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PubMedDate not supplied

[Le Quercinois, Guillaume Jacob, physician and surgeon at the Montpellier School, artisan of the reform of medical sciences in Spain the the 18th century].

Guillaume Jacob born in Castelnau-Montratier at the dawn of the XVIIIth century, physician of the School of Medicine of Montpellier was attracted by Spain during the reign of Philip V grand-son of Louis XIV. Nominated Professor of Anatomy at the Royal Society of Medicine of Sevilla, later Royal Academy, he worked during seventeen years to improve Spanish medical science: he informed himself in Paris of the discoveries of French scientists, obtained modern surgical instruments, books to enrich the library, laid the foundations of a botanical garden for medical plants and established links between the Royal Society of Sevilla and various European Royal Academies in order to allow exchanges.

France↗
PubMed2003

Developing an "evidence-based medicine and use of the biomedical literature" component as a longitudinal theme of an outcomes-based medical school curriculum: year 1.

This paper describes the new outcomes-based curriculum at the University of Miami School of Medicine, a model curriculum for the first decade of the twenty-first century. The new curriculum has a strong emphasis on evidence-based medicine (EBM), implemented throughout its four years as a component of one of its longitudinal themes. The "EBM and Use of the Biomedical Literature" component, which begins at orientation, was developed and is implemented by the Louis Calder Memorial Library, the center of EBM focus and activity for the curriculum and other initiatives at the University of Miami/Jackson Memorial Medical Center. The authors are unaware of any published reports of library-centric EBM initiatives as part of a longitudinal theme of a four-year outcomes-based curriculum. Other innovations of the EBM component in the new curriculum to date include use of Blackboard and CATmaker software programs for self-paced, interactive educational opportunities.

Curriculum↗
PubMed2000

[The apothicary of the "Maison Royale de Saint-Cyr"].

The "Maison Royale de Saint-Cyr", a royal school for education of poor noble officer's girls, founded by Louis XIV and Mme de Maintenon and working from 1686 to the French Revolution, had an apothicary run by nuns. Its inventory has reached us and its fully and distinct contents well call to mind a 18th century's pharmacy with a large variety of tools for pharmaceutical and chemical preparations, set of furnitures and library. In the garden, a place, carefully cultivated, was reserved to medicinal plants for supply of the apothicary.

Education, Special↗
PubMed1975

Cataloging audiovisual materials: a new dimension.

A new more comprehensive system for cataloging audiovisual materials is described. Existing audiovisual cataloging systems contain mostly descriptive information, publishers' or producers' summaries, and order information. This paper discusses the addition of measurable learning objectives to this standard information, thereby enabling the potential user to determine what can be learned from a particular audiovisual unit. The project included media in nursing only. A committee of faculty and students from the University of Alabama in Birmingham School of Nursing reviewed the materials. The system was field-tested at nursing schools throughout Alabama; the schools offered four different types of programs. The system and its sample product, the AVLOC catalog, were also evaluated by medical librarians, media specialists, and other nursing instructors throughout the United States.

Audiovisual Aids↗
PubMed1993

Jacob Freud's birthday greeting to his son Alexander.

A new record of Jacob Freud's writing, discovered in the Freud Collections of the Library of Congress, confirms that at a late age (77) he was still involved in Hebrew learning and Judaic practice. More significantly, a letter to his youngest son, Alexander, would seem to point strongly to the latter's knowledge and practice of Judaism. This finding, in turn, would appear to complete the picture that all four of his sons, including Sigmund, had substantial Judaic training, both in school and home. It is concluded that Freud's strong, insistent denial of his Jewish education and practice is due to ulterior motives: to distance himself publicly and totally from any possible accusations--in the midst of the anti-Semitic atmosphere in Vienna and elsewhere--that psychoanalysis is Judaic. Only thus could he claim and attempt to convince others that his psychological discoveries and principles were universal and applicable to all humanity.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Abernethy and the golden age of surgical teaching.

