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Spatial updating in area LIP is independent of saccade direction.

We explore the world around us by making rapid eye movements to objects of interest. Remarkably, these eye movements go unnoticed, and we perceive the world as stable. Spatial updating is one of the neural mechanisms that contributes to this perception of spatial constancy. Previous studies in macaque lateral intraparietal cortex (area LIP) have shown that individual neurons update, or "remap," the locations of salient visual stimuli at the time of an eye movement. The existence of remapping implies that neurons have access to visual information from regions far beyond the classically defined receptive field. We hypothesized that neurons have access to information located anywhere in the visual field. We tested this by recording the activity of LIP neurons while systematically varying the direction in which a stimulus location must be updated. Our primary finding is that individual neurons remap stimulus traces in multiple directions, indicating that LIP neurons have access to information throughout the visual field. At the population level, stimulus traces are updated in conjunction with all saccade directions, even when we consider direction as a function of receptive field location. These results show that spatial updating in LIP is effectively independent of saccade direction. Our findings support the hypothesis that the activity of LIP neurons contributes to the maintenance of spatial constancy throughout the visual field.

Action Potentials↗

Eye-centered, head-centered, and intermediate coding of remembered sound locations in area LIP.

1. The lateral intraparietal area (LIP) of the posterior parietal cortex lies within the dorsal cortical stream for spatial vision and processes visual information to plan saccadic eye movements. We investigated how LIP neurons respond when a monkey makes saccades to the remembered location of sound sources in the absence of visual stimulation. 2. Forty-three (36%) of the 118 neurons sampled showed significant auditory triggered activity during the memory period. This figure is similar to the proportion of cells showing visually triggered memory activity. 3. Of the cells showing auditory memory activity, 44% discharged in an eye-centered manner, similar to the way in which LIP cells discharge for visually initiated saccades. Another 33% responded in head-centered coordinates, and the remaining 23% had responses intermediate between the two reference frames. 4. For a substantial number of cells in all three categories, the magnitude of the response was modulated by eye position. Similar orbital "gain fields" had been shown previously for visual saccades. 5. We propose that area LIP is either at the origin of, or participates in, the transformation of auditory signals for oculomotor purposes, and that orbital gains on the discharge are part of this process. 6. Finally, we suggest that, by the level of area LIP, cells are concerned with the abstract quality of where a stimulus is in space, independent of the exact nature of the stimulus.

Acoustic Stimulation↗

The sub-lip domain--a distinct pathway for myotome precursors that demonstrate rostral-caudal migration.

We have previously reported that the myotome is formed by a first wave of pioneer cells generated from all along the dorsomedial portion of the epithelial somite and a second wave of cells issued from all four edges of the dermomyotome. Cells from the extreme rostral and caudal edges directly generate myofibers that elongate towards the opposite pole of each segment and along the pre-existing myotomal scaffold. In contrast, cells from the dorsomedial and ventrolateral lips first reach the extreme edges and then contribute to myofiber formation. The mechanism by which these epithelial cells translocate remained unknown and was the goal of the present study. We have found that epithelial cells along the dorsomedial and ventrolateral lips of the dermomyotome first delaminate into the immediate underlayer of the corresponding lips, the sub-lip domain, then migrate longitudinally along this pathway until reaching the extreme edges from which they differentiate into myofibers. Cells of the sub-lip domain are negative for Pax3 and desmin but express MyoD, Myf5 and FREK, suggesting that they are specific myogenic progenitors.

Animals↗

Development of the deep cerebellar nuclei: transcription factors and cell migration from the rhombic lip.

The deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN) are the main output centers of the cerebellum, but little is known about their development. Using transcription factors as cell type-specific markers, we found that DCN neurons in mice are produced in the rhombic lip and migrate rostrally in a subpial stream to the nuclear transitory zone (NTZ). The rhombic lip-derived cells express transcription factors Pax6, Tbr2, and Tbr1 sequentially as they enter the NTZ. A subset of rhombic lip-derived cells also express reelin, a key regulator of Purkinje cell migrations. In organotypic slice cultures, the rhombic lip was necessary and sufficient to produce cells that migrate in the subpial stream, enter the NTZ, and express Pax6, Tbr2, Tbr1, and reelin. In later stages of development, the subpial stream is replaced by the external granular layer, and the NTZ organizes into distinct DCN nuclei. Tbr1 expression persists to adulthood in a subset of medial DCN projection neurons. In reeler mutant mice, which have a severe cerebellar malformation, rhombic lip-derived cells migrated to the NTZ, despite reelin deficiency. Studies in Tbr1 mutant mice suggested that Tbr1 plays a role in DCN morphogenesis but is not required for reelin expression, glutamatergic differentiation, or the initial formation of efferent axon pathways. Our findings reveal underlying similarities in the transcriptional programs for glutamatergic neuron production in the DCN and the cerebral cortex, and they support a model of cerebellar neurogenesis in which glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons are produced from separate progenitor compartments.

Animals↗

Analysis of 5' Upstream Regulatory Sequences of Lignin Peroxidase(LIP) Genes of Phanerochaete chrysosporium.

Phanerochaete chrysosporium yields exocellular isozymes of lignin peroxidases and Mn peroxidases which are able to degrade lignin. In order to investigate the regulatory mechanism of LIP genes at transcriptional level, 6 DNA fragments subcloned from 5' upstream sequences of LIP genes (GLG3 and GLG6) were obtained, then gel mobility shift assay was carried out to screen DNA fragment(s) with ability to be bound specifically by proteins isolated from P.chrysosporium mycelia. The results showed that a 670 bp DNA fragment localized upstream of a LIP gene GLG6 was capable of being bound specifically by protein component, and analysis of its nucleotide sequence indicated that the DNA fragment contains the putative sequence characteristic of protein binding site. This result suggests that protein(s) in this fungus interact with the putative cis-element(s) in the 5' upstream sequence of LIP genes, regulating the expression of LIP genes.

Journal Article↗

[Study of DDS to the lymph node-metastases of the gastric cancer by the endoscopic injection of Lip-ADM].

We studied the drug delivery and anti-tumor effect of the endoscopic injection of liposomal adriamycin (Lip-ADM) in the submucosa of stomach by rabbit model. Concerning the drug delivery to regional lymphnode, the lymphnode ADM concentration of Lip-ADM injection group was higher than that of free ADM group (p less than 0.05). We also studied the lymphnodes pathohistologically. The lymphnodes of the rabbits injected with Lip-ADM indicated massive necrosis, whereas those of the rabbits injected with free ADM indicated residual tumor. Among clinical cases, patients injected Lip-ADM had paraaortic lymphnodes in which the adriamycin remained 10 days. The endoscopic injection of Lip-ADM into the submucosa of the stomach appeared to be an effective drug delivery system.

Animals↗

The biosynthesis of lipoic acid. Cloning of lip, a lipoate biosynthetic locus of Escherichia coli.

The lip gene of Escherichia coli has been cloned and sequenced. Subcloning of a 3-kilobase EcoRI/EcoRV restriction fragment from Clark-Carbon plasmid pLC15-5 into pUC18 gives a plasmid that complements two lipoate auxotrophs, W1485-lip2 and JRG33-lip9, and which expresses a protein of approximately 36,000 Da. Sequencing suggests that lip codes for a protein of 281 amino acids (31,350 Da), showing sequence similarity to biotin synthase. It is thus likely that lip encodes a sulfur insertion enzyme analogous to biotin synthase and that the sulfur insertion chemistries of the two systems are related. Unidirectional nested deletion experiments show that both lipoate auxotrophs are complemented by the same 500-base pair region at the 3' terminus of the lip gene, indicating that the mutations affecting lipoate biosynthesis are located in this region of the protein. A small open reading frame located immediately downstream of the lip gene codes for a small protein of unknown function.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

[Two hepatocellular carcinoma patients with biloma after transarterial embolization with lipiodol (Lip-TAE) leading to occlusion of portal vein].

