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PubMed2002

Identification of genes expressed preferentially in the honeybee mushroom bodies by combination of differential display and cDNA microarray.

To clarify the molecular basis underlying the neural function of the honeybee mushroom bodies (MBs), we identified three genes preferentially expressed in MB using cDNA microarrays containing 480 differential display-positive candidate cDNAs expressed locally or differentially, dependent on caste/aggressive behavior in the honeybee brain. One of the cDNAs encodes a putative type I inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP(3)) 5-phosphatase and was expressed preferentially in one of two types of intrinsic MB neurons, the large-type Kenyon cells, suggesting that IP(3)-mediated Ca(2+) signaling is enhanced in these neurons.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Effects of a mushroom mycelium extract on the treatment of prostate cancer.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether supplemental amounts of a polysaccharide/oligosaccharide complex obtained from a shiitake mushroom extract (SME) would lower the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level in patients with prostate cancer. METHODS: A total of 62 men (mean age 73.2 years, range 53.6 to 85.5) with histologically proven prostate cancer who had two consecutive elevated PSA readings were accrued to the study during a 3-month period. This was an open-label study in which the patients received oral administration of capsules containing SME given three times daily for 6 months. The endpoint for the trial was the lowering of the PSA levels. RESULTS: Of the 62 men enrolled in the study, 61 were assessable. At 4 months, 1 patient withdrew because of unrelated surgery and 7 withdrew because of disease progression; none had responded with a decrease of greater than 50% in the PSA level. By 6 months, a total of 23 patients had progression and none had responded. Thirty-eight patients had stable PSA levels after 6 months. Although not the primary endpoint of the study, in other studies these patients could have been included as responders. When the patients' rates of PSA rise before study entry were analyzed, 4 (7%) had stabilized disease while taking SME. Thus, the final results for our study patients were 0 with a complete response, 0 with a partial response, 4 (7%) with stable disease, and 23 of 61 with progression while taking SME. CONCLUSIONS: SME alone is ineffective in the treatment of clinical prostate cancer.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Birth weight and congenital anomalies following poisonous mushroom intoxication during pregnancy.

A series of 22 women who suffered from mushroom poisoning while pregnant have been identified among adults receiving treatment between 1960 and 1993 in a specialist clinic in Budapest, Hungary. In most cases, the poisonings were attributed to Amanita phalloides, verna, and related species. Of these, 20 went to term, and data were collected on gestational age, birth weight, and both major and minor congenital anomalies. Mean birth weight (but not gestational age) was lower than in the control series, suggesting that maternal poisoning may have led to intrauterine growth retardation. Two children were identified with major abnormalities (one of whom had fetal alcohol syndrome related to alcohol abuse by the mother). The prevalences of both major and minor anomalies were similar to the prevalence in the matched control group and to the rate in a more recent control series examined according to the same protocols. However, the statistical power to detect teratogenic effects is limited, especially as only five of the mothers suffered the poisoning episode during the first trimester.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Development of neuronal connectivity in Drosophila antennal lobes and mushroom bodies.

Recent advances in the study of the connectivity of Drosophila olfactory system include the demonstration that olfactory receptor neurons project to specific glomeruli according to the receptor type they express, and that their projection neuron partners are prespecified to innervate particular glomeruli by birth order or time. This same theme of sequential generation has been observed in the generation of the three major types of mushroom body neurons.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Autolysis of lentinan, an antitumor polysaccharide, during storage of Lentinus edodes, shiitake mushroom.

The lentinan contents in the Lentinus edodes fruit body during storage were examined by ELISA method using anti-lentinan antibodies. The lentinan content (12.8 mg.g(-)(1) dw) before storage decreased to 3.7 mg.g(-)(1) dw over 7 days at 20 degrees C. However, it only slightly decreased at 1 degrees C and only decreased to 9.3 mg. g(-)(1) dw at 5 degrees C. Glucanase activity, which seems to be associated with lentinan degradation, increased more during storage of L. edodes at 20 degrees C than it did at lower temperatures. In addition, only glucose was detected as a degraded product from lentinan by the glucanase. This suggested that this enzyme would fit the profile of an exo-type glucanase. Also, polyphenol oxidase activity, known as an index of freshness reduction in the mushroom, increased approximately 2.7-fold (to 61.5 units.mg(-)(1)) over 7 days during storage at 20 degrees C. However, its activity changed little during storage at lower temperatures. These results indicate that the reduction during storage of the quality of L. edodes as a functional food is accompanied by the decrease of lentinan, and by browning, and that exo-glucanase plays an important role in the decrease of lentinan content.