A beautifully bound handwritten volume, John Abernethy's Lectures on Surgery in the Cowlishaw Collection at the library of the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons proved the stimulus for a study of the work of Abernethy and two of his contemporaries in 19th century London, namely Charles Bell and James Paget. All excelled in the teaching of anatomy, physiology and pathology, continuing the Hunterian tradition. Abernethy extended Hunter's work on ligation of aneurysms and was a prime mover in the establishment of the Medical School at St Bartholomew's; Bell likewise assisted in the foundation of the Middlesex Hospital Medical School and made important discoveries relating to the nervous system and the circulation; James Paget excelled in the description of surgical pathology as a basis for disease presentation. All three became Fellows of the Royal Society and left a legacy of eponymous structures and important pathological and clinical knowledge.

General Surgery↗
PubMed2001

What did we learn about the impact on community-based faculty? Recommendations for recruitment, retention, and rewards.

All ten schools participating in the Interdisciplinary Generalist Curriculum (IGC) Project were required to offer students significant generalist longitudinal preceptorship experiences during the first two years of medical school. Each school needed to recruit and then retain many new preceptors to meet the continued large demand. Effective recruitment was usually carried out by established community physicians and/or qualified staff coordinators. Retention of preceptors required establishing regular and succinct communications, quick response to problems, and flexible faculty development programs. For rewards, preceptors primarily requested acknowledgment and appreciation, along with tangible rewards such as decreased fees for continuing medical education and library or e-mail access. Preceptors continue to state that they teach because of the "joys of teaching" even in the current environment with increased demands for productivity. This article describes what has been learned about recruitment, retention, and rewards for community preceptors and how to maximize the positive impacts and minimize the negative impacts of teaching for community preceptors.

Communication↗
PubMed2005

Multisystemic Therapy for social, emotional, and behavioral problems in youth aged 10-17.

BACKGROUND: Multisystemic Therapy (MST) is an intensive, home-based intervention for families of youth with social, emotional, and behavioral problems. Masters-level therapists engage family members in identifying and changing individual, family, and environmental factors thought to contribute to problem behavior. Intervention may include efforts to improve communication, parenting skills, peer relations, school performance, and social networks. Most MST trials were conducted by program developers in the USA; results of one independent trial are available and others are in progress. OBJECTIVES: To provide unbiased estimates of the impacts of MST on restrictive out-of-home living placements, crime and delinquency, and other behavioral and psychosocial outcomes for youth and families. SEARCH STRATEGY: Electronic searches were made of bibliographic databases including the Cochrane Library, C2-SPECTR, PsycINFO, Science Direct and Sociological Abstracts) as well as government and professional websites, from 1985 to January 2003. Reference lists of articles were examined, and experts were contacted. SELECTION CRITERIA: Studies where youth (age 10-17) with social, emotional, and/or behavioral problems were randomised to licensed MST programs or other conditions (usual services or alternative treatments). DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two reviewers independently reviewed 266 titles and abstracts; 95 full-text reports were retrieved, and 35 unique studies were identified. Two reviewers independently read all study reports for inclusion. Eight studies were eligible for inclusion. Two reviewers independently assessed study quality and extracted data from these studies.Significant heterogeneity among studies was identified (assessed using Chi-square and I(2)), hence random effects models were used to pool data across studies. Odds ratios were used in analyses of dichotomous outcomes; standardised mean differences were used with continuous outcomes. Adjustments were made for small sample sizes (using Hedges g). Pooled estimates were weighted with inverse variance methods, and 95% confidence intervals were used. MAIN RESULTS: Pooled results show no significant effects of MST on the likelihood or duration of restrictive out-of-home placements, proportion of youth who were arrested or convicted, or numbers of arrests/convictions within one-year post-intervention. There were no significant differences on drug tests or self-reported drug use at a 6-month follow-up. In analyses of post-treatment data for program completers, there were no significant between-group differences on self-reported delinquency, peer relations, youth behavior problems, youth psychiatric symptoms, parent psychiatric symptoms, or family functioning. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: There is little evidence of the superiority of MST over other interventions with youth. There is also no evidence that MST has harmful effects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Multisystemic Therapy for social, emotional, and behavioral problems in youth aged 10-17.