We presented two patients with post-Lip-TAE biloma resulting in portal occlusion, and reviewed 20 previous studies including our cases to investigate their clinical characteristics. Case 1. A 31-year-old woman suffered from an HCC located at the S8 segment, and had a superselective embolization of feeding arteries using 3 ml of Lip, 300 mg of CBDCA, and 40 mg of Epi-Adriamycin (Epi-ADM). Eleven weeks later, CT showed multiple cystic lesions, and the percutaneous transhepatic drainages of the lesions were established. At 21 weeks after Lip-TAE, we found occlusion of the right branch of portal vein on CT, but she recovered from this condition, and was discharged 1 year later. Case 2. A 62-year-old man was diagnosed as HCC located at S7-6 segments, and was infused with 3 ml of Lip, 150 mg of CBDCA, and 30 mg of Epi-ADM through a right hepatic artery. Ten weeks later, CT showed a cystic lesion in the S7-8 segments, occlusion of the right anterior segmental branch of the portal vein, and the same drainage was also established. Unfortunately, he died of liver failure 18 weeks later. In the literature, biloma after Lip-TAE occurred at 71.2 mean days, ranging from 7 to 180 days, a with remarkable increase in biliary tree-associated enzymes. Seven (35%) of 20 patients died of liver failure or sepsis during 3 weeks and 1 year, and 3 (60%) of 5 patients accompanied by occlusion of a certain portal branch frequently died. We consider that these patients need intensive care and should be under long follow-up.

Adult↗

Reconstruction of lip defects with the Karapandzic technique.

OBJECTIVE: To study the use and effects of Karapandzic technique of lip reconstruction by long-term assessment. DESIGN: A descriptive study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: CMH Rawalpindi from January 1994 to January 2002. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Thirty seven consecutive patients who underwent Karapandzic technique of lip reconstruction with a minimum follow-up period of two years have been included. The variables assessed were hemorrhage, wound infection, flap necrosis, microstomia, reconstruction time, hospital stay and dynamic lip functions. Results drawn were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 37 patients were included in the study. Thirteen (35%) patients were outdoor cases while 24 (65%) were in-patients. Average time of reconstruction was 40 minutes, which was done under general anesthesia in 21(57%) patients and under local anesthesia in 16 (43%) cases. Mean hospital stay of the indoor cases was 26 hours. There was no flap loss except for marginal necrosis in 04 (11%) patients. Wound infection and wound dehiscence was observed in 03 (08%) patients. Sensations were completely intact in 29 (78%) patients and aesthetically 28 (76%) patients gave normal look at the end of two years (2Y). Twenty-seven (74%) patients had no change in speech and only one (3%) patient had unsatisfactory speech after 2 years. Varying degree of microstomia was observed in all the cases at immediate postoperative stage of one month but 35 (95%) patients showed gradual improvement with active mouth opening and stretching by prosthetic splints over 2 years. CONCLUSION: The Karapandzic technique of lip reconstruction is strongly recommended over the other techniques as it is a single stage, quick and safe procedure which gives cosmetically and functionally excellent results. Microstomia, occurring in early postoperative stage, shows gradual improvement on long-term follow-up.

Adult↗

Total upper lip reconstruction with a free temporal scalp flap: long-term follow-up.

BACKGROUND: In men, reconstruction of large full-thickness defects of the upper lip requires both an inner layer to replace the mucosal lining and an outer hair-bearing layer. METHODS: When locating the superficial temporal vessels, the design of the temporal flap is marked following the hairline needed. After meticulously dissecting the flap, it is inset and microanastomosed with the facial blood vessels. The internal mucosal layer of the flap is grafted on. During the follow-up period, the sensory recovery and motor functions are examined and recorded. RESULTS: The postoperative courses were uneventful, and patients were satisfied with the results. One patient has a long follow-up period of 18 years. CONCLUSIONS: The free temporal scalp hair-bearing flap offers a reasonable alternative to conventional techniques in the reconstruction of large defects of the male upper lip or even a total upper lip. It is a single-staged, relatively simple method of providing hair-bearing skin to the upper lip.

Adult↗

Reconstruction of the lower lip.

Carcinoma of the lip arises in the strip of exposed mucosa between the mucocutaneous junction and the point of contact of the lips. Removal of the entire area at risk usually prevents recurrence or the development of a second primary tumor. A classification of lower lip involvement is presented, the various modes of treatment are reviewed, and surgical techniques for providing a pouting lower lip vermilion are described.

Adult↗

Aesthetics and function in lip reconstruction.

