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PubMed1979

Light and electron microscopic studies of antibiotic associated colitis in the hamster.

Lincomycin and its analogue, clindamycin, are capable of producing mild to severe colonic mucosal injury in humans (antibiotic associated colitis). Patients with the disorder may have severe diarrhoea, pseudomembranous plaques, confluent pseudomembranes, and/or a frank, diffuse haemorrhagic colitis. The present study was designed to assess the Golden Syrian hamster as an animal model for antibiotic associated colitis and to describe lesions seen in the animal model by light, transmission electron, and scanning electron microscopy. A colitis was produced in Golden Syrian hamsters by oral or parenteral administration of lincomycin, clindamycin, or N-demethyl clindamycin. Animals were killed at intervals and microscopic studies made of sequential morphological changes in the ileum, caecum, and colon. The microscopic lesions in the early stages of the disorder were abnormalities within the brush border, cellular oedema, and hyperaemia. Changes in the intracellular organelles were observed in more severely damaged epithelial cells. Epithelial hyperplasia resulted in the piling up of cells on the mucosal surfaces. In specimens with the most severe damage, complete loss of epithelium from the mucosal surface was observed. Pseudomembranous plaques were occasionally seen. Comparison of the clinical, gross, and histological features of the animal disease with the human disorder suggest that, although minor differences are present, the hamster model is suitable for experimental studies of antibiotic associated colitis.

Animals↗
PubMed1968

A study in vitro of the sensitivity to antibiotics of Bacteroides fragilis.

During a two-year period of observation Bacteroides species were isolated from specimens of pus and vaginal swabs from 115 patients in this hospital. Thirty-five representative strains proved on examination to be Bacteroides fragilis. Minimal inhibitory and minimal bactericidal concentrations of six antibiotics for these strains were determined. All strains were resistant to streptomycin, neomycin, and polymyxin, slightly sensitive to penicillin and ampicillin, and fully sensitive to tetracycline, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, and lincomycin. The minimum bactericidal concentrations of chloramphenicol, erythromycin, and lincomycin were two to four times the minimal inhibitory concentrations. Tetracycline failed to exert any consistent bactericidal effect.The treatment of patients with infections caused by B. fragilis is discussed in the light of the findings in vitro.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1981

Faecal toxin and severity of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis.

The relationship between faecal toxin titre, histological evidence of pseudomembrane in the rectum, and severity of antibiotic-associated colitis has been analysed from data on 62 patients whose faeces contained Clostridium difficile toxin. There was a significant correlation between a toxin titre of 6400 or more and the presence of pseudomembrane (p less than 005). There was no correlation between toxin titre, duration of diarrhoea, total white cell count, temperature, serum albumin or serum orosomucoid concentrations. There was, however, a significant correlation between the presence of rectal pseudomembrane and duration of diarrhoea (p less than 0.005). Exposure to clindamycin or lincomycin was also associated with a significantly higher toxin titre than that seen in patients who were given other antibiotics. The duration of diarrhoea of diarrhoea was not longer and rectal pseudomembrane did not occur more often in the patients who had received clindamycin or lincomycin.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1984

Use of tiamulin in a herd of pigs seriously affected with Mycoplasma hyosynoviae arthritis.

Tiamulin hydrogen fumarate has been shown to be highly active in vitro against Mycoplasma hyosynoviae, an organism that causes arthritis in pigs. A gilt-multiplier herd with a history of this condition was selected to evaluate the efficacy of tiamulin in vivo for the treatment of this disease. The presence of M hyosynoviae was confirmed by its isolation from two typically affected cases. A field trial was carried out on clinically affected pigs, using tiamulin at 10 mg and 15 mg/kg bodyweight given by injection for three consecutive days, by comparing their weight gains and reduction in lameness scores during a seven day trial period (days 0 to 7) with those of negative untreated controls and positive controls injected with lincomycin at 10 mg/kg bodyweight for three days. Both of the tiamulin treatment levels appeared to be effective, as there were marked improvements in weight gains and reduction in lameness scores in comparison with the negative controls. The improvements were similar to those achieved with the positive control, lincomycin.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

In vitro sensitivity of anaerobic bacteria to fosfomycin.

The minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined in 98 strains of anaerobic bacteria that came from clinical samples against fosfomycin, penicillin, cephalothin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, clindamycin and lincomycin. The results obtained indicate that fosfomycin is usually inactive against Bacteroides sp. and is active up to 32 mug/ml or less against 85% of Peptococcus and 95% of Peptostreptococcus, being consequently comparatively less active than the rest of the antibiotics that were tested against Bacteroides, sp., while against Peptococcus and Peptostreptococcus it is less active than penicillin, cephalothin, clindamycin and lincomycin, and somewhat more active than chloramphenicol and tetracycline.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2006

Effects of griseoviridin and viridogrisein against swine dysentery in experimental infection by using mice and pigs.

