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PubMed2001

Mineral content of calcified tissues in cystic fibrosis mice.

Although abnormal hard tissue mineralization is a recognized complication of cystic fibrosis (CF), the pathogenesis leading from the defective cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein is poorly understood. We hypothesized that CFTR plays a direct role in the mineralization of bone and teeth and tested the hypothesis using CF mouse models [CFTR(-) mice]. In vivo measurements by dual-emission X-ray absorpitometry (DEXA) indicated that bone mineral density (BMD) was reduced in CF mice as compared to gender-matched littermates. However, no change was evident after correction of BMD for the covariant of body weight. The latter finding was confirmed in isolated femurs and nasal bones by standard dry-ashing and instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). INAA of the continuously growing hypsodont incisor teeth from CFTR(-) mice revealed reduced Ca and normal P in the enamel layer--a finding consistent with changes in the deciduous teeth of CF children. Interestingly, enamel fluoride was increased in the CFTR(-) incisors and may associate with abnormal enamel crystallite formation. The iron content of the incisor enamel was reduced, explaining the loss of yellow pigmentation in CFTR(-) incisors. In contrast to the incisors, the mineral content of the slow-growing brachydont molar teeth was not different between CFTR(-) and CFTR(+) mice. It was concluded that CFTR does not play a direct role in the mineralization of bones or brachydont teeth in mice. Functional CFTR is apparently required for normal mineralization of the hypsodont incisors. However, multiple changes in the mineral composition of the CF incisors suggest an indirect role for CFTR, perhaps by maintaining a normal salivary environment for continuous tooth eruption.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Decomposition and nitrogen mineralization from biosolids and other organic materials: relationship with initial chemistry.

Biosolids are effective forest fertilizers. In order to facilitate their use it is important that one be able to predict the amount and rate of mineralization of nutrients, particularly nitrogen, and the relationship between substrate chemistry and N release. We examined the relationships between substrate quality and nitrogen release in a variety of organic materials. Rates of decomposition and net N mineralization from four biosolids, wheat straw, paper fines, and Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] needle litter were measured during 391-d incubations in a greenhouse, and at two field sites in wet coastal and dry interior forests. Decomposition rates were best predicted by a model incorporating the ratio of carbon to organic matter. The decomposition model extrapolated well to the field when site-specific correction factors were applied. There was a weak relationship between rates of decomposition and net N mineralization. Rates of net N mineralization were best predicted by a model incorporating the initial organic N concentration and the proportion of phenolic C determined from solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The mineralization model extrapolated less well to the field, but the effect of substrate chemistry was still apparent. Among the four biosolids there was a strong correlation between organic N concentration and indices or protein determined from 13C NMR, suggesting that these protein indices may be useful for predicting N mineralization from biosolids. There was some evidence that the protein content and N mineralization in biosolids may be predictable from the sewage treatment process employed.

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMed1988

Vertebral mineralization after parathyroidectomy: measurement by quantitative CT.

Quantitative CT has been used to document abnormally low levels of vertebral bone mineral in hyperparathyroid states. No one has yet reported an improvement in vertebral bone mineral concentration after parathyroidectomy. Quantitative CT was used to measure mineralization of lumbar vertebral bodies in five women with primary hyperparathyroidism, at the time of surgical resection of a parathyroid adenoma and again 4 months after surgery. Four of the patients had increased vertebral mineralization after 4 months; the increase for the entire group (13%) was statistically significant. In one patient, examined for a third time 8 months after surgery, a continuing increase in vertebral bone mineral concentration was seen. A final examination, obtained 20-33 months after surgery, revealed that in every patient the bone mineral concentration was lower than on the first postoperative study and in some cases was less than the original preoperative measurement. We conclude that a temporary increase in vertebral trabecular mineralization occurs after parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism. During the following 3 years, however, this increase is not sustained.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Trace mineral supplementation of yearling horses.

