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At least 919 records · Page 51Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Individual differences in language performance after cochlear implantation at one to three years of age: child, family, and linguistic factors.

Language skills were investigated in a multicultural sample of 13 prelingually deaf children (11 profoundly deaf from birth) who received cochlear implants between 14 and 38 months of age; average duration of implant use was 49 months. Individual postimplant language skills ranged from extremely delayed to age appropriate. On average, skills varied across domains: on vocabulary, several children functioned in the average range compared with hearing peers, but all were below that range on a test emphasizing syntax (CELF-P). Children with preimplant hearing experience had the highest scores on all language measures. Excluding these children, age of implantation (range 14 to 27 months) associated inversely and significantly with CELF-P scores, even when nonverbal IQ was controlled. Qualitative analyses indicated higher child language achievement associated with parents' reports of lengthy, in-depth processes to decide about cochlear implantation. Such reports may indicate high levels of ongoing parent involvement with child and programming.

Child Language↗
PubMed1985

Speed of processing in normal aging: effects of speech rate, linguistic structure, and processing time.

Young and elderly adults heard three types of speech materials varying in both length and degree of semantic and syntactic constraints. Time compression was used to vary speech rates systematically to test a speed of processing hypothesis as one explanation of performance deficits associated with normal aging. In addition to segment length effects, the elderly participants showed significantly steeper rates of performance decline with increasing speech rate, with slope constants dependent on the structural constraints of the speech materials. The results are discussed in terms of processing rate hypotheses and context utilization.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

The effect of training on medical students' responses to geriatric patient concerns: results of a linguistic analysis.

The results of a randomized, controlled study indicated that an experience-based educational intervention in which medical students interview volunteer nursing home residents significantly changed medical students' responses to two geriatric patient vignettes. Despite prevailing ageist biases, the intervention enhanced students' abilities to identify and respond therapeutically to hypothetical elderly patients' underlying expressions of concern and, furthermore, prepared students for patient-centered geriatric interviewing. The use of elderly volunteers to assist in practice interview sessions helps sensitize future physicians to the problems of aging and teaches them empathic communication skills.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

The language system in schizophrenia: effects of capacity and linguistic structure.

Dysfunction in receptive language processes has been reliably observed in individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia and their first degree family members. The present study addressed the unresolved issue of whether receptive syntax is intact in schizophrenia. The principal question concerned whether comprehension dysfunction in schizophrenia involves a disturbance in the processing of syntactic structure, a susceptibility to demands placed on temporal auditory processing, or some combination of these two general factors. Comprehension accuracy was compared between 32 males diagnosed with schizophrenia and 22 males with no lifetime diagnosis of psychiatric disorder. Accuracy was examined for responses to Who questions ("Who did X?" and "Who was done X?") about information in the sentential clauses (main vs. relative) of two types of relative sentences (subject-relatives vs. object-relatives) that were presented aurally at conversational and accelerated rates. The relationship between cognitive functions and comprehension accuracy was also tested. Results showed highly significant effects of diagnosis, syntactic structure, and temporal demand. Patients were characterized by reduced overall comprehension accuracy compared to controls. More important, patients and controls differed in their patterns of accuracy across the different types of syntactic structure. Finally, cognitive functions predicted but did not completely account for comprehension accuracy. Findings suggest the hypothesis that receptive syntax is disrupted in schizophrenia, and this dysfunction may not be entirely explained by compromised general cognitive ability.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

The effects of listening comprehension of various genres of literature on response in the linguistic area: an fMRI study.

Using fMRI at a static magnetic field strength of 1.5T, we investigated how comprehension and humor of sentences would correlate to activation of the language areas in listening comprehension of a native language. Sentences with a high comprehension score augmented activation in the left inferior parietal lobule and posterior part of the left superior temporal gyrus, which may be related to semantic processing. Sentences with a high humor score induced activation in Broca's area, which may be associated with syntactic processing and auditory working memory. Furthermore, sentences with a high humor factor and/or a low comprehension score activated the middle frontal gyrus, which may be attributed to auditory working memory.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

The service patterns of a racially, ethnically, and linguistically diverse housestaff.

PURPOSE: To explore whether racial and ethnic concordance in the service patterns of residents is as disproportionate as it is among practicing physicians, and to examine the effect of residents' second-language proficiencies on these patterns. METHOD: The authors conducted a cross-sectional study of billing data from 13,681 patient visits to resident continuity clinics at a Northern California pediatric medical center between May 1998 and October 1999. For each racial or ethnic group of patients, the proportion of patient visits to race-concordant residents was compared with the proportion of visits to all residents of other races or ethnicities. Multivariate logistic regression analyses (adjusted for confounders and residents' second-language proficiency) were used to measure the concordance of race or ethnicity in patient-resident pairs. RESULTS: For all visits made to African-American, Asian, and Latino residents, the percentage of race-concordant visits exceeded the percentage of race-discordant visits for each patient group. In adjusted regression models, African-American, Asian, and Latino patients were more likely to visit residents of the same race or ethnicity. White patients were not more or less likely to visit white residents. When adjusted for residents' second-language proficiencies, Latino patients remained more likely to visit Latino residents and Asian patients remained more likely to see Asian residents. In analyses restricted to residents reporting fluency in Spanish, Latino patients were more likely to visit Latino residents. CONCLUSION: African-American, Asian, and Latino pediatric residents disproportionately served more patients from their own racial or ethnic backgrounds. This service pattern was not completely explained by physicians' second-language proficiencies. A resident's race or ethnicity may reflect a unique set of skills that is highly valued by patients or health care systems.

Child↗
PubMed1994

Precursors of linguistic knowledge.

It is agreed that infants require pre-existing conceptual meanings to learn language, although little is known about what those meanings are. By default they have been assumed to be the sensorimotor schemas described by Piaget. However, sensorimotor schemas are not concepts and are not the right sort of representation for learning language. Recent research shows that along with sensorimotor schemas infants are simultaneously developing a rich conceptual system. I have proposed that these concepts are represented by sets of image-schemas, each of which represents a meaning. Image-schemas are created by a process of perceptual analysis that redescribes perceptual information into simplified spatial representations. These representations allow language to be learned by providing an analogue-digital interface between the continuous process of perception and the discrete propositional forms of language.

Child↗
PubMed2005

When does a dream begin to 'have meaning'? Linguistic constraints and significant moments in the construction of the meaning of a dream.

The paper investigates the origin of the meaning of dreams starting with a discussion of psychotic dreams. The author distinguishes the dream as dream from the remembered and the narrated. A two-step dream phenomenology is proposed that both acknowledges the objectivity of the dream and traces the origin of its meaning to its translation into language. Following a review of recent neurobiological theories of dreaming, the paper focuses on certain aspects of the psychoanalytical understanding of the dream phenomenon and in particular on the interpretation of dreams from the perspective of intersubjectivity and phantasy.

Dreams↗
PubMed2004

Is syntax separate or shared between languages? Cross-linguistic syntactic priming in Spanish-English bilinguals.

Much research in bilingualism has addressed the question of the extent to which lexical information is shared between languages. The present study investigated whether syntactic information is shared by testing if syntactic priming occurs between languages. Spanish-English bilingual participants described cards to each other in a dialogue game. We found that a participant who had just heard a sentence in Spanish tended to use the same type of sentence when describing the next card in English. In particular, English passives were considerably more common following a Spanish passive than otherwise. We use the results to extend current models of the representation of grammatical information to bilinguals.

Adult↗