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At least 919 records · Page 51Linked to original sources
PubMed1975

Chronic cerebral effects of alcohol and drug abuse.

A minority of alcohol abusers develop severe cerebral dysfunction in the form of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. There is also evidence to suggest that cerebral dysfunction, particularly impaired abstracting ability, occurs in that larger population of heavy drinkers who do not go on to develop the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. There is no consistent evidence that long-term marijuana, hallucinogen, or sedative use causes lasting neuropsychological disturbance. The deficits in abstract thinking reported by some LSD studies are similar to deficits others have reported among alcoholics. Since the LSD studies were not controlled for alcohol use, their interpretation is difficult. It appears that cerebrovascular accidents occur more frequently and at a younger age among amphetamine abusers. There is no reliable information about possible other long-term effects of stimulants on the brain per se (i.e., nonvascular complications). Abuse of intravenous narcotics has been associated with case reports of transverse myelitis and encephalitis. It is not known whether this pathology is a direct or hypersensitivity effect of narcotic drugs, of adulterants, or of infection.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1985

Drug and alcohol abuse intervention in American Indian communities.

American Indian tribes are seen as an anachronism by many non-Indian people. Most would acknowledge that Indians provided a colorful chapter in American history, but apart from contemporary Indian arts and crafts little serious thought is given to their way of life. In fact, however, Indian culture has survived a period of strong attack and today it is vital and growing. The historical conflicts between Indian and White ways of life are still not totally resolved, and there are major differences in thinking as to whether tribes should be assimilated into the larger culture or allowed to pursue an alternate cultural path. In its ambivalence toward Indian people the federal government has fostered a state of dependency which has made problem resolution extremely difficult. Federal policy has vacillated between paternalistic and repressive, which has led to much inertia within both Indian communities and those groups intended to help them. Currently there is a strong activist climate on Indian reservations and the result is a vigorous move toward self-determination. Not only are Indian people asking for self-government, but they are attempting to revitalize their traditional culture and maintain a unique alternative to the beliefs, values, and customs of the larger society. Within this historical/cultural context, drug and alcohol abuse exist as major problems for Indian people. Extant data point to alcoholism as perhaps the number one health problem for many tribes. The consequences of drug abuse are not as well documented, but recent survey data from Indian school students point to an extremely serious situation. Drug use rates are above national norms and appear to be rapidly increasing. Interventions in Indian communities must be congruent with the current movement toward self-determination. Externally imposed solutions, at a minimum, will not work and probably will only add to the sense of failure experienced by Indian people. The dynamics of drug and alcohol use are rooted in the health of the community. Where there is cynicism, despair, and a withering of the basic human spirit, substance abuse will prevail. Alternately, if the spirit of the community can be bolstered and hope developed through communal action and mutual support, solutions to abuse problems will be forthcoming. When the community has clearly decided its position on the use of chemicals it will be in a position to construct programs and request external assistance. Substance abuse intervention is a local problem and can be resolved best through local initiative.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Use of marijuana and other drugs by college students of São Paulo, Brazil.

Drug usage in a sample of 1,069 college students of São Paulo, Brazil, was investigated. The highest lifetime prevalence was reported for alcohol (82%) and tobacco (39%) followed by inhalants (28%), marijuana (26%), over-the-counter tranquilizers and stimulants (17%), and cocaine (10%). Current use is considerably smaller. Marijuana users were classified as having a "Stable," "Descending," and "Once" pattern of consumption frequency. These patterns were orderly related to sex, socioeconomic status, use of drugs, drug approval, and peer group. Drug usage appeared as predominantly social-recreational in this population, although the risk of misuse for "Stable" students should be evaluated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Drugs of abuse radioimmunoassay directory.

This clinical brief is a survey of procedures, components and kits presently available for detecting and quantitating drugs of abuse in biologic fluids by radioimmunoassay (RIA).

Amphetamine↗
PubMed1979

LSD.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Chemistry↗
PubMed1976

[Behavioral pharmacology of berberine-type alkaloids. (2) Central depressant effects of tetrahydroberberine (THB) and related compounds].

The behavioral effects of tetrahydroberberine (THB), tetrahydrocoptisine (THC), tetrahydropalmatine (THP) and tetrahydrojateorrhizine (THJ) were compared with those of chlorpromazine (CPZ) and benzodiazepines in mice and rats. Effects of THB were also determined by electroencephalography (EEG) in rabbits. THB was found to pharmacologically exert various actions similar to those of CPZ which is a major tranquilizer, however, the actions of THB were weaker than those of CPZ. Although THB alone did not induce catalepsy, it enhanced the cataleptogenic action of CPZ. At a dose over the effective levels, THB did not lower normal body temperature or induce muscle relaxation and loss of righting reflex. EEG activities in the frontal cortex areas were markedly affected by THB, e.g., fast waves in spontaneous EEG were converted to slow waves. THB and CPZ in a similar manner elicited a sustaining increase in hippocampal afterdischarge, but the action of THB was weaker than that of CPZ. The acute toxicity of THB was lower than that of CPZ and benzodiazepines and the depressant activity of THB almost equalled that of THC and THP, whereas the activity of 1-THB was 1.5 times as great as that of THB. These data indicate that THB, THC and THP may be a new type of tranquilizer.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Management of hallucinogen abuse.

Most street hallucinogens contain either LSD or phenycyclidine HCl (PCP). Because the acute phase of LSD and PCP mimic several other drugs and conditions, it is important to exclude these other possibilities. When faced with LSD or PCP, "talking down" usually suffices for the mild case; management becomes more complex should hyperpyrexia, coma, seizures or a hypertensive crisis ensue. Diazepam, not a phenothiazine, is preferred for sedation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Neurochemical changes associated with schedule-controlled behavior.

Studies of monoamine metabolites within the cerebrospinal fluid compartment have indicated that this approach may be useful in examining central metabolic changes in vivo. By combining the technologies of radioisotope chemistry, operant behavior control and modification, and brain perfusion with push-pull cannulas, we have been able to examine minute to minute changes in the disposition of radiolabeled monoamine transmitter candidates and their metabolites. These substances appear to co-vary with changes in complex behavior maintained by operant schedules of reinforcement and affected by changes in schedules or administration of psychotropic drugs. In agreement with other perfusion studies, we have observed changes in fractional distribution of radiolabeled urea, a so-called extracellular marker, along with shifts in monoamines; but the former appear more transient. These observations nevertheless support the concept of dynamic changes within the extracellular environment of the CNS that may be part of a hormone-like communicating system with functional significance. Furthermore, the presence of peaks and/or troughs, in perfusates of [14C]urea of similar substances should not be taken as a priori evidence for nonspecificity of the technic, since selective release or inhibition of release of monoamines can be shown with appropriate drugs that are thought to act through these aminergic systems. Destruction of catecholamine nerve terminals with 6-hydroxydopamine likewise attenuates the signal-locked release of radiolabeled norepinephrine by a conditioned stimulus after conditioning occurs. No such release is seen on presentation of the to-be-conditioned neutral stimulus in control or 6-hydroxydopamine treated rats. These initial studies indicate the availability of a powerful tool for the study of drug-neurochemical-behavioral interactions using subjects as their own controls for extended periods of time so that phenomena of plasticity, tolerance and dependence may likewise be examined.

Animals↗