Thirty-three Thoroughbred and Quarter Horse yearlings were used in two experiments (18 in Exp. 1 and 15 in Exp. 2) to determine the influence of trace mineral (TM) supplementation on growth and bone mineral content in young growing horses from 340 to 452 d of age. In each experiment the yearlings were assigned at random within breed and sex outcome groups to one of three treatments. Horses were fed assigned concentrates individually to appetite for two 1.5-h feeding periods, daily and group-fed Coastal bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) hay in drylot paddocks at a rate of 1.0 kg/100 kg BW daily. In Exp. 1, the concentrates were A) basal, B) basal + complete TM premix, and C) basal + Cu. In Exp. 2, the concentrates were D) basal, E) basal + complete TM premix, and F) basal + Cu + Zn. The basal diet in both experiments provided Cu and Zn intakes below NRC (1989) recommendations. Trace mineral supplementation had no effect on growth and development of the yearlings in either experiment. Weight gains equaled or exceeded gains specified as rapid (NRC, 1989) for yearlings of the age and expected mature weight used in these two experiments. No gross skeletal abnormalities were detected. Bone mineral deposition was increased by supplementation of the diet with a complete TM premix (P < .05). The addition of copper or copper plus zinc to the diets of yearling horses did not increase bone mineral deposition (P > .10). Results suggest that other trace minerals (Fe, Mn, Co, or I) are critical for bone mineralization.

Aging↗
PubMed2006

Effect of graded doses and a high dose of microbial phytase on the digestibility of various minerals in weaner pigs.

An experiment with 224 weaner pigs (initial BW of 7.8 kg) was conducted to determine the effect of dose of dietary phytase supplementation on apparent fecal digestibility of minerals (P, Ca, Mg, Na, K, and Cu) and on performance. Four blocks, each with 8 pens of 7 pigs, were formed. Eight dietary treatments were applied to each block in the 43-d experiment: supplementation of 0 (basal diet), 100, 250, 500, 750, 1,500, or 15,000 phytase units (FTU) or of 1.5 g of digestible P (dP; monocalcium phosphate; positive control) per kilogram of feed. The basal diet, with corn, barley, soybean meal, and sunflower seed meal as the main components, contained 1.2 g of dP per kilogram of feed. Fresh fecal grab samples were collected in wk 4 and 5 of the experiment. Average daily feed intake, ADG, G:F, and digestibility of all of the minerals increased (P < 0.001) with increasing phytase dose. Digestibility of P increased from 34% in the basal diet to a maximum of 84% in the diet supplemented with 15,000 FTU, generating 1.76 g of dP per kilogram of feed. At this level, 85% of the phytate phosphorus was digested, compared with 15% in the basal diet. Compared with the basal diet, digestibility of the monovalent minerals increased maximally at 15,000 FTU, from 81 to 92% (Na) and from 76 to 86% (K). In conclusion, phytase supplementation up to a level of 15,000 FTU/kg of a dP-deficient diet improved performance of weaner pigs and digestibility of minerals, including monovalent minerals. Up to 85% of the phytate-P was digested. Thus, dietary phytase supplementation beyond present day standards (500 FTU/kg) could further improve mineral use and consequently reduce mineral output to the environment.

6-Phytase↗
PubMed1982

Free choice consumption of minerals by lambs fed calcium-adequate or calcium-deficient diets.