BACKGROUND: Multisystemic Therapy (MST) is an intensive, home-based intervention for families of youth with social, emotional, and behavioral problems. Masters-level therapists engage family members in identifying and changing individual, family, and environmental factors thought to contribute to problem behavior. Intervention may include efforts to improve communication, parenting skills, peer relations, school performance, and social networks. Most MST trials were conducted by program developers in the USA; results of one independent trial are available and others are in progress. OBJECTIVES: To provide unbiased estimates of the impacts of MST on restrictive out-of-home living arrangements, crime and delinquency, and other behavioral and psychosocial outcomes for youth and families. SEARCH STRATEGY: Electronic searches were made of bibliographic databases (including the Cochrane Library, C2-SPECTR, PsycINFO, Science Direct and Sociological Abstracts) as well as government and professional websites, from 1985 to January 2003. Reference lists of articles were examined, and experts were contacted. SELECTION CRITERIA: Studies where youth (age 10-17) with social, emotional, and/or behavioral problems were randomised to licensed MST programs or other conditions (usual services or alternative treatments). DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two reviewers independently reviewed 266 titles and abstracts; 95 full-text reports were retrieved, and 35 unique studies were identified. Two reviewers independently read all study reports for inclusion. Eight studies were eligible for inclusion. Two reviewers independently assessed study quality and extracted data from these studies. Significant heterogeneity among studies was identified (assessed using Chi-square and I(2)), hence random effects models were used to pool data across studies. Odds ratios were used in analyses of dichotomous outcomes; standardised mean differences were used with continuous outcomes. Adjustments were made for small sample sizes (using Hedges g). Pooled estimates were weighted with inverse variance methods, and 95% confidence intervals were used. MAIN RESULTS: The most rigorous (intent-to-treat) analysis found no significant differences between MST and usual services in restrictive out-of-home placements and arrests or convictions. Pooled results that include studies with data of varying quality tend to favor MST, but these relative effects are not significantly different from zero. The study sample size is small and effects are not consistent across studies; hence, it is not clear whether MST has clinically significant advantages over other services. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: There is inconclusive evidence of the effectiveness of MST compared with other interventions with youth. There is no evidence that MST has harmful effects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy children.

BACKGROUND: In children and adults the consequences of influenza are mainly absences from school and work, however the risk of complications is greatest in children and people over 65 years old. OBJECTIVES: To appraise all comparative studies evaluating the effects of influenza vaccines in healthy children; assess vaccine efficacy (prevention of confirmed influenza) and effectiveness (prevention of influenza-like illness) and document adverse events associated with receiving influenza vaccines. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library Issue 1, 2005); OLD MEDLINE (1966 to 1969); MEDLINE (1969 to December 2004); EMBASE (1974 to December 2004); Biological Abstracts (1969 to December 2004); and Science Citation Index (1974 to December 2004). We wrote to vaccine manufacturers and a number of corresponding authors of studies in the review. SELECTION CRITERIA: Any randomised controlled trials (RCTs), cohort and case-control studies of any influenza vaccine in healthy children under 16 years old. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors independently assessed trial quality and extracted data. MAIN RESULTS: Fifty-one studies involving 263,987 children were included. Seventeen papers were translated from Russian. Fourteen RCTs and 11 cohort studies were included in the analysis of vaccine efficacy and effectiveness. From RCTs, live vaccines showed an efficacy of 79% (95% confidence interval (CI) 48% to 92%) and an effectiveness of 33% (95% CI 28% to 38%) in children older than two years compared with placebo or no intervention. Inactivated vaccines had a lower efficacy of 59% (95% CI 41% to 71%) than live vaccines but similar effectiveness: 36% (95% CI 24% to 46%). In children under two, the efficacy of inactivated vaccine was similar to placebo. Thirty-four reports containing safety outcomes were included, 22 including live vaccines, 8 inactivated vaccines and 4 both types. The most commonly presented short-term outcomes were temperature and local reactions. The variability in design of studies and presentation of data was such that meta-analysis of safety outcome data was not feasible. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Influenza vaccines are efficacious in children older than two years but little evidence is available for children under two. There was a marked difference between vaccine efficacy and effectiveness. That no safety comparisons could be carried out emphasizes the need for standardisation of methods and presentation of vaccine safety data in future studies. It was surprising to find only one study of inactivated vaccine in children under two years, given recent recommendations to vaccinate healthy children from six months old in the USA and Canada. If immunisation in children is to be recommended as public-health policy, large-scale studies assessing important outcomes and directly comparing vaccine types are urgently required.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Medical museology the exhibition: The history of Rome medical faculty through images and documents].