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay↗
PubMed1997

The renal pathology of mushroom poisoning.

We present the histology and electromicroscopy of renal failure caused by ingestion of the mushroom species Cortinarius speciosissimus. Light microscopy revealed acute tubular necrosis, multinucleated tubular epithelial cells and concentric medial muscular hyperplasia of arteries. Electronmicroscopy showed the displaced and abnormal architecture of actin filaments at the periphery of the cytoplasm in renal tubular epithelial cells.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Differential microarray analysis of Drosophila mushroom body transcripts using chemical ablation.

Mushroom bodies (MBs) are the centers for olfactory associative learning and elementary cognitive functions in the Drosophila brain. As a way to systematically elucidate genes preferentially expressed in MBs, we have analyzed genome-wide alterations in transcript profiles associated with MB ablation by hydroxyurea. We selected 100 genes based on microarray data and examined their expression patterns in the brain by in situ hybridization. Seventy genes were found to be expressed in the posterodorsal cortex, which harbors the MB cell bodies. These genes encode proteins of diverse functions, including transcription, signaling, cell adhesion, channels, and transporters. Moreover, we have examined developmental functions of 40 of the microarray-identified genes by transgenic RNA interference; 8 genes were found to cause mild-to-strong MB defects when suppressed with a MB-Gal4 driver. These results provide important information not only on the repertoire of genes that control MB development but also on the repertoire of neural factors that may have important physiological functions in MB plasticity.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Effects of mushroom and herb polysaccharides, as alternatives for an antibiotic, on growth performance of broilers.

(1) This in vivo trial was conducted to study the effects of polysaccharide extracts of two mushrooms, Lentinus edodes (LenE) and Tremella fuciformis (TreE), and a herb, Astragalus membranaceus (AstE) on growth performance, and the weights of organs and the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of broiler chickens. (2) Three extracts (LenE, TreE and AstE) were supplemented at inclusion rates of 0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 4 g/kg from 7 to 14 d of age and compared with an antibiotic treatment group (20 mg/kg, virginiamycin (VRG) as well as a group of non-supplemented birds. (3) Body weight (BW) gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of the extract-supplemented groups were not significantly different from those of the antibiotic group. Significant effects of type of extract and concentration on growth performance were found from 7 to 28 d of age. Generally, birds fed with LenE showed higher BW gain and lower FCR from 7 to 28 d of age than those fed with TreE and AstE and 2 g/kg LenE was considered the optimal inclusion rate for enhanced broiler growth. However, the extracts had no significant effect on the relative weights of organs and GIT compared with the antibiotic group. (4) The birds fed the extracts showed better growth performance than the non-supplemented birds, but were not significantly different from those fed VRG. Of the three extracts, LenE appeared to be a potential growth promoter. Future studies are needed to investigate whether the extracts can be used as alternatives for antibiotic growth promoters in challenged birds, and to elucidate the mechanisms for potentially enhanced growth performance in poultry.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed2004

Determination of naturally-occurring formaldehyde in raw and cooked Shiitake mushrooms by spectrophotometry and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.

The initial objective was to check samples of Shiitake mushrooms for potential contamination with formaldehyde. A small number of UK retail samples were analysed using a spectrophotometric method and were found to produce formaldehyde concentrations ranging from 110-240 mg kg(-1). A more specific method, based on a derivative that could be measured and characterized by LC-MS, confirmed these results. A secondary objective tested the hypothesis that the formaldehyde might be of natural origin. Samples of UK and Chinese Shiitake, verified as being produced without any formaldehyde treatments, were found to produce similar levels of formaldehyde ranging from 100-320 mg kg(-1). Frying for 6 min significantly reduced formaldehyde concentrations, whereas storage for up to 10 days had no effect on the concentrations. The relatively harsh analytical conditions used may have produced some of the formaldehyde measured during extraction, from a number of chemical precursors.

Cooking↗
PubMed2002

Inhibition of human colon carcinoma development by lentinan from shiitake mushrooms (Lentinus edodes).