Griseoviridin, a known antibiotic produced by Streptomyces cacaoi subsp. cacaoi, was found to be active against Brachyspira hyodysenteriae--the bacterium causing swine dysentery. An in vitro synergism is observed when it is used in combination with viridogrisein--a simultaneously produced antibiotic. In mouse experiments, the effect of griseoviridin alone was less than that of lincomycin--a commercially available swine dysentery medication. However, a 1:1 mixture of griseoviridin and viridogrisein revealed a noticeable synergistic effect. In an evaluation using pigs artificially infected with B. hyodysenteriae, a large difference was not observed between the effect of griseoviridin alone and that in combination with viridogrisein. Nevertheless, griseoviridin alone exhibited a therapeutic effect superior to that of lincomycin.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Biphasic potassium contractures in frog single twitch muscle fibers and effects of various agents on the contractures.

The characteristics and the mechanism of the biphasic potassium contractures, i.e., an initial rapid contraction (initial component) and a slow secondary contraction (secondary component) were investigated in detail using single twitch fibers from the semitendinosus muscles of the frog, Rana japonica. The present experiments confirmed the results of CONSTANTIN (1971) and STEFANI and CHIARANDINI (1973) and further demonstrated that larger diameters (75--100 micron) of single fibers are required as one of the conditions for obtaining a biphasic potassium contracture. In addition, the effects of calcium removal from the external medium and the various agents, i.e., 2.5 microM dantrolene, 5 mM manganese ions, 7.5 mM procaine, 0.5 mM verapamil and 6.5 mM lincomycin on the initial and secondary components were examined. The pretreatment of a single fiber with calcium-free Ringer solution or with dantrolene or manganese ions mainly inhibited the secondary component, while it slightly or moderately inhibited the initial component in keeping with its steepness. In contrast, procaine, verapamil and lincomycin mainly inhibited the initial component, changing slightly or moderately the secondary component. It could be concluded, therefore, that the excitation-contraction coupling, i.e., the activation process of the initial component differs from that of the secondary component.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Broiler chick growth response to antibiotics, 1981-1982.

A study of the growth-promoting effects of penicillin, oxytetracycline, lincomycin, bambermycin , and tylan was made over a 2-year period involving 2030 broiler chicks in 11 experiments. The laboratory used for this study has been subjected to the continuous use of low level dietary antibiotics for over 30 years. Results show that growth promotion by penicillin, oxytetracycline, and lincomycin were still significant (P less than .01). The effect of tylan was also significant (P less than .05). The antibiotics tended to promote better growth effects in chicks from young breeder hens. Significant growth improvement by antibiotics was observed in nutritionally adequate diets regardless of the presence or absence of soybean meal and excesses of certain vitamins and minerals.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

The effect of autoclaving and enzyme supplementation of guar meal on the performance of chicks and laying hens.

Four experiments with broilers and one with laying hens were conducted to study the effects of processing and hemicellulase supplementation of guar meal (37.0% protein) on growth, feed efficiency, and egg production. Guar meal at 0, 10, and 15%, either in raw form or autoclaved at 100, 102, or 132 C for 3, 15, or 30 min, was fed alone or in the presence of 0 to 250 ppm hemicellulase. In an experiment utilizing full-term broilers, 10 and 15% autoclaved guar meal was fed in the presence of lincomycin (3.3 ppm) or in combination with lincomycin and hemicellulase (25 ppm). The laying hen experiment was conducted with 36-week-old hens for 8 weeks. They were fed the raw or autoclaved meal (102 C, 15 min) alone and in combination with 30 ppm hemicellulase. The raw guar meal depressed growth and the depression was dose-related. Autoclaving at 102 C for 15 min increased growth and feed efficiency. A higher temperature or a longer time of autoclaving failed to give any further increase in growth or feed efficiency. The lowest (16.5 ppm) hemicellulase was as effective as the highest (250 ppm) in increasing growth and feed efficiency of chicks when added to guar meal diets. Penicillin had no effect on growth or feed efficiency when added to the diet containing autoclaved guar meal in the presence of hemicellulase. Dry heating at 150 C for 6 hr or water treatment of guar meal was not effective in stimulating growth or feed efficiency. Guar meal also increased stickiness of droppings; autoclaving enhanced the effect, whereas hemicellulase prevented the sticky droppings.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1986

A differential response in turkey poults to various antibiotics in diets designed to be deficient or adequate in certain essential nutrients.

