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At least 919 records · Page 51Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

A crosslinguistic study of grammaticality judgments in Broca's aphasia.

Crosslinguistic studies of sentence comprehension and production in Broca's aphasia have yielded two complementary findings: (1) grammatical morphology appears to be more impaired than word order principles in every language studied, but (2) the degree to which grammatical morphology is retained by aphasic patients depends upon the "strength" or importance of those morphemes in the patient's premorbid language. In an earlier study comparing violations of word order and agreement, we found that English-speaking Broca's aphasics showed greater sensitivity to errors of ordering than to errors of agreement, providing further evidence for the selective vulnerability of morphology. However, because English is a rigid word order language with a relatively weak inflectional system, it could be argued that word order is resilient to brain damage because it is the strongest source of information in this language. The present study compared the performance of English-speaking Broca's aphasics and normal controls with their Italian counterparts in the same grammaticality judgment experiment. Four predictions relating to our previous work were confirmed. (1) Italian aphasics, like their English-speaking counterparts, showed general preservation of grammatical knowledge and (2) they were able to use this knowledge in an "on-line" fashion. (3) Within each language, Broca's aphasics showed greater impairment in their ability to recognize errors of morphological selection (i.e., agreement) compared with errors made by moving the same words to an incorrect position downstream. Nevertheless (4), crosslinguistic differences observed in previous studies of comprehension and production were also observed in this grammaticality judgment task: a processing advantage for agreement errors in Italian normals and aphasics, and a processing advantage for ordering errors in English normals and aphasics.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

A study of the effects of trend, variability, frequency, and form of data on teachers' judgments about progress and their decisions about program change.

Past research has demonstrated the influence of various factors on teachers' judgments about their students' progress. When graphed data are viewed, teachers tend to make different decisions depending upon the amount of data viewed and its trend. Current surveys of teachers' practices in data collection and decision-making indicate that teachers primarily collect training data which are examined in both graphed and ungraphed (response by response) forms to make weekly decisions about progress. In this study, 56 teachers of students with moderate to profound disabilities viewed task analytic data in one of three forms: graphed, ungraphed, or both forms. Teachers were asked to describe the progress and make a program recommendation for each student whose data they examined. Three repeated factors (trend, variability, and frequency of data collection) also were examined for their effect on the dependent variables and their interactions with data form and with each other. Results were in agreement with earlier research and further indicated that the form of the data did not produce different judgments or decisions. However, the three factors, trend, variability, and the frequency of data collection, all had significant main effects with teachers' descriptions about student progress and their program recommendations; several significant interactions among the factors also were found.

Achievement↗
PubMed2005

Making sense of candidates: partisanship, ideology, and issues as guides to judgment.

Citizens employ a range of heuristic devices in reaching judgments and making evaluations regarding political candidates and issues. This paper examines the circumstances that lead to the use of multiple and potentially competing heuristics in making complex decisions. In our analysis, subjects systematically demonstrate evidence of confusion regarding particular combinations of partisan, ideological, and issue-based heuristics--a difficulty in disentangling partisan, ideological, and issue-based criteria in the evaluation of candidates. We argue that the political environment alters both the accessibility of particular heuristic devices, as well as the strength of association in memory among alternative heuristic devices. Hence the ability of citizens to select among heuristics is conditioned on the larger environment of incoming information. As a practical matter, this means that the ability of citizens to employ various judgmental criteria depends on the larger political debate, and accessibility provides the connecting link between environmentally supplied political messages and the terms and criteria of individual political choice.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed2004

Psychiatric disability and clinical decision making: the impact of judgment error and bias.

The psychiatric disability adjudicator is presented, with multiple types of evidence regarding claimants, and, utilizing primarily clinical judgment, must weigh and integrate this information before rendering a disability decision. The need to process large amounts of evidence in this fashion can result in the use of cognitive simplification strategies in the form of heuristics or specific types of decisional bias which can produce judgment error. The purpose of this review is to increase awareness regarding the role that bias can play in determining an individual's psychiatric disability status, using a large federal disability program for context purposes. Recommendations are also made regarding steps that can be taken to anticipate and reduce decision-making bias.

