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At least 919 records · Page 51Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Comparative analysis of Phytophthora infestans induced gene expression in potato cultivars with different levels of resistance.

Differential gene expression was analyzed after infection with Phytophthora infestans in six potato cultivars with different levels of resistance to late blight. To verify the infection of the potato leaflets, the amount of phytopathogen mRNA within the plant material was quantified by real-time quantitative PCR. The expression of 182 genes selected from two subtracted cDNA libraries was studied with cDNA array hybridization using RNA from non-infected and infected potato leaflets. Gene up- and down-regulation were clearly detectable in all cultivars 72 h post inoculation. Gene expression patterns in susceptible cultivars differed from those in potato varieties with a higher level of resistance. In general, a stronger gene induction was observed in the susceptible cultivars compared to the moderately to highly resistant potato varieties. Five genes with the highest homology to stress and/or defence-related genes were induced specifically in the susceptible cultivars. Four genes responded to pathogen attack independently of the level of resistance of the cultivar used, and three genes were repressed in infected tissue of most cultivars. Even in the absence of P. infestans infection, six genes showed higher expression levels in the somewhat resistant cultivars Bettina and Matilda. Possible reasons for the different levels of gene expression are discussed.

Down-Regulation↗
PubMed2004

Expression profiling in Medicago truncatula identifies more than 750 genes differentially expressed during nodulation, including many potential regulators of the symbiotic program.

In this study, we describe a large-scale expression-profiling approach to identify genes differentially regulated during the symbiotic interaction between the model legume Medicago truncatula and the nitrogen-fixing bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti. Macro- and microarrays containing about 6,000 probes were generated on the basis of three cDNA libraries dedicated to the study of root symbiotic interactions. The experiments performed on wild-type and symbiotic mutant material led us to identify a set of 756 genes either up- or down-regulated at different stages of the nodulation process. Among these, 41 known nodulation marker genes were up-regulated as expected, suggesting that we have identified hundreds of new nodulation marker genes. We discuss the possible involvement of this wide range of genes in various aspects of the symbiotic interaction, such as bacterial infection, nodule formation and functioning, and defense responses. Importantly, we found at least 13 genes that are good candidates to play a role in the regulation of the symbiotic program. This represents substantial progress toward a better understanding of this complex developmental program.

Biological Transport↗
PubMed1996

A 3 1/2 year old girl with distal trisomy 19q defined by FISH.

A 3 1/2 year old girl was evaluated because of developmental delay. Short stature was evident with height between the 3rd and 10th centiles, while weight and head circumference were on the 50th centile. Dysmorphic features consisted of a high bossed forehead, pointed short ear lobes, small nose, bilateral convergent strabismus, left simian crease, a gap between the first and second toes bilaterally, mild clinodactyly, and a broad, barrel shaped thorax. Cytogenetic investigations showed an unbalanced karyotype, 46,XX,10q+, which was de novo in origin. Fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) using three library probes (from chromosomes 10, 19, and 19q) and a YAC probe (from 10q telomere) showed that the additional material on 10q was derived from chromosome 19q. The patient had an unbalanced translocation, 46,XX,-10,+der(10)t(10;19)(q26.3; q13.3), which resulted in distal trisomy 19q. Few other cases of proven distal trisomy 19q are available for comparison of clinical features.

Child↗
PubMed2000

Isolation and purification of functional total RNA from woody branches and needles of Sitka and white spruce.

The isolation of intact, functional RNA from conifer spp. is not easy, especially from those tissues that are heavily lignified and characterized by a low number of living cells. An efficient procedure for isolating RNA from combined wood and bark tissues of conifers was developed based on a protocol optimized for the extraction of RNA from pollen and one for the isolation of RNA from woody stems. This protocol does not involve the use of phenol, and no ultracentrifugation was required. In addition, the protocol overcame the problems of RNA degradation and low yield due to oxidation by polyphenolics and co-precipitation with polysaccharides, both of which are abundant components in conifer bark tissues. The isolated RNA was of high quality and undegraded as gauged by spectrophotometric readings and electrophoresis in denaturing agarose gels. Quality was further assessed through the subsequent use of the RNA in reverse transcription and RT-PCR, indicating that it could be used for a number of downstream purposes including Northern blot hybridization and cDNA library construction. Using this modified protocol, 80-150 micrograms of RNA was routinely obtained from 1 g of fresh material. This protocol was also used for the isolation of RNA from needles of spruce spp., from which 750-950 micrograms RNA per gram of starting material could routinely be obtained.

