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At least 919 records · Page 51Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

Effect of octreotide on mouth-to-caecum transit time in healthy subjects and in the irritable bowel syndrome.

The effect of a single subcutaneous injection of octreotide (50 micrograms) on mouth-to-caecum transit time was determined in patients with the irritable bowel syndrome who complained of bowel frequency, and in healthy volunteers. The assessment of mouth-to-caecum transit time was performed by monitoring breath hydrogen concentration and noting a sustained 10 p.p.m. rise after ingestion of lactulose 40 ml. Measurements were performed fasting, and on a separate day, after a standard breakfast which included 40 ml lactulose. The studies were performed double-blind in a pre-determined random order. Octreotide prolonged mouth-to-caecum transit time in irritable bowel syndrome patients and healthy subjects by factors of 2.4 and 2.6 after lactulose when fasting, respectively, and by factors of 2.8 and 2.6 after the breakfast which contained lactulose. The upper gastrointestinal transit rate was similar in irritable bowel syndrome patients and healthy controls.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Angle of mouth opening measurement: reliability of a technique for temporomandibular joint mobility assessment.

The maximal interincisal distance added to the vertical overlap is generally used as a measure for temporomandibular joint mobility. However, the length of the mandible also has an influence on this measure. The angle of mouth opening as a measure of temporomandibular joint mobility is independent of the length of the mandible. The aim of the study was to develop a mandibular goniometer to measure the angle of mouth opening and to test its reliability. Ten subjects, two males and eight females (mean age 28.1 years) participated in the study. The measurements were performed during four independent sessions of three measurements each. The results were analysed with ANOVA. Intra-observer variability was found to be 2.0 degrees when the result of all the measurements were analysed, and were found to be 1.2 degrees when the mean value of the sessions were used for analysis. Based on the results of this study it can be concluded that the angle of mouth opening can be measured reliably.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

A comparison of partial and full mouth scoring of plaque and gingivitis in oral hygiene studies.

The clinical testing necessary to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of new toothbrushes is complex and expensive. Any modification of methodology that could reduce complexity and cost without compromising quality would benefit both investigators and the public. Results from an 8-week toothbrush study were assessed for the use of partial as compared to full-mouth evaluations. The potential utility of an objective, minimally-invasive bleeding index for the evaluation of gingivitis was also tested. 2 partial evaluations, half-mouth and molar/anteriors, revealed decrements in modified gingival index (MGI), bleeding index and plaque index that were statistically significant and similar in magnitude to those derived from full-mouth examinations. % decrements in MGI and bleeding index based on the Ramfjord teeth were not significant statistically. Results for the new sulcular bleeding index were essentially similar to those for the MGI. However, the bleeding index offered the advantage of improved objectivity for use in both white and non-white subjects. These results suggest that partial evaluations and the new bleeding index may be useful elements in the design of toothbrush efficacy studies.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Comparative effects of different chlorhexidine mouth-rinse formulations on volatile sulphur compounds and salivary bacterial counts.

AIM: To compare five different commercial mouth rinses with chlorhexidine (CHX) with respect to their anti-halitosis effect and anti-microbial activity on salivary bacterial counts, following a standardised research protocol. And secondly, to validate the study model proposed in the evaluation of patients suffering from halitosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Ten volunteers, with a healthy oral status, were enrolled in a double-blind, cross-over design, using sterile saline as negative control and five CHX-containing mouth rinses: 0.12% CHX alone (CHX+NO), plus alcohol (CHX+ALC), plus 0.05% cetylpiridinium chloride (CHX+CPC), plus sodium fluoride (CHX+NaF), and 0.05% CHX plus 0.05% CPC, plus 0.14% zinc lactate (CHX+Zn). The levels of whole-mouth volatile sulphur compounds (VSCs) were measured by means of a sulphide monitor at baseline, 1 and 5 h after rinsing with the assigned product. Baseline measurements also included an organoleptic assessment and the recording of the tongue-coating index. Aerobic and anaerobic salivary bacterial counts were also obtained by collecting unstimulated saliva samples at the same evaluation times, and processed by culturing techniques. Analysis of variance was used to evaluate whether significant differences existed among groups, at each evaluation point, or in changes between evaluations. RESULTS: No significant differences were detected at baseline, with VSC levels ranging between 190 and 227 parts per billion (p.p.b.) After rinsing, VSC levels were reduced with all products (except saline), after 1 h. Significant differences at 1 h were detected (p=0.04), corresponding to a lower amount of p.p.b. (109) in (CHX+Zn) as compared with the other groups (except CHX+NO). At 5 h, VSC levels were lower for CHX+CPC and CHX+Zn (155 and 169, respectively), while the other groups showed levels higher than 220 p.p.b. With respect to aerobic salivary bacterial counts, CHX+CPC demonstrated the lowest percentage of survival (6% after 1 h and 18% after 5 h). For anaerobic bacterial counts, again CHX+CPC demonstrated the lowest percentage of survival (10% at 1 h and 23% at 5 h), together with CHX+ALC (18% of survival at 5 h). However, salivary counts and VSCs were only significantly correlated at baseline, but not after treatment. CONCLUSION: Important differences can be expected from different CHX formulations, in relation to both their anti-halitosis effect and anti-microbial activity in saliva. Formulations that combine CHX and CPC achieved the best results, and a formulation combining CHX with NaF resulted in the poorest.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The effect of a dexibuprofen mouth rinse on experimental gingivitis in humans.