Decision Making↗
PubMed2006

A new method for assessing drug causation provided agreement with experts' judgment.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The many methods proposed for causality assessment of adverse drug reaction (ADR) generally rely on algorithms. They have no clear relationship to probabilities, however, a situation we attempted to improve. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: Thirty ADR cases corresponding to 32 suspect drugs were randomly selected from the French pharmacovigilance database. The statistical weighting was performed by using a multilinear regression with logit(p) as the dependent variable and seven judgment criteria as independent variables. The best model (i.e., giving the best correlation with the gold standard) was retained for the new causality assessment method. RESULTS: The weights [logit(p)] for the 21 choices, on average three for each of the seven criteria, ranged from -3.95 to 0.86, secondarily rounded to multiples of 0.5. The correlation between the probability obtained from the final method and the gold standard was quite good (R(2) = .92). CONCLUSION: This method based on the rational weighting of seven causality criteria is straightforward to use and provides very good agreement with experts' judgment. Moreover, unlike most classical algorithms, it respects one basic rule of probabilities-namely, a symmetrical probability distribution for drug causation around the .5 neutral position (maximum uncertainty).

Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems↗
PubMed2002

Expectancy, controlled attention and automatic attention in prospective temporal judgments.

Two experiments indicate that prospective judgments of a temporal target are influenced by nontarget temporal features. The basic task was to reproduce a target interval marked by visual events. In addition, visual or auditory interfering events were delivered. Experiment 1 showed that temporal reproduction is shorter when the interfering events occupy a late rather than early position during the target interval, a result explained in terms of expectancy, which causes attention shifts. This study also revealed that similar trends are obtained whether the interfering event involves a specific task or is irrelevant. Experiment 2 confirmed the position effect, and showed that the duration of an irrelevant cue can influence judgment of the target interval, as if it were also timed without appropriate control.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1997

Judgments of chemosensory mixtures in memory.

Memory-based ratings of chemosensory mixtures produce response patterns similar to those observed perceptually. This finding is extended in two experiments. In the first, subjects mad judgments of sweetness, sourness and intensity in memory or with perceptually present combinations of sucrose and citric acid. Performance in both conditions was equivalent. Debriefing revealed some explicit knowledge about the way such mixtures interact. A second study investigated the relationship between such explicit knowledge and performance on the memory task. Here, subjects made the same ratings, but sampled, on separate days; (1) capsaicin alone, (2) a flavoured, sucrose, critic acid solution and imagined adding capsaicin, (3) the solution alone and (4) the solution actually with capsaicin. Performance was equivalent across the semi-mental and real mixture. Only sweetness was suppressed. Debriefing revealed that subjects thought all tastes and flavours were affected by capsaicin. Apart from extending previous findings, these studies suggest a role for both explicit and implicit memory processes in mental mixture judgments.

Humans↗
PubMed2000

The weighing of pathological and non-pathological information in clinical judgment.

On the basis of the classic data of Meehl (1959), I examine how clinical psychologists use the MMPI scales to judge the degree of pathology of psychiatric patients by comparing linear models of the judgment to a linear model of the criterion (the actual diagnosis of the patients). This comparison reveals that excessively heavy weight is assigned to pathological information in comparison to non-pathological information. Additional analyses reveal that this biased weighing also influences the actual diagnosis and that it is a major determinant of the accuracy of clinical judgment. It is suggested that these effects arise from a confirmation bias associated with the hypothesis that a patient has severe, rather than mild, pathology.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An experimental study of determinants of group judgments in clinical guideline development.