Four growth trials were conducted to determine whether lambs have the ability to recognize a dietary Ca deficiency and to correct that deficiency by consuming minerals offered free choice. In trial 1, lambs were fed a control or Ca-deficient diet with 0, 1, 5 or 10 mineral choices, only one of which provided Ca. Daily gains and feed efficiencies of lambs fed control diets tended to be superior to those of lambs fed Ca-deficient diets. Consumption of free choice calcium carbonate was greater (P less than .05) for lambs fed Ca-deficient diets than for those fed control diets. However, total Ca intake was greatest (P less than .05) for lambs fed control diets. In trial 2, lambs were fed diets containing .35, .20 or .06% Ca with zero or four mineral choices in either a constant or varied location. Daily gains were highest (P less than .05) for lambs fed the control diet. Performance of lambs fed diets deficient in Ca was not improved by providing free choice minerals. Although free choice Ca intakes were higher (P less than .05) for lambs fed Ca-deficient diets, total intake of Ca decreased with severity of dietary Ca deficiency. In trial 3, lambs were fed a (1) Ca-adequate diet, (2) Ca-deficient diet, (3) Ca-deficient diet with four mineral choices (one of which contained Ca) or (4) Ca-deficient diet with seven times the daily Ca requirement offered once weekly. Lambs fed control diets gained faster (P less than .05) than those fed deficient diets with free choice minerals. Ca intakes were greater (P less than .05) for control lambs than for those fed Ca-deficient diets with Ca available free choice. In trial 4, lambs were fed either a control or a Ca-deficient diet for 42 d. All lambs were then offered both control and Ca-deficient diets in separate compartments of the feed bunks. Although performance, bone and serum data followed trends similar to those observed in trials 1, 2 and 3, differences between treatment groups were not significant. Data from these trials support the recommendation that, when possible, required minerals should be provided in the diet rather than on a free choice basis.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Effects of supplemental potassium and sodium chloride salts on ruminal turnover rates, acid-base and mineral status of lactating dairy cows during heat stress.

Effects of added dietary sodium and potassium chloride salts on ruminal turnover rates, acid-base balance and mineral status of lactating dairy cows experiencing a nycterohemeral cycle of heat stress were examined. Black globe-humidity index in the chambers averaged 94 during the daytime and 68 during the nighttime. Four ruminally cannulated multiparous Holstein cows in mid-lactation were confined in climatic chambers for a single-reversal experiment consisting of two 17-d periods. To the basal diet (50% corn silage: 50% concentrate, which contained .97% potassium, .19% sodium and .20% chloride), 1.25% sodium chloride plus 1.85% potassium chloride were added, making the high mineral treatment (1.93% potassium, 68% sodium and 1.85% chloride). Liquid dilution rates from the rumen were measured by chromium-ethylenediaminetetraacetate disappearance. Turnover rates of solids were determined by appearance of ytterbium in feces. Ruminal contents, arterial blood and urine were collected hourly for 26 h. Grab samples of feces were sampled over 6 d. Dry matter intakes and milk yields were not affected by the diets (averaging 17.8 and 21.1 kg/d, respectively). Cows fed the high mineral diet drank 17% more water (P less than .01). Tests for homogeneity of regression were utilized to compare chromium disappearance and ytterbium appearance data, which were best described by second-order polynomial functions. Increased ruminal chromium disappearance (P less than .01) and decreased total volatile fatty acid concentrations (P less than .01) suggested faster liquid dilution rates with high mineral diet, but turnover rates of solids were not affected. Urinary potassium secretion compensated for the high potassium content of the high mineral diet without an alkalogenic effect on acid-base status. Lower urine pH and higher urine ammonium concentrations during cool hours suggested that the high chloride content of the high mineral diet had an acidogenic effect. The results are interpreted to indicate that high level inclusion of sodium and potassium chloride salts altered digestive, acid-base and mineral status of heat-stressed lactating cows.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMed1997

Role of type X collagen on experimental mineralization of eggshell membranes.