OBJECTIVES: The pharmacodynamic properties of ibuprofen are related nearly exclusively to the S(+)enantiomer (dexibuprofen). This study investigated the effect of a 1.5% dexibuprofen mouth rinse in an experimentally induced gingivitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The trial was a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, two-period and two-sequence parallel group cross-over study in 24 healthy volunteers aged 21-30 years (16 males, eight females). Customized guards were worn during tooth brushing to prevent any plaque removal from the experimental area (first and second pre-molars and molars in one upper quadrant). After 22 days of plaque accumulation, the mouth rinses (1.5% dexibuprofen and placebo) were administered under supervision three times daily (rinsing for 1 min. with 15 ml) for 8 days. The wash-out time between the two study periods was 14 days. Parameters evaluated at days 0, 7, 14, 22, and 30 were the Löe & Silness gingival index (GI) and the Quigley & Hein plaque index (QHI). Data were tested for treatment, period, and carry-over effects (parametric cross-over analysis). RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference (p=0.240) in GI between placebo and dexibuprofen. However, the decrease in QHI was significantly greater (p=0.019) with dexibuprofen as compared with the placebo. CONCLUSION: In the present study, a 1.5% dexibuprofen mouth rinse had no effect on gingivitis whereas an anti-plaque effect was demonstrated.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Clinical outcomes of quadrant root planing versus full-mouth root planing.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the clinical effects of full mouth compared with quadrant wise scaling and root planing. METHOD: Twenty patients with chronic periodontitis (> or = 2 teeth per quadrant with probing pocket depths (PPD) > or = 5 mm and bleeding on probing (BOP) were randomized into a test group treated in two sessions with subgingival scaling and root planing within 24 h (full-mouth root planing (FMRP)) and a control group treated quadrant by quadrant in four sessions in intervals of 1 week (quadrant root planing (QRP)). PPD, relative attachment level (RAL) and BOP were recorded at baseline, 3 and 6 months. RESULTS: Analysing first quadrant data, in moderately deep pockets (5 mm < or = PPD < 7 mm) there was no evidence for a difference (FMRP-QRP) between both groups for PPD reduction (mean: -0.128 mm; CI: [-0.949, 0.693]; p=0.747), RAL gain (mean: 0.118 mm; CI: [-0.763, 1.000]; p=0.781), and BOP reduction (mean: -20.1%; CI: [-44.3, 4.2]; p=0.099). Likewise, no significant differences between treatments were found for initially deep pockets (PPD > or = 7 mm), neither for first quadrant nor for whole mouth data. CONCLUSION: The results of the present study demonstrated equally favourable clinical results following both treatment modalities.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Full-mouth ultrasonic debridement and risk of disease recurrence: a 1-year follow-up.