Base Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Micrographics, reprography, and graphic communications in 1981.

In 1981, as in 1980, there was continued discussion of the potential of videodiscs in document storage and retrieval, but little in the way of practical results apart from visual (as opposed to textual) materials. The micrographics industry, on the other hand, introduced new products designed to facilitate the use of microforms, while library and other professional literature reported the advantages of microforms in various types of information storage and retrieval applications. Copier product developments were largely dominated by the announcement of various low-cost plain-paper units from Japan. The Japanese likewise played an important role in the development of facsimile technology, which enjoyed considerably increased acceptance during 1981.

Copying Processes↗
PubMed1997

Attitudes of nursing students towards the seminar method of teaching.

After experiencing problems associated with student-centred teaching methods, the researcher resolved to undertake a study on the attitudes of the student nurses towards the seminar method of teaching. A survey was undertaken among twenty five third and fourth year student nurses. The instrument for collecting data was a questionnaire. From the study it is clear that: negative attitudes exist towards the seminar method of teaching in spite of students' awareness of its contribution to self-directed learning. The majority of student nurses of the basic nursing programme are adolescents who resent any time consuming academic commitment which interferes with their private life. Lack of correlation between teaching methods used at high school and those used at the nursing college leads to poor adjustment to seminar method as a student-centred, independent learning method. Library facilities are inadequate which makes it more difficult and more time consuming for student nurses to find suitable material for preparation of quality presentations.

Attitude↗
PubMed1998

Sequence and specificity analysis of recombinant human Fab anti-Rh D isolated by phage display.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Hyperimmune anti-Rh D serum is worldwide in short supply. As a first step to develop an alternative source of Rh D antibodies, we describe in this study the isolation and characterization of recombinant anti-Rh D Fab fragments. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells harvested from a hyperimmunized donor were used to construct two combinatorial Fab libraries. Phages expressing these Fab fragments were selected on whole red blood cells followed by testing of positive clones in an indirect hemagglutination assay. RESULTS: Individual Fab clones are of high affinity and competitively inhibit the binding of a registered anti-D immunoglobulin. The Fab clones are also specific against the partial D phenotypes, Rh33, DIII, DIVa, DIVb, DVa, and DVII. The 13 different but highly homologous clones express preferentially VH3 segments. CONCLUSION: These Fab fragments show potential for the development of a new generation of therapeutic anti-Rh D reagents.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2002

Development of novel tumor imaging agents with phage-display combinatorial peptide libraries.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: Current radiologic methods do not provide sufficient information for unambiguous diagnosis and prognosis of cancer. The present investigation sought to address this deficiency by developing a system for designing novel small molecules targeted against tumor-specific molecules for use as radionuclide imaging agents. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Part of a tumor-specific receptor, purified recombinant epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), variant III, extracellular domain (rEGFRvIII-ecd), was used as the target in the selection of EGFRvIII-specific peptide ligands from random peptide bacteriophage (phage) display libraries. After three rounds of screening, phage isolates were tested for binding affinity with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Positive phage were sequenced, and the peptides were synthesized and tested for binding affinity with a surface plasmon resonance assay. RESULTS: Affinity screening identified 49 peptide-expressing phage that showed enhanced binding to the variant receptor compared with wild-type EGFR. Free peptides from the two phage isolates exhibiting the most favorable binding were tested for target binding. One of these demonstrated a binding affinity for rEGFRvIII-ecd in the 30-nmol/L range. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that phage display libraries may be very useful in the design of novel, high-affinity tumor imaging agents.

Affinity Labels↗
PubMed2004

Efficacy of educational interventions targeting primary care providers' practice behaviors: an overview of published systematic reviews.