OBJECTIVES: Lentinan was extracted from shiitake mushrooms (Lentinus edodes) via a new cost-effective procedure that resulted in high purity (88%) and yield. Unlike previous reports whereby the lentinan was given parenterally, in this study the emphasis was on the oral administration of lentinan. The goal is to document whether the efficacy of the antitumor property is still expressed through this route of administration. DESIGN: Initial study on the action of lentinan was conducted using murine lymphoma (K36) cells in a AKR mouse model. Further investigation on the effectiveness of the extracted lentinan was then performed using human colon-carcinoma cell lines in mice. Six established human colon-carcinoma cell lines segregated into three groups of different degrees of differentiation were used in this study. One group was not fed (control) and the second group was prefed with lentinan for 7 days prior to inoculations with the cancer cells. The size of the tumors that developed was rated after 1 month. RESULTS: Significant regression in tumor formation was observed in prefed mice compared to control (unfed) mice when K36 or human colon-carcinoma cells were used. Significant reductions in the size of the tumors were observed in mice prefed with lentinan. Follow-up investigation proceeded with the use of nude mice (athymic). Lymphocytes extracted from AKR mice prefed with lentinan for 7 days were inoculated into the nude mice. This was then followed by inoculation of the human colon-carcinoma cell lines into these mice. Much smaller tumors were formed in nude mice inoculated with lymphocytes, in contrast to the larger tumor formed in nude mice without lymphocytes inoculation. CONCLUSION: This study showed that the antitumor property of lentinan was maintained with oral administration. In addition, "primed" lymphocytes, when given passively to immunodeficient mice, were able to retard the development of tumors in these mice.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1985

Therapy of cytotoxic mushroom intoxication.

Poisoning by cytotoxic mushrooms (Amanita phalloides and related species) is associated with severe morbidity and a high mortality rate. Due to the difficulty of performing controlled studies and to the poor knowledge of the pharmacodynamics of toxins in human poisoning, there is considerable debate about appropriate treatment, particularly the feasibility and the efficacy of detoxification. Because circulating amatoxins can be detected in the serum of poisoned patients as long as 30 h after ingestion, a detoxification treatment should ideally increase the rate of toxin elimination in order to minimize the toxic exposure of highly susceptible cells, such as hepatocytes. We found forced diuresis to be the most effective procedure for toxin removal. Other techniques, such as plasmapheresis and peritoneal dialysis, proved much less useful for this purpose. The administration of cathartics, adsorbent agents, and gastroduodenal lavage, are indicated for preventing further absorption of toxins from the gut. An important part of therapy is early and vigorous volume replacement, to correct the severe hypovolemia which results from massive fluid loss during the cholera-like phase of intoxication. Use of this therapeutic approach in 53 patients with amatoxin poisoning resulted in a high survival rate and a low incidence of severe liver injury.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Roles for Drosophila mushroom body neurons in olfactory learning and memory.

Olfactory learning assays in Drosophila have revealed that distinct brain structures known as mushroom bodies (MBs) are critical for the associative learning and memory of olfactory stimuli. However, the precise roles of the different neurons comprising the MBs are still under debate. The confusion surrounding the roles of the different neurons may be due, in part, to the use of different odors as conditioned stimuli in previous studies. We investigated the requirements for the different MB neurons, specifically the alpha/beta versus the gamma neurons, and whether olfactory learning is supported by different subsets of MB neurons irrespective of the odors used as conditioned stimuli. We expressed the rutabaga (rut)-encoded adenylyl cyclase in either the gamma or alpha/beta neurons and examined the effects on restoring olfactory associative learning and memory of rut mutant flies. We also expressed a temperature-sensitive shibire (shi) transgene in these neuron sets and examined the effects of disrupting synaptic vesicle recycling on Drosophila olfactory learning. Our results indicate that although we did not detect odor-pair-specific learning using GAL4 drivers that primarily express in gamma neurons, expression of the transgenes in a subset of alpha/beta neurons resulted in both odor-pair-specific rescue of the rut defect as well as odor-pair-specific disruption of learning using shi(ts1).

Adenylyl Cyclases↗
PubMed2005

Occupational protein contact dermatitis from shiitake mushroom and demonstration of shiitake-specific immunoglobulin E.