The Museum and Library of History of Medicine celebrated the 700th anniversary of the foundation of the University of Rome "La Sapienza" with an exhibition of images and documents recalling the history of the medical faculty. Dissecting tools and surgical instruments testify to the long history of anatomical and surgical studies and to the great worth of the teachers at Rome University. Documents, archival papers, books and pictures document the historical inheritance of the Medical School in Rome.

Exhibitions as Topic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A first evaluation of a pedagogical network for medical students at the University Hospital of Rennes.

A pedagogical network has been developed at University Hospital of Rennes from 1996. The challenge is to give medical information and informatics tools to all medical students in the clinical wards of the University Hospital. At first, nine wards were connected to the medical school server which is linked to the Internet. Client software electronic mail and WWW Netscape on Macintosh computers. Sever software is set up on Unix SUN providing a local homepage with selected pedagogical resources. These documents are stored in a DBMS database ORACLE and queries can be provided by specialty, authors or disease. The students can access a set of interactive teaching programs or electronic textbooks and can explore the Internet through the library information system and search engines. The teachers can send URL and indexation of pedagogical documents and can produce clinical cases: the database updating will be done by the users. This experience of using Web tools generated enthusiasm when we first introduced it to students. The evaluation shows that if the students can use this training early on, they will adapt the resources of the Internet to their own needs.

Computer-Assisted Instruction↗
PubMed2006

Humidified air inhalation for treating croup.

BACKGROUND: Croup (laryngotracheobronchitis) is a common cause of upper airway obstruction in children with a peak incidence of 60 per 1000 child years in those aged between one and two years. It is characterised by hoarseness, a barking cough, and inspiratory stridor. These symptoms are thought to occur as a result of oedema of the larynx and trachea, which have been triggered by a recent viral infection. Para influenza virus type 1 is the agent most commonly identified in cases of croup. Severe cases are admitted to hospital and steroid treatment is established to reduce disease severity. Treatment with humidified air was previously widely used and is still commonly recommended as home treatment. OBJECTIVES: To assess the efficacy of humidified air in the treatment of croup. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library Issue 4, 2005), MEDLINE (1966 to January 2006) and EMBASE (1990 to January 2006). SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) involving children suffering from croup treated with humidified air. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors independently identified potentially relevant abstracts identified from the search and then assessed the full papers for inclusion and methodological quality. Outcome measures included mortality, ventilation, admission to hospital, re-contact with medical services, number of days off school and relief of symptoms; these were separately analysed for the week following treatment. Data extraction was performed by the two authors then entered by one and checked by the second author. Missing data were obtained from trails authors where possible. Data were analysed using Review Manager version 4.2. Sensitivity and sub-group analysis were not possible due to the paucity of trials. MAIN RESULTS: Three studies in emergency settings provided data on 135 patients with moderate croup for the main outcome (croup score). The combined results from 20 to 60 minutes in the three studies marginally favoured the treatment group with a weighted standardised mean difference of -0.14 (95% confidence interval (CI) -0.75 to 0.47). No other outcomes were significantly different between the groups. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: The croup score of children managed in an emergency setting with mild to moderate croup probably does not improve greatly with inhalation of humidified air. Further research is needed in primary care settings, using a wider range of more sensitive outcome measures.

Air↗
PubMed1994

[On the 100th anniversary of the Gynecology-Obstetrical Clinic in Sarajevo].