OBJECTIVES: Primary care providers (e.g., family physicians, pediatricians, registered nurses, physician assistants, and nurse practitioners) could play a pivotal role in the provision of preventive services, especially for very young children (younger than 3 years old) and population groups with limited access to dental care. Given the current problems with access to dental care among low-income Americans, we contend there is a need to involve nondental primary health care providers in screening for and preventing oral health problems. The objective of this overview is to present findings from systematic reviews on the efficacy of continuing medical education, printed educational material, academic outreach, reminders, and local opinion leaders on the adoption of new knowledge and practices by primary care providers. METHODS: A search was conducted using the Cochrane Library and MEDLINE. The search aimed to locate systematic reviews published between January 1988 and March 2003. Two researchers independently extracted data and assessed study quality using a modified version of the QUOROM statement. RESULTS: Eleven systematic reviews were included in this overview. The evidence from the included systematic reviews showed that formal continuing medical education (CME) and distributing educational materials did not effectively change primary care providers' behaviors. There are effective interventions available to increase knowledge and change behaviors of primary care providers, such as small group discussion, interactive workshops, educational outreach visits, and reminders. CONCLUSION: There is a limited knowledge base on the efficacy of the selected interventions on oral health screening by primary care providers. Considering the potential role of primary care providers in improving oral health of underserved populations, this research area should receive more attention.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2002

Interventions for replacing missing teeth: different types of dental implants.

BACKGROUND: Dental implants are available in different materials, shapes and with different surface characteristics. In particular, numerous implant surface modifications have been developed for enhancing clinical performances. OBJECTIVES: To test the null hypothesis of no difference in clinical performance between various root-formed osseointegrated implant types. SEARCH STRATEGY: The Cochrane Oral Health Group Specialised Trials Register, The Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched. Hand searching included several dental journals. Bibliographies of relevant clinical trials and review articles were checked for studies outside the handsearched journals. In addition, authors of all identified trials and fifty-five oral implant manufacturers were contacted to find unpublished or ongoing RCTs. Two extensive personal libraries (ME and AJ) were consulted. The last electronic search was conducted 8th May 2002. SELECTION CRITERIA: All randomised controlled trials of oral implants comparing implants with different materials, shapes and surface properties having a follow-up of at least one year. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Data were independently extracted, in duplicate, by two reviewers (ME & HW). Authors were contacted for details of randomisation and withdrawals and a quality assessment was carried out. The Cochrane Oral Health Group's statistical guidelines were followed. MAIN RESULTS: Thirty publications, representing 13 different RCTs, were identified. Five of these RCTs (seven publications), which reported results from a total of 326 patients, were suitable for inclusion in the review. Six implant systems were compared: Astra, Branemark, IMZ, ITI, Steri-Oss and Southern with a follow-up ranging from one to three years. All implants were made in commercially pure titanium and had different shapes and surface preparations. On a patient rather than per implant basis there were no statistically significant differences for failures and marginal bone level changes on intra-oral radiographs between various implant systems. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: There was no evidence that any of the implant systems evaluated was superior to the other. However, these findings are based on a few RCTs all having short follow-up periods and few participants. More RCTs should be conducted, with follow-up of at least five years and including a sufficient number of patients, to detect a true difference if any exists. Such trials should be reported according to the CONSORT guidelines (http://www.consort-statement.org/).

Dental Implantation, Endosseous↗
PubMed1998

[A new approach to the analysis of complex chromosomal rearrangements in cell hybrids].