Two experiments, each consisting of two trials, were conducted with day-old Nicholas Large White turkey poults to compare the effectiveness of four antibiotics for growth promotion and the utilization of sulfur amino acids. A corn-soybean meal basal diet that contained no supplemental methionine, choline, or inorganic sulfate was used in order to furnish nutritional stress. The diet was calculated to contain 25.4% protein, .448% methionine, .403% cystine, 1014 mg/kg choline, and 2990 kcal metabolizable energy/kg. In Experiment 1, a 2 X 4 factorial arrangement of treatments was used. This included two levels, (0% (control) and .18%), of supplemental DL-methionine and no antibiotic or bacitracin MD, flavomycin, or virginiamycin; antibiotics were fed at 50, 2, and 20 g/ton, respectively. In Experiment 2, lincomycin also was included as a treatment (at 4 g per ton) resulting in a 2 X 5 factorial arrangement of treatments. Only the addition of Virginiamycin to the control diet in Experiment 1 resulted in significantly increased body weights. Supplementation by .18% methionine increased body weights and feed efficiency. In addition, all three antibiotics increased body weights significantly when added to the .18% methionine diets. Feed efficiency values were improved by all four antibiotics at both methionine levels. In Experiment 2, increases in body weights similar to those in Experiment 1 were obtained with the addition of .18% methionine to the basal diets. Addition of lincomycin and virginiamycin improved body weights and feed efficiencies in the presence and absence of supplemental methionine.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

[The effect of various antibiotics on the mixed flora of the maxillary sinus in sinusitis(author's transl)].

The effect of four frequently used antibiotics on the germs of the sinus maxillaris was studied. For this purpose germs of the sinus max. rinsing fluid, got from 127 patients, were cultured under nearly the same physical and chemical conditions which can be expected in the sinus itself. Each antibiotic substance was studied with three different comcentrations in the culture medium. By extrapolation of the linear regression between some characteristical parameters of the culture absorbancy development and the concentration, the inhibitory concentration can be estimated. The efficacy decreases in the following order: Doxycyclin greater than Gentamycin greater than Ampicillin greater than Lincomycin. An inhibitory concentration results, if the antibiotics are instilled in the sinus itself. The general side effects can be neglected but not at all the local ones. Investigations in this direction are still going on. As a preliminary report, 700 instillations of Lincomycin turned out with no incident.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1975

Studies on the control of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in hatching eggs.

Lincomycin-spectinomycin, while effective in eliminating Mycoplasma gallisepticum from hatching eggs when administered via the yolk sac, had a marked deleterious effect on hatch-ability when given by this route. On the other hand when lincomycin-spectinomycin was injected into the air cell there was a reduction in the level of experimental infection with an acceptable effect on hatchability.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Bacteriophage P13234mo-mediated intra- and intergroup transduction of antibiotic resistance among streptococci.

Numerous streptococcal strains representing serogroups A, C, and G were tested for transducibility to antibiotic resistance by the temperate Group A streptococcal phage P13234mo. The resistance markers carried by Group A donor strains included the ERL1 factor determining inducible resistance to erythromycin, lincomycin and streptogramin-B type antibiotics as well as chromosomally located mutations for streptomycin and spectinomycin resistance. ERL1, presumably of plasmid nature, was transduced to each of the 36 Group A strains, 10 of the 16 Group C strains, and 1 of the 10 Group G strains tested. Transduction of streptomycin and spectinomycin resistance occurred at lower frequencies than ERL1 transduction, the percentage of transducible Group A strains was lower for these markers than for ERL1, and intergroup transduction was not observed. The effective in-vitro dissemination of resistance factors such as ERL1 by broad host range phages like P13234mo may have some bearing on the marked increase of the incidence of erythromycin and lincomycin resistant streptococci of several serogroups in clinical specimens.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2003

[Therapeutic effect of some antibiotics on experimental staphylococcal infection and its correlation with in vitro activity of antibiotics in sub-inhibitory concentration against Staphylococcus aureus strains].