AIM: To evaluate the incidence of disease recurrence following a full-mouth pocket/root debridement approach with ultrasonic instrumentation versus that following a traditional approach of quadrant-wise scaling and root planing (Q-SRP) performed with hand instrumentation. METHODS: Thirty-seven patients were re-examined 1 year after the completion of a 6-month clinical trial comparing two different treatment protocols: a 1-h session of full-mouth ultrasonic debridement (UD--19 patients) or four sessions of Q-SRP with hand instruments (Q-SRP--18 patients). At 3 months, re-instrumentation was performed of pockets showing a remaining probing pocket depth (PPD) of > or =5 mm using the same type of instruments as used during the initial treatment phase. The clinical examinations comprised assessments of plaque, bleeding on probing (BoP) and PPD. The primary outcome variable was the incidence of recurrent diseased sites (i.e., sites showing PPD > or =5 mm and BoP+) between the post-treatment and 1-year follow-up examinations. All sites that were healed (PPD < or =4 mm and BoP(-)) at the post-treatment examination were included in the study sample, with a mean number of sites per patient of 23.5. RESULTS: In the UD group, 29 (7%) out of 430 initially healed sites showed disease recurrence at the 1-year follow-up examination compared with 47 (11%) of 440 sites in the Q-SRP group (p>0.05). Twelve patients (63%) in the UD group presented recurrent diseased pockets, compared with 14 patients (78%) in the Q-SRP group. Two or more recurrent, diseased pockets were observed in nine patients in the UD group versus 11 in the Q-SRP group. All but one of the smokers belonged to the group of patients presenting recurrences. A tendency towards a higher mean plaque score was observed for the patients with recurrent sites. CONCLUSION: The study revealed no significant difference in the incidence of recurrence of diseased periodontal pockets between the full-mouth UD approach and the traditional approach of Q-SRP.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Diagonal half-mouth recording of restorative and exodontic needs.

Partial recording of dental caries prevalence and incidence has been frequently recommended and employed. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that the partial recording of restorative and exodontic needs using an alternating diagonal half-mouth examination gives results which can accurately represent complete recording. Diagonal half-mouth recording was simulated by computer and gave results which closely represented the complete recording of the same sample of subjects. Partial recording lost a low proportion of the information collected by complete recording. Less frequently observed items of treatment showed highest proportions of information loss. If increases in the number of subjects in a sample can be achieved due to reductions in resources required for each subject, a proportional loss of information may be turned to a proportional gain of information. Reasons for the current recommendations against a diagonal half-mouth examination for the recording of restorative and exodontic needs are postulated and discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Salivary fluoride clearance after a single intake of fluoride tablets and chewing gums in children, adults, and dry mouth patients.

The aim of the present investigation was to compare the clearance pattern in saliva and the salivary stimulating effect of a new fluoride (F) chewing gum (Fluorette) with three other F products used in Scandinavia for many years for caries prevention. Concentration of F was determined in whole saliva in three groups of subjects: 1) children, 10-12 yr of age (n = 20), 2) adults (n = 20), and 3) dry mouth patients (n = 15), after a single intake of the two tablets, Dentan and Fludent, and the two chewing gums, Fluomin and Fluorette, all containing 0.25 mg F as NaF. Sucking was allowed until the tablets had been completely dissolved in the mouth. The chewing gums were used for 15 min. Saliva samples were collected from subjects expectorating 0.3-0.5 ml at nine different time intervals up to 45 min after the intake. There were some significant differences in the maximum F concentration, the area under the salivary fluoride concentration curve (AUC) when plotted against time, and the salivary stimulating effect among the four products, but as a whole they were small and probably of minor clinical importance. Among the various groups, the dry mouth patients showed the highest salivary F concentration. Thus, the main conclusion from this study is that the F tablets and chewing gums studied, including the new product Fluorette, had approximately the same clearance pattern in saliva and the same salivary stimulating effect. However, there were great variations among the different subjects.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Volatile sulfur compounds in mouth air from clinically healthy subjects and patients with periodontal disease.

Volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) in mouth air were estimated by gas chromatography. The amount of VSC and the methyl mercaptan/hydrogen sulfide ratio were significantly increased in patients with periodontal disease. These two parameters also increased in proportion to the bleeding index and probing depth. A study was also done on the effect of removal of tongue coating on VSC concentrations in mouth air from patients with periodontal involvement. VSC and the methyl mercaptan/hydrogen sulfide ratio were reduced to 49% and 35%, respectively, by removal of the tongue coating. The average amount of tongue coating removed from patients with periodontal disease was significantly higher than from controls (90.1 mg vs. 14.6 mg, p less than 0.01). Estimated production of VSC from tongue coating was 4 times higher than the control value, and the methyl mercaptan/hydrogen sulfide ratio was also markedly increased. However, a saliva putrefaction study suggested that saliva does not contribute to the elevated ratio of methyl mercaptan in mouth air. These results strongly suggest that, in addition to periodontal pockets, tongue coating has an important role in VSC production, in particular leading to an elevated concentration of methyl mercaptan, which is more pathogenic than hydrogen sulfide.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Medication and dry mouth: findings from a cohort study of older people.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to examine the association between medication exposure and (1) unstimulated whole-salivary flow rate and (2) the severity of xerostomia among older people while adjusting for multiple medication use. METHODS: Data were obtained from participants remaining at the five-year follow-up phase of a cohort study of community-dwelling older South Australians. Medication exposure information was available at baseline and at five years, enabling examination of the effects on dry mouth of long-term exposure to medications. At the five-year follow-up, unstimulated salivary flow was estimated using the spit method, and xerostomia severity was estimated using the 11-item Xerostomia Inventory. Because of the potential difficulties posed by polypharmacy, a two-stage analytical approach was employed: (1) Classification and Regression Tree (CART) analysis was used as an exploratory device to elucidate the relationships among the dependent and independent variables, and (2) linear regression analysis was used as a complementary procedure. RESULTS: Unstimulated flow rate was lower among individuals who were female or taking antidepressants at both baseline and five years, and higher among smokers or people who were taking hypolipidemic drugs. Xerostomia severity was higher among females, or individuals taking: (1) an anginal at baseline and five years, (2) an anginal without a concomitant betablocker at five years, (3) thyroxine and a diuretic at five years, or (4) antidepressants or antiasthma drugs at both baseline and at five years. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that polypharmacy can be accounted for to a certain extent by using CART analysis in conjunction with more conventional approaches; and that the relationship between medications and dry mouth is a complex one, and differs according to which aspect of dry mouth is being examined.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Hyposalivatory drug use, whole stimulated salivary flow, and mouth dryness in older, long-term care residents.

