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PubMed1985

[Procedure for the recording of psychosocial relations in adolescence].

A procedure permitting more detailed recording of the complex pattern of mental processes involved in the formation of social relations between young people is presented. The content and structure of the procedure are explained and advice regarding the analysis of the result is given. Recording is based on describing external behaviour using four alternative forms of behaviour (aggressive, dominant, submissive and cooperative), motivational aspects by means of a list of motives and emotional background experiences for specific situations. The alternative forms of behaviour are more closely described, using initial results from studies involving 824 subjects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1973

Neuropsychological effects of marijuana.

This study assigned 81 non-naïve subjects, divided into low- and high-dose groups, to four experimental conditions (marijuana/marijuana, marijuana/placebo, placebo/marijuana and placebo/placebo) for two sessions separated by about one week. The low dose was 4.8 mg. Delta(9)-THC followed by 2.4 mg. one hour later. The high dose was 9.1 mg. followed by 4.5 mg. one hour later. A battery of neuropsychological tests was administered.The low dose produced generalized impairment of all mental processes (concept formation, memory, tactile form discrimination and motor function) and the effect was generalized to all modalities. The high dose resulted in more extensive impairment, again generalized.The drug effects noted were explained in terms of generalized impairment of central integrative processes. The effects of marijuana on learning as well as memory were explained in terms of impaired output (recall), but the impairment was transient.

Adult↗
PubMed1968

A family doctor's work with adolescent patients.

Dr A Model describes his experience in general practice with adolescent patients. He describes their problems and shows how these differ according to age and sex, and considers the role of the general practitioner in their eyes.Dr Faith Spicer describes the sexual problems of adolescence and shows how these differ between the sexes. She enquires into the emotional and mental processes which contribute to early sex experience in the young.Dr A Ryle contrasts working in a student health service with his experience of adolescents in general practice. He concludes that there should be a range of alternative sources of help for adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Models of the brain organization for higher integrative functions derived with electrical stimulation techniques.

Exicitatory and disruptive effects of stimulation on human higher integrative functions are reviewed, along with models of brain organization derived from them. Several general properties of stimulation effects on higher integrative functions are identified, including discrete localization, differential localization of several related functions, and individual variability in the exact locations of these effects. A model of the brain organization for language is derived from stimulation effects on several language-related functions. A common peri-Sylvian cortex for motor and language functions is identified in the language dominant hemisphere, including sites common to sequencing of motor movements and comprehension of phonemes that represents an anatomic substrate for the "motor theory of speech perception". This is surrounded by sites related to a cortical short-term verbal memory system, with sites specialized for such language functions as naming or syntax at the interface between these areas. A common "specific alerting response" mechanism for motor and language functions is identified in lateral thalamus of the language dominant hemisphere, a mechanism that may select the appropriate cortical areas for a language function. A similar thalamic mechanism for spatial functions is present in the nondominant hemisphere, as is discrete differential cortical localization of several spatial functions.

Brain↗
PubMed1983

Cognitive reversal of expected nitrous oxide analgesia for acute pain.

In a laboratory experiment, the expected analgesic action of 33% nitrous oxide was reversed by creating the expectancy of heightened awareness of bodily sensations. Pain threshold and tolerance of electrical tooth-pulp stimulation were significantly reduced. Results from a control study gave us a basis for comparison of changes in the verbal expression of pain when nitrous oxide was administered without introducing expectancies beyond those already held by the subjects. Contrasting results from the experimental and control studies confirm the powerful role of mental processes in mediating pain experience.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

[Dynamics of intellectual mnestic disorders in alcoholism].

Thirty alcoholic patients with remissions and one hundred alcoholics with relapses were followed up for three years using cross-section and longitudinal psychological examinations. The development of the psychic defect was shown to be related to the degree of personality degradation and the character of organic cerebral pathology. The patients with remissions displayed a greater reversibility of intellectual and mnemonic derangements; there was improvement in their memory and concentration levels as well as combinative abilities; their personal attitude to the study situation changed favourably. The patients with relapses in the course of disease were characterized by deteriorated capacities for memorization, analytic and synthetic mental processes as well as by increased exhaustibility, anxiety, and affective instability. Intellectual and mnemonic disorders in patients with alcoholic dementia were the least reversible.

Alcohol Amnestic Disorder↗
PubMed1982

Mental phenomena induced by stimulation in the limbic system.

