of the patients which occurred in spite of the torque springs, intended to maintain the inclination of these teeth. In contrast, the mandibular incisors on average showed no statistically significant change during treatment. This may be attributed to the capping of these teeth. Analysis of the association between the pretreatment inclination and the change during treatment of the mandibular incisors showed an inverse relationship. Mandibular incisors, that initially were proclined, tended to become more upright which is in contrast to previous studies indicating that functional appliance treatment generally increases the inclination of these teeth. The results of this study suggest that the correction of the skeletal component of the Class II malocclusion with the Teuscher appliance in most instances takes place by restriction of forward development of the maxilla in combination with downward-forward growth of the mandible, but with wide individual variations. The control of the incisor inclination in the maxilla with this appliance, however, is not adequate and further development in this area is needed. In contrast, the control of the lower incisors by capping helps effectively control these teeth against undesirable proclination during treatment.

Activator Appliances↗
PubMed1991

Advances in histological methods open up new perspectives for craniofacial growth research.

Changes in the tissue architecture and composition which accompany growth and development have traditionally been mapped using histological methods. The modern technology now offers new possibilities which can be used in connection with light microscopy and electron microscopy. These techniques, particularly immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization allow studies on spatial and temporal changes in molecular patterns of substances during tissue organization and cell differentiation. In this paper, we describe the principles of immunohistology, autoradiography, and in situ hybridization, and review our recent studies in which we have applied such methods to assess craniofacial development. We have used autoradiography to localize cell proliferation and epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptors in the developing mandibular condyle. We have also used immunohistochemistry to localize the extracellular matrix component, tenascin, in differentiating chondrocytes of the mandibular condyle, employing specific antibodies. In studies on the odontogenic potential of dental papilla mesenchyme, we have used hybridoma technology, and produced monoclonal antibodies against dental papilla mesenchyme. Most recently, we have used in situ hybridization, which allows detection of gene expression in tissue sections to localize transcripts of a fibroblast-growth-factor related gene (Int-2 proto-oncogene) in developing teeth. In future, successful combination of such new histological methods and traditional experimental procedures can be expected to produce new answers to the questions about the regulation of craniofacial growth.

Facial Bones↗
PubMed1973

Forward traction in the correction of retrodisplaced maxilla.

An external fixation apparatus immobilized to the skull has been used with satisfactory results in 15 cases of significant retrusion of the middle third of the face in which intermaxillary wiring and facial suspension had proved inadequate. The retrusion was a consequence of trauma or secondary to congenital malformation.This apparatus, developed by Delbet and Tessier, would be useful in difficult cases, such as for edentulous patients, and is an alternative to bone grafting.

Bone Transplantation↗
PubMed1982

Dentofacial growth and development in Homo sapiens: evidence from perinatal individuals from Punic Carthage.

Study of perinatal individuals from 7-4th c. B.C. Punic Carthage and specimens from more recent sources elucidates: 1. variability in the formation of the infraorbital foramen; 2. the nature of, and variability in, the expression of the incisive suture. With regard to the latter, and in conjunction with data on the embryological formation of the upper jaw and dentition, the following generalization appears warranted in Homo sapiens. The incisors and canine may come to erupt in the alveolar bone associated with the premaxillary region. Combination of these data with those on the timing of tooth germ development and their forward migration yields an explanation of the dental anomalies associated with anterior facial cleft and a prediction of when this disorder occurs.

Adult↗