The aim of the study was to demonstrate of whether the therapeutic effects of antibiotics depend on their in vitro activity in sub-inhibitory concentrations against staphylococci. Cloxacillin, gentamicin and lincomycin were used in the study. Groups of S. aureus strains, containing 6 strains with similar MIC values each but different sensitivity to sub-inhibitory antibiotic concentrations (sub-MIC) were selected (a total of 36 trains): i. strains increasing their sensitivity to phagocytosis and bactericidal activity of rabbit leukocytes after incubation with an antibiotic in 0.1 MIC concentration, ii. strains with sensitivity to the above factors unaffected by incubation with an antibiotic in 0.5 MIC concentration. The doses of staphylococci causing death of 90-100% of Swiss albino mice 10 days after i.p. infection were determined. The injected doses (LD 90-100) and various doses of antibiotics were used to determine ED50 values as well as the survival rate of the mice with experimental staphylococcal infections after treatment with these antibiotics. It was demonstrated that effective doses (ED 50) of the antiboitics were significantly lower when the antibiotics were administered once to mice infected with strains S. aureus sensitive to sub-MIC concentrations of the investigated antibiotics than for mice infected with strains resistant to their sub-MIC concentrations. Similar correlations were observed in mice which were given the antibiotics several times (for 7 days): the percentage of the surviving mice was higher in the group infected with sub-MIC sensitive strains. The therapeutic effect of cloxacillin, gentamicin and lincomycin demonstrated a significant correlation with the S. aureus strains used to induce the infections and their sensitivity, or lack of sensitivity in vitro, to phagocytosis and bactericdal activity of leukocytes in the presence of antibiotics in sub-MIC concentrations.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Use of 50 S-binding antibiotics to characterize the ribosomal site to which peptidyl-tRNA is bound.

Five antibiotics (puromycin, erythromycin, lincomycin, sparsomycin, and virginiamycin M1) that bind specifically to the 50 S ribosomal subunit near the peptidyl transferase center were used to compare and characterize the positions of bound AcylPhe-tRNA in the puromycin-reactive and -unreactive states. Binding of the antibiotics was quantitatively measured by their perturbation of fluorescence from probes attached to the alpha-amino group of Phe-tRNA. Derivatives of three probes with differing chemical characteristics and environmental sensitivities were used: a coumarin, an aminonaphthalenesulfonate, and a pyrene. The effects of the antibiotics on the fluorescence of labeled AcylPhe-tRNAs in the two states, while generally qualitatively similar, are nonetheless quantitatively distinct, as are the calculated binding constants for the antibiotics. Puromycin, as reported earlier, binds to both the puromycin-reactive and -unreactive states, but its dissociation constant is higher for the latter state. Erythromycin binds tightly to ribosomes bearing labeled AcylPhe-tRNA in either the puromycin-reactive or -unreactive state. Its effect on the fluorescence of the labeled tRNA is very similar in the two states, except with the pyrene probe, where it has a larger effect in the puromycin-reactive state. Lincomycin and sparsomycin bind to both ribosomal states, but both bind more tightly to the puromycin-reactive state, the extent of the difference varying with the identity of the fluorescent probe. Virginiamycin M1 binds to ribosomes with AcylPhe-tRNA in the puromycin-reactive site, but its binding could not be detected to ribosomes with AcylPhe-tRNA in the puromycin-unreactive site.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2004

[Clinical basis of provocative detoxicating etiotropic therapy of chronic toxoplasmosis in pediatric cases].

Clinical and laboratory data on the treatment of 19 children with chronic toxoplasmosis were used for estimation of the efficacy of drug combination, such as spiramycin + lidase and lincomycin + lidase vs. the traditional therapy (co-trimoxazole, metronidazole). The combination designed by us, i.e. spiramycin + lidase, lincomycin + lidase used in consecutive courses proved to be more efficient.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1989

[Antibiotic sensitivity of Staphylococci populating the breast skin of nursing women].

Sensitivity to penicillins, tetracycline, erythromycin and lincomycin was tested in 1513 staphylococcal strains isolated from the skin of various anatomic areas of the breast of nursing mothers. It was shown that 82.9, 78.4 and 33.9 per cent of the isolated cultures were highly sensitive to lincomycin, erythromycin and methicillin respectively. Sensitivity to tetracycline and benzylpenicillin was detected in 33.1 and 19.8 per cent of the cultures respectively. The study of the resistance spectra of 1343 strains resistant to certain antibiotics revealed that 498 cultures (37.1 per cent) were polyresistant. None of the tested antibiotics could be used for selective decontamination of the breast skin with respect to S. aureus in prophylaxis of lactic mastitis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Antibiotics in bone tissues. Methodological and practical aspects.

With regard to determination of antibiotic levels in bone, variance in results may be obtained as a consequence of type of the bones involved, degree of penetration of the drug used and of assay method performed. Measurements of antibacterial activity in bone from patients undergoing orthopaedic surgery were performed after preoperative treatment with doxycycline, lincomycin, clindamycin or cefuroxime. In performing the assay by the agar diffusion method, after extraction of the bone specimens in buffer according to classical systems, the concentrations of doxycyline were in the range of 0.05--0.6 microgram/g, clindamycin 0.4--4.9 microgram/g, lincomycin 1.7--2.9 microgram/g and of cefuroxine about 0.4 microgram/g. After electrophoresis in agarose-gel and followed by microbiological assay higher levels of these drugs were estimated possibly as a consequence of a diminution in the binding capacity of bone.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