Drug-induced hyposalivation has only been anecdotally related to various subjective and objective oral problems. The study described here of 157 residents of a long-term care facility reports data on whole masticatory-stimulated salivary flow rates, use of medications, and perceptions of symptoms associated with hyposalivation, including mouth and eye dryness, tooth sensitivity, chewing satisfaction, and taste and smell acuity. One hundred and twelve residents (71%) were taking one or more drugs that induced hyposalivation. Salivary flow rates were lower in persons who were taking such drugs, and lowest in persons who were taking such drugs for a protracted period. Flow was also lower in females than males, and lower in persons institutionalized for long periods than in persons institutionalized for short periods. Persons who were taking drugs that induce hyposalivation were institutionalized longer, used more medications, had more health problems, were dissatisfied with chewing, and had fewer teeth than persons who were not taking such drugs. Persons who reported having mouth dryness also reported eye dryness and were dissatisfied with their chewing ability. Perceived mouth dryness was not related to salivary flow.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Molecular determinants and role of an anion binding site in the external mouth of the CFTR chloride channel pore.

Chloride permeation through the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) Cl- channel is blocked by highly lyotropic permeant anions which bind tightly within the pore. Here we show that several different substitutions of a positively charged amino acid residue, arginine R334, in the putative outer mouth of the CFTR pore, greatly reduce the block caused by lyotropic Au(CN)2- ions applied to the intracellular side of the channel. Fixed positive charge at this site appears to play a role in Au(CN)2- binding, as judged by multiple substitutions of differently charged amino acid side chains and also by the pH dependence of block conferred by the R334H mutant. However, non-charge-dependent effects also appear to contribute to Au(CN)2- binding. Mutation of R334 also disrupts the apparent electrostatic interaction between intracellular Au(CN)2- ions and extracellular permeant anions, an interaction which normally acts to relieve channel block. All six mutations studied at R334 significantly weakened this interaction, suggesting that arginine possesses a unique ability to coordinate ion-ion interactions at this site in the pore. Our results suggest that lyotropic anions bind tightly to a site in the outer mouth of the CFTR pore that involves interaction with a fixed positive charge. Binding to this site is also involved in coordination of multiple permeant anions within the pore, suggesting that anion binding in the outer mouth of the pore is an important aspect in the normal anion permeation mechanism.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Simplified models of flue instruments: influence of mouth geometry on the sound source.

Flue instruments such as the recorder flute and the transverse flute have different mouth geometries and acoustical response. The effect of the mouth geometry is studied by considering the aeroacoustical response of a simple whistle. The labium of a transverse flute has a large edge angle (60 degrees) compared to that of a recorder flute (15 degrees). Furthermore, the ratio W/h of the mouth width W to the jet thickness h can be varied in the transverse flute (lips of the musician) while it is fixed to a value W/h approximately 4 in a recorder flute. A systematic experimental study of the steady oscillation behavior has been carried out. Results of acoustical pressure measurements and flow visualization are presented. The sharp edge of the recorder provides a sound source which is rich in harmonics at the cost of stability. The larger angle of the labium of the flute seems to be motivated by a better stability of the oscillations for thick jets but could also be motivated by a reduction of broadband turbulence noise. We propose two simplified sound source models which could be used for sound synthesis: a jet-drive model for W/h>2 and a discrete-vortex model for W/h<2.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1971

Growth of the IB-RS-2 pig kidney cell line in suspension culture and its susceptibility to foot-and-mouth disease virus.