Type X collagen is a transient and developmentally regulated collagen that has been postulated to be involved in controlling the later stages of endochondral bone formation. However, the role of this collagen in these events is not yet known. In order to understand the function of type X collagen, if any, in the process of biomineralization, the properties of type X collagen in eggshell membranes were further investigated. Specifically, calvaria-derived osteogenic cells were tested for their ability to mineralize eggshell membranes in vitro. Immunohistochemistry with specific monoclonal antibodies was used to correlate the presence or absence of type X collagen or its propeptide domains with the ability of shell membranes to be mineralized. The extent of mineralization was assessed by Von Kossa staining, scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy. The results indicate that the non-helical domains of type X collagen must be removed to facilitate the cell-mediated mineralization of eggshell membranes. In this tissue, intact type X collagen does not appear to stimulate or support cell-mediated mineralization. We postulate that the non-helical domains of type X collagen function in vivo to inhibit mineralization and thereby establish boundaries which are protected from mineral deposition.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2006

Seasonal and lactational changes in mineral composition of milk from Iberian red deer (Cervus elaphus hispanicus).

Milk minerals are important for calf growth, and they have other roles as well, such as immune regulation. This 2-yr study examined content of Ca, P, Mg, Na, K, Fe, and Zn in milk of 54 Iberian red deer hinds through 18 wk of lactation. Mean mineral composition of fresh milk was ash = 1.168 +/- 0.007%, Ca = 2,330 +/- 20 mg/kg, P = 640 +/- 10 mg/kg, K = 1,100 +/- 10 mg/kg, Na = 385 +/- 3 mg/kg, Mg = 138 +/- 1 mg/kg, Zn = 12.5 +/- 0.2 mg/kg, and Fe = 0.65 +/- 0.03 mg/kg. All minerals except Mg varied by week of lactation, but variation was usually <10% except for Fe (83% variation) and Zn (30% variation); both of those minerals increased as lactation proceeded. Increased concentrations of Fe and Zn in later lactation compensated for the reduction in milk production in mid and late lactation such that daily production was less variable for Fe (55% variation) or Zn (79% variation) than for other minerals (118 to 135% variation). Potassium content of milk decreased across time, but that effect occurred primarily during the last few weeks of lactation. Calving later vs. early in the calving season had variable effects on concentrations of different minerals: P, Mg, and K concentrations were not affected; Ca, Mg, and Na were all lower in milk from later calving hinds; and both Fe and Zn had higher concentrations in milk from hinds that calved later in the season. Lactating hinds seem to maintain a more stable daily yield of the microminerals Fe and Zn in milk compared with more variable concentrations of macrominerals as lactation progresses. Because of the essential role of Fe and Zn in immune function, a more stable supply of those minerals might be important to the health of growing red deer calves.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Behavior of aeromonas hydrophila in bottled mineral waters.

The growth and survival of Aeromonas hydrophila in three types of natural mineral waters were investigated. Mineral waters with different levels of mineral content (low, medium, and high) were experimentally contaminated with A. hydrophila, stored at different temperatures (10 degrees C and 20 degrees C), and analyzed at intervals over a 60-day period. Water samples that were not experimentally contaminated were investigated for indigenous A. hydrophila. The results confirmed that A. hydrophila may occur naturally in mineral waters and showed that the level of mineral content, temperature, length of storage, and, in some cases, the type of container used may favor the growth of A. hydrophila. The greatest proliferation was observed in water with a low mineral content stored in PET bottles at 10 degrees C, in which A. hydrophila peaked at day 28 (4.47 +/- 0.01 log CFU/100 ml). At 20 degrees C, the same load was observed at day 60. The presence of high densities of A. hydrophila in bottled mineral water can constitute a risk for some groups of consumers, such as elderly and immunocompromised persons.

Aeromonas hydrophila↗
PubMed2005

[Levels of bone mineral matrix organization and the mechanisms determining parameters of its formation].

Authors suggest to regard bone mineral matrix as the four-level structure. The first level is represented by an internal structure of a mineral, the second--by mineral morphological structure, the third--by coplanar association of minerals, and the fourth--by macroassociation of minerals in a single complex inside each bone. The most probable mechanisms determining stability of reproduction of mineral matrix parameters on each of these levels are shown. As a result of their functioning, the variants of bone mineral matrix structures are formed that are the programmed reflection of specificity of the given site of organic structures.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[Pulmonary alveolar macrophage cytotoxicity investigation of irregular shape mineral dusts].