In the second half of the 19th century the Viennese Gynecology-Obstetrics Clinics with professors Semmelweiss, Schauta, Wertheim created the synecology and obstetrics science in the scientific and professional world. Doz. Dr Otto Weiss was the first chief of the Gynecology and Obstetrics Department of the Regional Hospital (Landesspital) in Sarajevo. Direct and energetic in his manners, he introduced the Viennese clinics protocols in the diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. The well kept diseases histories are undoubtedly, of a high world level of the gynecological doctrine. Even now, in the library, one can find the well bound journals: Monatsschrift fur Geburtskunde, Archiv für Gynekologie (1869), American Journal of Obstetrics (1879). Dr Weiss had died in 1900, 15 chief doctors (primarius) applied for the job. All of them belonged to the clinics in Vienna, a fact speaking in favour of the attractiveness of the Department. In addition to the professional qualities the chief should master one of the Slavic languages. It was necessary, because, simultaneously, the midwives' school was organized to give a proper education, primarily to decrease mothers' mortality in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Later, the Department was headed by Dr Mikucki, Dr Bokonjić and Dr Bazala. The Gynecology Obstetrics Clinic was established in April, 1947, headed by Prof. Szabo. In April, 1960, the Gynecology Department was joined to the Clinic, had 320 beds. Afterwards, the Clinic was headed by Prof. Berić, Prof. Knezević, Prof. Simić and Prof. Idrizbegović. The Clinic with the Obstetrics (Secondary) School became a centre of staff education (various types)--Internship, specialization, postgraduate level, doctorship of the gynecological perinatal service of the Republic.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Bosnia and Herzegovina↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Assessment of the efficacy and effectiveness of influenza vaccines in healthy children: systematic review.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to assess evidence of efficacy and effectiveness of live attenuated and inactivated influenza vaccines in children up to 16 years of age. METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE Biological Abstracts, and Science Citation Index to June, 2004, in any language, and contacted vaccine manufacturers and authors of relevant studies to identify additional data. We included randomised, cohort, and case-control studies comparing efficacy of vaccines against influenza (reduction in laboratory-confirmed cases), effectiveness of vaccines against influenza-like illness (reduction in symptomatic cases), or both, with placebo or no intervention. We analysed the following outcomes: influenza, influenza-like illness, admissions, school absences, complications, and secondary transmission. FINDINGS: We included 14 randomised controlled trials, eight cohort studies, one case-control study, and one randomised controlled trial of intraepidemic use of the vaccines. Live attenuated influenza vaccines had 79% efficacy and 38% effectiveness in children older than 2 years compared with placebo or no immunisation. Inactivated vaccines had lower efficacy (65%) than live attenuated vaccines, and in children aged 2 years or younger they had similar effects to placebo. Effectiveness of inactivated vaccines was about 28% in children older than 2 years. Vaccines were effective in reducing long school absences (relative risk 0.14 [95% CI 0.07-0.27]). Studies assessing the effects of vaccines against secondary cases, lower-respiratory tract disease, acute otitis media, and hospital stay suggested no difference with placebo or standard care, but lacked statistical power. INTERPRETATION: Influenza vaccines (especially two-dose live attenuated vaccines) are efficacious in children older than 2 years. Efficacy and effectiveness of the vaccines differed strikingly. Only two small studies assessed the effects of influenza vaccines on hospital admissions and no studies assessed reductions in mortality, serious complications, and community transmission of influenza. If influenza immunisation in children is to be recommended as public-health policy, large-scale studies assessing such important outcomes and undertaking direct comparisons of vaccines are urgently needed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Incorporating computer-based learning in a medical school environment.

A systematic multifaceted approach is effective in integrating computer-based learning in a medical school environment. The need to educate medical students in computer use, the growing economic constraints facing many medical schools, and the permeation of computer technology in the medical profession encourage collaboration across academic disciplines and services to meet well identified instructional needs through computer-based learning.

Attitude↗
PubMed2006

Outcomes from the women's wellness project: a community-focused physical activity trial for women.