Direct electrical stimulation of any limbic sector may evoke a visceral sensation or an emotion, usually fear or anxiety. Vivid formed dream- or memory-like hallucinations, or intense feelings of familiarity, may be evoked from the hippocampal formation and amygdala. Conversely, amnesia may result from stimulation-induced bilateral disruption of the same region. Cingulate gyrus stimulation near the supplementary motor cortex may evoke partially adaptive movement sequences, or may interfere with the performance of movements. In general, those phenomena are not due to epileptic pathology, nor to gross spread of activation. The particular response evoked is not related to the precise electrode location, but rather to the patient's psychological traits and concerns. Thus, there is no direct relationship between specific mental contents and the activation of particular limbic neurons. Limbic stimulation appears to produce deep mental alterations whose manifestation at the surface of awareness, or in specific movements, is defined by the ongoing context.

Affect↗
PubMed1980

Visual communication in the psychoanalytic situation.

The relationship between verbal and visual aspects of the analytic proceedings shows them blended integrally in the experiences of both patient and analyst and in contributing to the insights derived during the treatment. Areas in which the admixture of the verbal and visual occur are delineated. Awareness of the visual aspects gives substance to the operations of empathy, intuition, acting out, working through, etc. Some typical features of visual 'language" are noted and related to the analytic situation. As such they can be translated with the use of logic and consciousness on the analyst's part, not mere random eruptions of intuition. The original significance of dreams as a royal road to the unconscious is confirmed-but we also find in them insights to be derived with higher mental processes. Finally, dyadic aspects of the formation and aims of dreams during analysis are pointed out, with important implications for the analyst's own self-supervision of his techniques and 'real personality" and their effects upon the patient. how remarkable that Dora's dreams, all too belatedly teaching Freud about their transference implications, still have so much more to communicate that derives from his capacity to record faithfully observations he was not yet ready to explain.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Psychosomatic medicine and psychoanalytic observation: considerations on the mechanism of symptom formation].

The clinical symptom, perceived at body level, such as pain, dyskinesia, circulatory changes (tachycardia, blushing, pallor) is intrinsic and simultaneous with parallel changes at the mind level, such as anxiety, sorrow, instability, joy, depression and shame. Therefore, it has to be distinguished within the symptom, the overt component - somatic alterations - and the latent component - changes in mental processes. Hence, the global psychosomatic nature is intrinsic to the clinical symptoms.

Anxiety↗
PubMed1978

Postural hypotension and mental function in the elderly.

The effect of 3 hours of ambulatory activity on the mental function of 12 elderly persons with postural hypotension was examined. There was little difference between the mean combined mental status and set test scores when the subjects were supine (42.3) and when they were erect after 3 hours of ambulatory activity (42.2). A control group of persons of similar age and health who did not have hypotension also exhibited little difference in mean scores (49.9 v. 51.5 respectively). The mean scores of the two groups of subjects did not differ significantly. After 6 months the mean scores of the two groups were 40.9 and 44.7 respectively. It appears that elderly individuals with postural hypotension do not exhibit any appreciable deterioration in mental function with ambulation or after a 6-month period.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1980

[Caffeine and smoking-induced changes in the behavior of car drivers].

The authors examined changes in the behaviour of car drivers under the effect of coffeini matrii benzoici in doses of 250 mg (125 mg pure caffeine) and 500 mg (250 mg pure caffeine) in a single experimental group who had been exposed, prior to that, to a zero control experiment. The behaviour changes were examined immediately after the smoking of 5 cigerettes in a row. The experimental subjects' reaction was investigated using the determination set, their attention--using a modified Block test. 125 mg pure caffeine proved to have an excitatory effect on most of the group, with an overall improvement in performance, brightening up of mental processes, with the rate of mistakes dropping, attention and reaction improving in comparison with the proceding zero experiment. A dose of 250 mg caffeine had an inhibitory effect on most of the probands with the overall quality of performance deteriorating in all of the group; the quality of attention was worse, too, while reaction showed a moderate degree of improvement as a result of transfer. The experiment involving smokers after a dose of 5 cigarettes showed a deterioration in the capacity for concentration and a higher rate of errors in the performance of sensorimotor task while the reaction capacity remained normal.

Attention↗
PubMed1995

[3D echocardiography. Mathematical principles and technical realization].