Reconstruction of the lip following excision of malignant tumors is a frequent task of the plastic surgeon. Adequate oncological treatment must be followed by a satisfactory aesthetic and functional result. A simple and successful technique of lip reconstruction is revisited. It consists in using the remaining lip, which is released by way of a horizontal mucomyocutaneous flap(s) and stretched to fill the gap. Twenty-six consecutive cases of T2-T3 squamous cell carcinoma of the lip were treated using this technique, with excellent aesthetic and functional results.

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell↗

Reconstruction of the lower lip.

A modification of the classic Gillies fan flap as used in reconstructing full thickness defects of the lower lip is described. The method is suitable for defects involving part of the width of the lip up to defects of the entire lip. It can also be used in association with a "lip-shave" when there is pre-malignant change in the vermilion generally in addition to the focus of frank squamous carcinoma.

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell↗

A comparison of Millard's and LeMesurier's methods of repair of the complete unilateral cleft lip using a new symmetry index.

Millard's and LeMesurier's methods of cleft lip repair were compared by assessing the symmetry of six components of the repaired lip and nose of 100 children who were treated by the two methods. It was found that Millard's technique restores nostril height and the cupid's bow more effectively. LeMesurier's method, on the other hand, produces a better vermilion and philtral edge. These observations support the current view that no single method exists that is superior to any other. Rather, each has its advantages and disadvantages and, hence, may suit a particular type of defect. The Cleft Lip Component Symmetry Index (CLCSI) used in this study seems to be suitable for objective assessment of results of cleft lip repair.

Cephalometry↗

Free dermis-fat graft to correct the whistle deformity in patients with cleft lip.

Vermilion notching or 'whistle deformity' is a common secondary deformity of the vermilion in patients with cleft lip. The free border of the lip is a composite structure consisting of the orbicularis oris and the overlying tissues, namely subcutaneous fat, vermilion and mucosa. A deficiency of all or one of these structures is responsible for the vermilion notch. An absolute shortage of the muscle or subcutaneous tissue necessitates the use of tissue from another source to correct the deformity. Dermis fat grafts have been used to augment the free border of the lip and correct this deformity. The technique is simple and reliable. The tissue is available in plenty, easy to harvest and could be repeated if necessary, i.e. in case of resorption. From June 1996 until January 2000 the technique was used in 10 patients. Of these 10, one was a bilateral cleft and nine were unilateral cleft lip deformities. A degree of graft resorption was seen in one patient, one had a partial graft loss due to ulceration and exposure. The first patient had a further augmentation.

Adipose Tissue↗

Production of a range image for facial motion analysis: a method for analyzing lip motion.

To analyze the lip movement of patients with cleft lip and palate in detail, we developed a novel technique to produce a range image from a video-based motion capture system, and a unique technique to analyze lip movements in detail three-dimensionally. The accuracy of the range image obtained from the present system was investigated using a positioning actuator with a high accuracy and a known object, and by comparisons with the range images produced from a laser scanner with a cast model of a face. The lip motions of six healthy adults during phonation was analyzed.

Adult↗

Lip reconstruction.

The lip presents a unique challenge to the facial plastic surgeon because of its prominent location, elegant form, and important functions. The anatomy and pathology relevant to the lip are considered herein, along with general concepts to guide lip surgery. The more common approaches to reconstructing lip defects are outlined, illustrated, and discussed.

Facial Muscles↗

An alternative method for vermilion reconstruction after resection of hemangiomas of the lip.

PURPOSE: We describe a method for symmetrical vermilion reconstruction after resection of hemangiomas of the lip. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Four patients underwent vermilion reconstruction after resection of large cavernous hemangiomas of the lip. This reconstruction technique employed 3 basic components: 1 ) labial mucosal advancement flap, 2 ) orbicularis oris muscle flap, if necessary, and 3 ) free mucosal graft. RESULTS: All patients successfully underwent the planned procedures without significant complications. Symmetrical profiles of vermilion of the lip were achieved in all cases, even when an extended excision had been performed. CONCLUSIONS: We have found that the combination of labial mucosal advancement flaps, with or without muscular flaps, and free mucosal grafts provides excellent esthetic outcomes with a low complication rate. This method should be incorporated into the surgical techniques for symmetrical reconstruction after resection of hemangiomas of the lip.

Adolescent↗