Shiitake are popular edible mushrooms all over the world, and eating raw shiitake may lead to relatively common 'shiitake dermatitis' or toxicodermia. Workers involved in shiitake cultivation and marketing have distinct occupational respiratory and skin diseases unrelated to 'shiitake dermatitis'. There are no previous reports of protein contact dermatitis (PCD) from shiitake, and there is only 1 report of shiitake-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) E. We report 2 shiitake growers who developed work-related eczematous eruption on their hands. Both of the patients had small prick test reactions to fresh shiitake, and specific IgE to shiitake was detected in their sera by immunospot. One of the patients had a large prick test reaction to dry shiitake and also a positive wheal reaction to fresh shiitake in an open application test. Neither of the patients had noticed any symptoms of contact urticaria at work. Both of the patients had immediate IgE-mediated allergy to shiitake, and the diagnosis of occupational PCD was made. There are no commercial in vitro tests for shiitake-specific IgE. Tests for immediate allergy are important when shiitake contact dermatitis is investigated.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Partial unilateral lesions of the mushroom bodies affect olfactory learning in honeybees Apis mellifera L.

The mushroom bodies (MBs) are central structures in the insect brain that have been associated with olfactory learning and memory. Here we used hydroxyurea (HU) to treat honeybee larvae and induce partial MB ablations at the adult stage. We studied olfactory learning in honeybees with unilateral loss of the median calyces of their MBs and compared their ability to solve different forms of olfactory discrimination. When odorants were delivered in a side-specific manner, ablated bees could not solve either discrimination of the unambiguous problem (Paradigm 1: A+, B- on one antenna, C+, D- on the other; A+B-/C+D-) whereas they could solve at least one of both discriminations of the ambiguous problem (Paradigm 2: A+B-/A-B+), namely that proposed to their intact brain side. Non-ablated bees could learn side-specific discriminations on both brain sides. When odorants were delivered simultaneously to both antennae (Paradigm 3: A+B-C+D-), HU-ablated bees learned slower than HU-normal bees. Thus, in all three paradigms, the unilateral loss of a median calyx affected olfactory learning. We propose that the MBs are required for solving elemental olfactory tasks whose complexity is increased by the number of stimuli involved and that MB ablations could have an effect on the inhibition of information exchange between brain hemispheres.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Mushroom poisoning--from diarrhea to liver transplantation.

Mushroom poisoning from the genus Amanita is a medical emergency, with Amanita phalloides being the most common species. The typical symptoms of nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea are nonspecific and can be mistaken for gastroenteritis. If not adequately treated, hepatic and renal failure may ensue within several days of ingestion. In this case series, patients poisoned with Amanita virosa are described with a spectrum of clinical presentations and outcomes ranging from complete recovery to fulminant hepatic failure. Although there are no controlled clinical trials, a few anecdotal studies provide the basis for regimens recommended to treat Amanita poisoning. Use of i.v. penicillin G is supported by most reports. Silibinin, although preferred over penicillin, is not easily available in the United States. In those with acute liver failure, liver transplantation can be life saving.

Adult↗
PubMed1962

Production of mushroom mycelium as a protein and fat source in submerged culture in medium of vinasse.

Of ten mushroom cultures investigated, only Agaricus campestris, Boletus indecisus, and Tricholoma nudum were capable of growing in submerged culture in medium of vinasse with added salts. Higher fermentative efficiencies were found under these conditions than in medium containing molasses or waste sulfite liquor. A. campestris showed a better capacity to produce protein but, since B. indecisus is capable of developing greater mycelium weight, its fermentative efficiencies are comparable. Both microorganisms could be grown in medium of vinasse with greatly varied amounts, producing higher mycelial weight in media with greater vinasse. The capacity of B. indecisus and A. campestris to utilize the noncarbohydrate fraction in total solids, instead of the total carbohydrates when they are in smaller amount, was observed in medium containing vinasse. B. indecisus and A. campestris were easily separated by filtration from the medium, although T. nudum was difficult to separate by this procedure. In experiments with A. campestris, the adaptative capacity of the organism to vinasse was demonstrated.

Agaricales↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Anticaries effect of a component from shiitake (an edible mushroom).

The caries-inhibiting effect of the extract from shiitake (Lentinus edodes), the most popular edible mushroom in Japan, was studied both in vitro and in vivo. Shiitake extract showed an inhibitory effect on water-insoluble glucan formation from sucrose by crude glucosyltransferases of Streptococcus mutans JC-2 and Streptococcus sobrinus OMZ-176. The firmly adherent plaque in the artificial plaque formation test was strongly inhibited by shiitake extract. The reduction of firmly adherent plaque caused an increase in the incidence of non- and loosely adherent plaque and a decrease in total plaque formation. A significantly lower caries score was observed in specific pathogen-free rats infected with S. mutans JC-2 and fed with a cariogenic diet containing 0.25% shiitake extract as compared with controls fed the cariogenic diet without shiitake extract.

Animals↗