The chromosomal complements of somatic cell pig-mink hybrids was determined by a new approach. This approach includes microdissection of metaphase chromosomes, generation of chromosome and region-specific DNA libraries, and fluorescence in situ hybridization of these libraries with pig lymphocyte chromosomes. The studied hybrid cells were shown to contain two small acrocentric chromosomes and a microchromosome of porcine origin. Identification of these chromosomes by differential GTG-staining was impossible. Chromosome isolation by a micromanipulation technique followed by DNA amplification in TOPO-DOP polymerase chain reaction provided chromosome-specific DNA libraries of the rearranged chromosomes. Based on these libraries, the labeled DNA probes were prepared and hybridized to pig chromosomes. This allowed us to determine the origin of the material contributing to the hybrid cell chromosomes. One of these chromosomes contained five pig chromosomal regions: 15cen-q2; 6q21-q23; 13q21; 13q22; 7q25-qter, while the other contained the following pig chromosomal regions: 4p12-p13; 16q12-q14; 12pter-p15. The microchromosome contained the Xp11-Xq11 region. The minimal size of the revealed chromosomal regions was about 3 to 4 x 10(6) bp. Segregation analysis of the thymidine kinase gene 1 (TK1), which was earlier localized to the pig 12p region, and the hybrid cell pig chromosomes in the hybrid subclones suggested that TK1 gene can be assigned to 12p15-pter. The results obtained demonstrate the efficiency of the applied approach in its detailed and reliable description of complex chromosomal rearrangements in hybrid clones, when differential chromosome staining failed to identify these chromosomes.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

A description of the catalog division project at the College of Physicians of Philadelphia Library.

This paper describes the procedures used at the Library of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia to divide its ninety-year-old dictionary card catalog. The division was necessitated by overcrowding, obsolete subject headings, and lack of a complete authority list which resulted in like materials being scattered throughout the catalog under several headings. Two catalogs were created: the historical-biographical catalog, representing all works published before 1950 and all works of historical or biographical nature; and the current catalog, containing all works published from 1950 on, excepting historical or biographical materials. The 1950- catalog was further divided into name and subject catalogs, and the subject section was revised according to MeSH. The project was completed in about two years. As a result, searching time has been much reduced, and the library is able to take advantage of the annual revisions of MeSH to update the subject catalog.

Cataloging↗
PubMed1967

Analysis of recorded biomedical book and journal use in the Yale Medical Library. II. Subject and user relations.

Cancelled charge slips collected over a one-year period supply the data for this analysis of circulation in the Yale Medical Library. Full-time teaching faculty are the heaviest users of journal literature, and students, of monograph literature. Faculties of Medical School departments are compared in terms of their use of material in individual subjects. Subject literatures are analyzed in terms of groups of users borrowing from them. The extent to which journal titles used by medical students are also used by Medical School faculty is examined. One of the products of the study is a rank list of journal titles used in the Library. Results are presented in several tables.

Books↗
PubMed1994

Chromosome specific c-DNA libraries: reduction of unspecific priming events by purification of heteronuclear RNA.

Chromosome specific c-DNA libraries greatly facilitate the isolation of disease associated genes which have been previously linked to particular chromosomes. Recently, several methods have been developed and employed for the isolation of transcribed sequences from specific human chromosomes and chromosome regions. Heteronuclear (hn) RNA from somatic human/rodent cell hybrids has been used as starting material to selectively prime the synthesis of human specific c-DNAs. A drawback of this method is the high number of rodent clones found in these chromosome specific c-DNA libraries. Here, we provide direct evidence that unspecific priming events account for the majority of these rodent clones. Using an Alu consensus primer hn-RNA human specific c-DNA libraries have been established and the specificity of Alu-priming has been evaluated. Using a variety of purification schemes for isolating hn-RNA we have significantly reduced the percentage of unspecific priming events. We also included a comparison of the hn-RNA yield from different somatic hybrids prior and after purification.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Exploring molecular diversity with combinatorial shape libraries.

Surface technologies based upon selection of ligands from combinatorial libraries herald a revolution in molecular research and drug discovery. Molecular diversity is generated by random combinations of monomeric building blocks to form polymeric conformers that constitute 'shape libraries'. The media for exploring surfaces of target molecules include synthetic or biological polymers consisting of natural or modified amino acids, nucleotides, carbohydrates and other organic materials. Targets can be any biological surface, including enzymes, antibodies, receptors and other regulatory molecules. The power of combinatorial selection is in finding conceptual leads for designing high-affinity ligands and effector molecules for the analysis and manipulation of biochemical interactions.

Antibodies↗