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"This paper uses family reconstitution to derive indices of marriage and birth rates from observation of class differences in six villages on the Nobi plain (near Nagoya), [Japan]." The study covers the Tokugawa period, which lasted from 1603 to 1868.
"This article describes the nuptiality model that was used in the 1980-based population forecasts of the Netherlands, released by the Netherlands Central Bureau of Statistics...in December 1981." Particular attention is paid to the need for a realistic two-sex marriage model. A model is presented that the author suggests is an improvement on the British model on which it is based, in that it uses originally specified one-sex nuptiality rates, which are adjusted in order to achieve consistency. (summary in ENG)
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"This article examines the evidence for and possible significance of marriage migration in and around the city of Ilorin, the capital of Kwara State, Nigeria, which has a population of about 400,000." The study "reveals a movement of rural women to marry into wealthy polygymous compounds in the city and the return of some of these women to their rural natal compounds later in life. This movement may be an explanation for the high proportion of women in indigenous towns, and perhaps also in some newer medium-sized settlements. It can also be seen as a reflection of the unequal and exploitive relationship between the towns and their rural hinterland."
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Tunisia, the smallest North African country in size, has recently published the results of its part of the World Fertility Survey (WFS) taken in 1978. About 1/2 of this Missouri-sized country consists of arid and semiarid desert, with well-irrigated fertile areas in the north. The country, which has a population of about 7 million, must import large quantities of food each year and also suffers from widespread unemployment. In 1964, the government was among the earliest to announce a policy to reduce the rate of population growth and Tunisia now has 1 of the lowest birth rates of the African continent (33 births/1000 population) although it is still moderately high. Part of the reason for the birth rate decline has been a risking age at marriage; the legal minimum was fixed at 17 years for women and 20 for men by a 1964 law. The Tunisia WFS indicates that, of women 20-24 in 1978, 56% had not yet married, a large increase from the 27% of 1966. The mean age at 1st marriage for females was 24 in 1978, very high by less developed country standards. It may be that the fertility-lowering impetus from rising age at marriage has been spent (this measure cannot rise indefinitely): Tunisia's total fertility rate (TFR), the average number of children/woman, dropped from 7.1 children in 1966 to 5.7 in 1976, but the decrease has tapered off somewhat since. The TFR appears to have dropped to 5.2 as of 1981. When asked how many children they would like to have, the women surveyed gave 4.2 children, on average, as their "ideal" number. This number is, of course, considerably above that needed to ultimately stop population growth (about 2.1-2.5 children/woman). Contraceptive use in Tunisia is quite high by developing country standards; much of this is due to the efficient network of government-sponsored clinics. About 44% of the women exposed to pregnancy were practicing an efficient form of family planning with the pill or sterilization accounting for most of that number (22 and 20% respectively). Nonetheless, traditions which still favor 3-5 children and some possible loss of momentum from a rising age at marriage may cause future fertility declines to be slower than in the recent past. Tunisia does present an interesting case of a country maintaining a government program to reduce population growth as an overall part of the country's development efforts.
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Demographic transition is a set of changes in reproductive behavior that are experienced as a society is transformed from a traditional pre-industrial state to a highly developed, modernized structure. The transformation is the substitution of slow growth achieved with low fertility and mortality for slow growth maintained with relatively high fertility and mortality rates. Contrary to early descriptions of the transition, fertility in pre-modern societies was well below the maximum that might be attained. However, it was kept at moderate levels by customs (such as late marriage or prolonged breastfeeding) not related to the number of children already born. Fertility has been reduced during the demographic transition by the adoption of contraception as a deliberate means of avoiding additional births. An extensive study of the transition in Europe shows the absence of a simple link of fertility with education, proportion urban, infant mortality and other aspects of development. It also suggests the importance of such cultural factors as common customs associated with a common language, and the strength of religious traditions. Sufficient modernization nevertheless seems always to bring the transition to low fertility and mortality.
The study explores the relationship between female education and fertility in Pakistan and is based on data from the Pakistan Fertility Survey 1975. Only slight differentials were identified between women with no education and those who had primary or less schooling. However, women with more than primary education had notably lower fertility. Also the role of the intermediate variables such as proportions married, length of breastfeeding, and contraceptive use had significant associations with female education.
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"Crude birth, death and marriage rates are examined for [Austria's] Croatian military defence zone and 'cordon sanitaire' against Turkey for the period 1830-1847.... The data suggest that between about one and four fifths of the variance in long term swings and in annual fluctuations from the moving averages of birth, death, and nuptiality rates can be explained by a combination of linear trend over time, an epidemic year, and primarily three economic indicators: grain lagged by one year, grain in the report year (perhaps as a proxy for other plant production), and livestock in the report year." (summary in ENG)