The adaptation of the pig kidney cell line IB-RS-2, clone 60, to growth in suspension culture is described. When fully adapted, an approximate threefold increase in viable cells was obtained within 72 hr from initial cell concentrations of 5 x 10(5) per ml in culture volumes up to 1,500 ml. The monolayer cells (99th passage level) used to initiate the suspension cultures and the fully adapted suspension cells were shown to have an aneuploid chromosome karyotype, whereas earlier monolayer cultures (32nd passage level) had a pseudodiploid karyotype. Replicate virus titrations in monolayers prepared from suspension-adapted cells, IB-RS-2 monolayer cells, BHK monolayer cells, and in suckling mice showed that the suspension cells had retained sensitivity to foot-and-mouth disease virus. The geometric mean peak infectivity of seven strains of foot-and-mouth disease virus grown in IB-RS-2 suspension cells was 10(8.2) plaque-forming units per ml, with a mean complement-fixing activity of approximately 135 complement-fixing units per ml. These preliminary results indicate that submerged cultures of these cells on an industrial scale may be useful for commercial foot-and-mouth disease vaccine production.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Multiple proteases in foot-and-mouth disease virus replication.

Translation of foot-and-mouth disease virus RNA in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate for short time intervals resulted in the production of the peptides P20a , P16, and P88 (Lab, Lb, and P1) (R. R. Rueckert , Recommendations of the 3rd European Study Group on Molecular Biology of Picornavirus, Urbino , Italy, 1983). If further translation was prevented, the structural protein precursor P88 was not cleaved, even after prolonged incubation. This result indicates that the mechanism of the cleavage between P20a -P16 and P88 and of that between P88 and P52 (P2) differs from the mechanism of the secondary cleavages which produce the structural proteins. Furthermore, treatment of foot-and-mouth disease virus-infected cells with the protease inhibitor D-valyl phenylalanyl lysyl chloromethyl ketone prevented the in vivo cleavage between P20a -P16 and P88 but had no effect on any of the other cleavage events. These results suggest that the cleavage of the foot-and-mouth disease virus polyprotein utilizes two different host proteases.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Nucleotide and amino acid sequence coding for polypeptides of foot-and-mouth disease virus type A12.

The coding region for the structural and nonstructural polypeptides of the type A12 foot-and-mouth disease virus genome has been identified by nucleotide sequencing of cloned DNA derived from the viral RNA. In addition, 704 nucleotides in the 5' untranslated region between the polycytidylic acid tract and the probable initiation codon of the first translated gene, P16-L, have been sequenced. This region has several potential initiation codons, one of which appears to be a low-frequency alternate initiation site. The coding region encompasses 6,912 nucleotides and ends in a single termination codon, UAA, located 96 nucleotides upstream from a 3'-terminal polyadenylic acid tract. Microsequencing of radiolabeled in vivo and in vitro translation products identified the genome position of the major foot-and-mouth disease virus proteins and the cleavage sites recognized by the putative viral protease and an additional protease(s), probably of cellular origin, to generate primary and functional foot-and-mouth disease virus polypeptides.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1985

Recombination and oligonucleotide analysis of guanidine-resistant foot-and-mouth disease virus mutants.

Guanidine resistance (gr) mutations of foot-and-mouth disease virus were mapped by recombining pairs of temperature-sensitive mutants belonging to different subtypes. In each cross, one parent possessed a gr mutation. Recombinants were isolated by selection at the nonpermissive temperature and assayed for the ability to grow in the presence of guanidine. From the progeny of three crosses, four different types of recombinant were distinguished on the basis of protein composition and RNA fingerprint. The sequences of the RNase T1-resistant oligonucleotides were determined and located in the full-length sequence of foot-and-mouth disease virus. The resulting maps show that (i) each recombinant was generated by a single genetic crossover, and (ii) both of the gr mutations studied were located within an internal 2.9-kilobase region which spans the P34 gene. This supports our hypothesis that guanidine inhibits the growth of foot-and-mouth disease virus by acting on nonstructural polypeptide P34. Additional evidence was provided by RNA fingerprinting gr mutants. In two of four cases the gr mutation was associated with a change in an oligonucleotide located near the 3' end of the P34 gene; in one of these the nucleotide substitution was identified.

Aphthovirus↗