The ultimate goal of any imaging technique for the investigation of the anatomy of the beating heart is a 3D-display of the cardiac morphology throughout a complete heart cycle. The reason for this interest is quite clear: 3D-imaging has the potential for a better understanding of the individual morphology under normal and pathological conditions and especially, if complex therapeutic decisions have to been made. In the clinical practice, the echocardiographer attempts to obtain a spatial information by a mental reassembling of the 2D echocardiographic images, that are obtained from different imaging planes. This procedure, however, is very subjective and, thus, highly susceptible for errors. Therefore, the 3D-echocardiography has been developed to replace this mental process by an "objective" and reproducible computerized reconstruction. Prerequisite for such a 3D-surface reconstruction is a cubic, isotropic digital data set with cubic data volumes, so called "Voxels" (Figure 1). The term "isotropic" means, that the resolution is identical in all directions, and that the data density within the cube is homogeneous. Those cubes are the mathematical basis for any 3D-reconstruction. At the first step on the way to 3D-images, the data cubes have to be filled with 2D echo information. So far, three principal modalities of image acquisition are available for the clinical routine: parallel scanning from the esophagus (Figure 2), rotational scanning (transesophageal--Figure 3a--or transthoracic--Figure 3b). In all cases, the imaging planes are incremented by an external stepper motor using a dedicated computer logic for gated image acquisition. At the present time, despite geometrical shortcomings, the TEE omniplane probe with rotational scanning is the most widely used system. It can be applied for standard investigations as well as for "3D"-data acquisition after only minor modifications. The process of 3D-reconstruction is a sequence of repeated steps of image processing. The first step is the elimination of a problem, that is common to all image reconstruction techniques from tomographic information: the imaging planes are recorded at different time points, and mostly under varying conditions. Although several gating techniques are implemented into the image acquisition, some variability is unavoidable, simply because neither the heart nor the surroundings can be frozen during image acquisition.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Computer Graphics↗
PubMed1995

In the wake of Heinz Hartmann.

This study of Heinz Hartmann's contributions emphasises change within continuity. Specifically, it is argued that he both integrated and changed significantly Freud's structural theory--his 'ego psychology'. This he did through his then-modern concept of adaptation. In turn, adaptation paved the way towards further change in the direction of current emphases on dialogue and intersubjectivity. These new developments have contributed beneficially to theory and clinical practice, but, like all new developments, they have introduced new problems, among them unreflective and undisciplined eclecticism. Consideration is given to the incompleteness inherent in theory construction. In psychoanalysis, the new, object-related developments require as a complement some version of the type of structural theorising initiated by Freud and developed to its highest point by Hartmann and his close collaborators particularly; in meeting that requirement, some version of an objectivist stance is also required to complement the subjectivism and pluralism of the newer developments. Throughout this appreciation of Hartmann's role in the history of psychoanalytic thought, an effort is made to undo the negative effects of misreadings that took his ideas on adaptation and ego psychology to mean an endorsement of superficial adjustment or conformity and an overvaluation of conscious mental processes.

Ego↗
PubMed1993

Nine-year outcome of the Vermont intervention program for low birth weight infants.

Twenty-four low birth weight children who had received an experimental intervention (LBWE) during the neonatal period, 31 control children who had received no treatment (LBWC), and 36 normal birth weight children were compared. The intervention involved seven hospital sessions and four home sessions in which a nurse helped mothers adapt to their LBW babies. At age 9, LBWE children scored significantly higher than LBWC children on the Kaufman Mental Processing Composite, Sequential, Simultaneous, Achievement, Arithmetic, and Riddles scales, after statistical adjustments for socioeconomic status. The LBWE children had also advanced more rapidly in school than had LBWC children. Parent (Child Behavior Checklist) and teacher (Teacher's Report Form) ratings of school functioning were more favorable for LBWE than LBWC children, with especially strong effects on Teacher's Report Form scores for academic performance and the attention problems syndrome. At age 9, LBWE children were not significantly inferior to normal birth weight children on any measure. These results bear out a progressive divergence between the LBWE and LBWC children that first became statistically significant in cognitive scores at age 3. The findings suggest that the intervention prevented cognitive lags among LBW children and that this eventually had a favorable effect on academic achievement, behavior, and advancement in school. The progression from no significant differences between LBWE and LBWC children on early cognitive and achievement scores to significant and pervasive differences in later functioning argues for long-term follow-up periods to evaluate properly the power of behavioral interventions to compensate for biological risks.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1994

Optimum apportionment of presentation time in visual display.

With regard to the better display of visual stimuli, one of the key parameters to match with human short-term memory is the presentation time of the information. We have studied the optimum-apportionment modes of the presentation time of seven Roman alphabet letters sequentially presented to five young males by means of our time-continuous model of short-term memory. These modes are thought to allow for the easiest retention by the short-term memory. The average optimum-apportionment mode, as an average of individual scores of the optimum-apportionment mode, was also obtained. With free-recall experiments using the Roman characters, four constants for the model were determined for the subjects. Then, the theoretical optimum-apportionment modes were calculated using a computer simulation for each subject. With slight modifications of these results, eight types of apportionment modes were obtained. The most efficient mode for the recall of the Roman characters in the free-recall experiment was determined as the optimum-apportionment mode of the individual.

Adult↗