In order to study the damage mechanism of mineral dusts on the pulmonary alveolar macrophages (AM), the changes of their death ratio, malandialdthyde (MDA) content and activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured. And the technique of cell culture in vitro was used to investigate the cytotoxicity of six mineral dusts (twelve crystal habits) from twelve mineral deposits. The results showed that wollstonite and clinoptilolite had no AM cytotoxicity while other fibrous and grainy mineral dusts could damage pulmonary AM in various degrees. The cytotoxicity of fibrous mineral dusts was greater than that of the grainy ones, and the cytotoxicity of dusts was positively correlated with the active OH- content in dusts, but not necessarily so with its SiO2 content. The high pH values produced by dust was unfavorable for the cells survival and the dusts with a low bio-resistance were safe for cells. The content of variable valence elements in dusts could influence their cytotoxicity and the surface charge of dusts was not a stable factor on their toxicity. It indicates that the shape of mineral dusts is one of the factors affecting cytotoxicity, and that the cytotoxicity of mineral dusts mainly depends on their properties.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[The miraculous minerals of Michele Mercati. Natural history between medicine and the clergy in Rome in the second half of the Sixteenth century].

Many Italian scholars in the sixteenth century studied minerals. This was not only for the sake of increasing geological knowledge. Minerals, like all other natural phenomena, reflected divine order. Minerals were thought of as a broader category than the lifeless substances found beneath the crust of the earth. Stones, generated in animal and human bodies, were included among minerals, as well. The appearance of kidney stones, gall stones and bladder stones in early modern mineral collections point to the religious motives of the scholars that studied them. In this article, I will examine the mineralogical collection brought together and described by Michele Mercati (1541-1593), the so-called Metallotheca. I will map the circles of physicians, scholars and ecclesiastics in which Mercati lived and functioned. I will then investigate Mercati's descriptions of stones, grown inside animals and men. The specific connections between Mercati and the members of the Oratory of Rome, an influential religious organisation of the Sixteenth century, direct us towards a proper understanding of the significance of Mercati's minerals. Certain minerals, including stones originating in animate bodies, were thought of as approaching the supernatural. The proper attitude for the scholar of nature would then be to turn from curiosity into awe and even veneration.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Interaction of vitamins and minerals.

Several nutrients are known to act on the metabolism of other nutrients and also of some non-nutrient substances. The nutritional importance that may be attributed to these interrelationships depends on the levels considered to be physiological for each nutrient, and on their maintenance at acceptable levels in tissues for the defense of the organism. Interaction of vitamins and minerals has been described in several metabolic situations and continues to be investigated by many authors. This interaction occurs in different ways, i.e. starting from the action of vitamins on mineral metabolism, from the action of both types of nutrients in the protection of the organism, and from the action of minerals on vitamin metabolism. The most significant example of vitamin action on mineral metabolism is the role played by vitamin D in calcium and phosphorus metabolism. The interrelationship of vitamin C and some minerals is also discussed, with emphasis on its relationship with iron. With respect to the synergistic action of vitamins and minerals in the defense of the organism, we comment on the main data reported on the biochemical-physiological role of vitamin E and its interaction with selenium. Finally, in reference to the action of minerals on vitamin metabolism, we point out the interaction existing between vitamin A and zinc. Data observed by the author at the experimental level in laboratory animals are reported on the possible interaction of niacin, vitamin B6 and zinc.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Mineralization in in vitro cultures of rabbit marrow stromal cells.