BACKGROUND: Given the low rates of physical activity participation, innovative intervention approaches are needed to make a public health impact. METHODS: The study was conducted at the Miriam Hospital/Brown Medical School in Providence, RI, and in communities of Southeastern Massachusetts from 2002 to 2005. Previously sedentary women (n = 280; mean age = 47.1; 94.6% Caucasian) were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: (1) Choose to Move, a self-help printed booklet (n = 93), (2) Jumpstart, a motivationally tailored, print based intervention (n = 95); or (3) Wellness, women's health materials (n = 92). Face-to-face contact at months 3 (M3) and 12 (M12) occurred within participants' communities in local libraries. RESULTS: At M3, participants in the Jumpstart condition reported significantly more minutes of physical activity per week (M = 140.4, SE = 14.82) than participants in the Wellness condition (M = 98.1, SE = 15.09), (t(275) = 2.00, p < 0.05). The Jumpstart arm showed a trend towards significance (t(275) = 1.93, p = 0.054) when compared with the CTM arm (M = 99.5, SE = 15.11); there was no significant difference between the CTM and Wellness arms (t(275) = 0.07, p = NS). At M12, there were no significant differences (F(2,275) = 0.147, p = NS) between any of the treatment arms. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that print-based programs for physical activity may be efficacious short-term, but more research is needed to find approaches that are effective long-term. It is possible to deliver print-based programs through existing community infrastructures, however these approaches need further evaluation to examine maintenance effects apart from the demand characteristics of a research study.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Specialist epilepsy nurses for treating epilepsy.

BACKGROUND: Epilepsy is the most common serious neurological condition after stroke, with a 0.5 per cent prevalence, and a two to three per cent life time risk of being given a diagnosis of epilepsy in the developed world. As a result of the perceived deficiencies and suggestions to improve the quality of care offered to people with epilepsy, two models of service provision have been suggested by researchers: specialist epilepsy out-patient clinics (as opposed to the management of patients in general neurology clinics or general medical clinics) and nurse-based liaison services between primary (GP) and secondary/tertiary (hospital based) care. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this review is to overview the evidence from controlled trials investigating the effectiveness of specialist epilepsy nurses compared to routine care. SEARCH STRATEGY: The following databases were searched: The Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (The Cochrane Library, Issue 4, 1999), MEDLINE, GEARS, BIDS (EMBASE=Excepta Medica), ECRI, Effectiveness Healthcare Bulletin, Effectiveness Matters, Bandolier, Evidence Based Purchasing, National Research Register, Vignettes and expert panels from Standing Group on Health Technology Assessment, PsycLit database, World Wide Web sites and reference lists of articles. SELECTION CRITERIA: All randomized controlled and quasi-randomized trials which considered specialist epilepsy nurse interventions with standard or alternative care were included in this review. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two reviewers independently selected trials for inclusion and extracted the relevant data. The following outcomes were assessed: (a) seizure frequency (b) appropriateness of medication prescribed (c) social or psychological functioning scores (d) knowledge about epilepsy scores (e) objective measures of general health status/quality of life (f) patients' reports of information received (g) number of days spent on sick leave/missing school and employment status (h) costs of care (i) adverse effects. MAIN RESULTS: Three trials were included, two based in general practice and one in a neurology centre. The population of patients differed between trials, for example one study excluded patients with learning disabilities, and one only recruited patients with a new diagnosis. In view of this heterogeneity we decided not to pool results in a meta-analysis. As yet, there is no convincing evidence that specialist epilepsy nurses improve outcomes for people with epilepsy overall. Important outcomes (e.g. seizure frequency, psychosocial functioning, knowledge of epilepsy, general health status, work days lost, depression and anxiety scores) show no significant improvement. There is some evidence that those patients who have not had an epileptic seizure in the last six months are less at risk for depression. There is also evidence that newly diagnosed patients whose knowledge about epilepsy is poor may improve their epilepsy knowledge scores after nurse intervention. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: It is clearly plausible that specialist epilepsy nurses could improve quality in epilepsy care. However, there is as yet little evidence to support this assumption as the present research base is small. Further research is needed to investigate the effectiveness of specialist epilepsy nurses before such recommendations can be made.

Epilepsy↗