Localized regions of mineralization were found in confluent cultures of rabbit marrow fibroblastic cells. The mineralized tissue developed within clusters of giant fat cells in the spaces between the cells. Investigations with light and electron microscopy demonstrated that in these sites there was some differentiation of the fibroblastic cells in an osteogenic direction, shown by changes to more polygonal shapes, and the synthesis of well-banded collagen similar to that found in bone tissue. Differentiation may be due, in part, to increased cell density in a confined space. Growth of the mineralized tissue was observed in the living cultures with a fluorescence microscope. Electron probe microanalysis confirmed that the mineral formed was hydroxyapatite. Initiating sites of mineralization included membranous vesicular bodies, lipid, and products of cellular degeneration. Once initiated, mineralization appeared to spread rapidly into adjacent collagenous and other structures, suggesting the appearance of a mixture of skeletal-type and dystrophic mineralization.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Hypophosphatemic vitamin D resistant rickets (phosphate diabetes): bone mineral problems studied by 125I-computed tomography and microradiography.

125I-computed tomography (CT) for the bone mineral analysis of the radius was performed on 9 children with vitamin D resistant hypophosphatemic rickets (VDRR) treated with vitamin D in pharmacological doses. Trabecular bone density was increased in 1 patient and normal in all others. The cortical width of the diaphysis of the radius was decreased, and the cross sectional area of the bone increased, but the total amount of compat bone mineral in the cross section was normal. Measurements of the second metacarpal bone on X-rays of the hand revealed similar findings. Microradiographic and histological examinations of the fibula on 9 different patients also treated with vitamin D showed grossly abnormal mineralization of bone tissue with a perilacunar mineral deficit. It is concluded, that the amount of compact bone and trabecular bone is not decreased in children with VDRR. The normal mineral content determined by CT and the impaired mineralization of the bone material examined by microradiography indicate an over-abundance of incompletely mineralized bone.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Abnormal trace mineral metabolism in adult X-linked hypophosphatemic mice: a possible role of increased food intake.

X-linked hypophosphatemia is a human and mouse disease characterized by reduced renal tubular reabsorption of phosphate, hypophosphatemia, and dwarfism. The gene is X-linked and dominant. There have been conflicting reports in the literature regarding possible malabsorption of minerals by the intestine as well. In this study we examined the mineral status in adult X-linked hypophosphatemic (Hyp) mice by measuring trace minerals in blood, bone, muscle, liver and hair and by performing a balance study for Ca, P, Mg, Na and K. The results indicate that Hyp mice have higher than normal levels of plasma iron, bone manganese and zinc, liver iron, and muscle zinc. The trace minerals in hair were not significantly affected. The balance study showed that the content of Ca, P, Mg, Na and K of the urine and feces of normal and Hyp mice were nonsignificantly different. Hyp mice did consume more diet per gram body weight. We conclude that there is no deficiency in intestinal mineral absorption in adult Hyp mice. No tissues studied were found to have reduced trace mineral levels. In fact, where differences occurred, Hyp mice had elevated trace mineral levels in various tissues and blood. This was probably the result of the increased dietary intake per gram body weight in the Hyp mice.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Three-dimensional mapping of mineral densities in carious dentin: theory and method.

X-ray tomographic microscopy (XTM), a three-dimensional X-ray imaging technique, has been used to quantitatively map mineral concentrations in carious dentin. Data analysis from the XTM study indicates that variations in the mineral concentration surrounding the caries can be imaged in three dimensions with a spatial resolution that is sufficient to detect calcified and enlarged tubule spaces in the lesion. A three-dimensional image of the subsurface lesion indicates that lesion penetration is along the direction of the tubules. The mineral concentration in the uninfected dentin was measured by the XTM to be 1.29 +/- 0.14 g/cm3 based upon the tabulated X-ray attenuation coefficients for apatite. This value is in excellent agreement with averaged estimates for the mineral concentration in dentin (1.4 g/cm3). Furthermore, the mineral concentration determined using XTM varies from 2.25 g/cm3 in the remineralized dentin to as low as 0.55 +/- 0.17 g/cm3 in the demineralized tissue. The high concentration of mineral in the remineralized region suggests that organic matter is lost and mineral is deposited at some time during the caries process.

Dental Caries↗