BACKGROUND: Clinical guidelines for improving the quality of care are a familiar part of clinical practice. Formal consensus methods such as the nominal group technique are often used as part of guideline development, but little is known about factors that affect the statements produced by nominal groups, and on their consistency with the research evidence. METHODS: Cognitive behavioural therapy, behavioural therapy, brief psychodynamic interpersonal therapy, and antidepressants for irritable bowel syndrome, chronic fatigue syndrome, and chronic back pain were selected for study. 16 nominal groups in a factorial design allowed comparison of GP-only with mixed groups of GPs and specialists, provision of a literature review with no provision, and ratings made in the context of realistic or ideal levels of health-care resources. Participants rated appropriateness independently, and again after a facilitated meeting. Audiotapes of four group discussions were analysed. FINDINGS: There was agreement with the research evidence for 51% of 192 scenarios. Agreement was more likely if the group was GP-only, if a literature review was provided, or if the evidence was in accordance with clinicians' beliefs. Assumptions about the level of resources available had no impact. Clinical and social cues had mixed effects, irrespective of the research evidence. Qualitative analysis showed the modifying effect of clinical experience and beliefs about research evidence. INTERPRETATION: Guidelines cannot be based on data alone; judgment is unavoidable. The nominal group technique is a method of eliciting and aggregating judgments in a transparent and structured way. It can provide important information on levels of agreement between experts. However, conclusions can be at odds with the published literature. If they are, reasons need to be explicit.

Back Pain↗
PubMed1997

Physician judgments of chronic pain patients.

Recent evidence has indicated that physician judgments of patients can be influenced by contextual factors. This study examined three contextual factors relevant to hypothetical patients with low back pain, using vignettes that were varied in a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design: level of reported pain (high vs low), level of supporting medical evidence (high vs low), and the valence of the physician-patient interaction (positive vs negative). Perceived levels of pain, disability, emotional distress, and somatic preoccupation were rated by internists after reading a vignette. Ratings of pain and disability were lower for patients without supporting medical evidence; ratings of distress, somatic preoccupation, and disability were greater for patients who exhibited negative rather than positive affect; internist ratings of pain were lower than patient ratings among patients reporting high levels of pain, while ratings were inflated for patients with low levels of pain. The results suggest that characteristics of both the patient and the situation may influence medical judgments.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Zygosity testing: laboratory and the investigator's judgment.

The immediate global impressions of zygosity (based upon physical similarity) were recorded by the investigator at initial meetings with 105 pairs of twins. The accuracy of these ratings, as well as classifications provided by two objective procedures (physical resemblance questionnaire; dermatoglyphic analyses) and two subjective procedures (parental impressions; physician's impressions), were evaluated by comparison with results from bloodtyping for 53 pairs. The judgments of the investigator furnished the most accurate indication of zygosity (94-96% accuracy). Laboratory tests were repeated for five pairs when the results proved incompatible with the investigator's ratings. In all five cases, the investigator's judgments were confirmed, indicating that a laboratory error had occurred. It appears that the opinion of a skilled observer of twins can provide a convenient and highly effective alternative to bloodtyping.

Blood Grouping and Crossmatching↗
PubMed1983

Secondary baby talk: judgments by institutionalized elderly and their caregivers.

Elderly care receivers and their caregivers judged vocal nonverbal messages prepared from audiotapes of caregivers interacting with their co-workers and elderly nursing home residents. This study investigated the relationship between these judgments and, respectively, the functional ability of the aged judges and the expectations of the elderly held by the caregivers. The stimulus tape judged consisted of three types of messages: caregivers' speech to care receivers in baby talk, caregivers' speech to care receivers not in baby talk, and speech to other caregivers assumed to be in normal adult speech. For the elderly judges, lower functional ability scores were found to be associated with a greater liking for baby talk speech as compared to other speech, but no relationships were found for their judgments of "soothing" or "irritating." For caregivers, expectancy was associated with their predictions of elderly residents' liking for baby talk speech and caregivers' endorsements that adult speech would not be effective for interacting with care receivers. The pattern of results suggests that variations in caregiver expectancy may operate through a common social stereotype of the elderly.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1985

Learned helplessness and judgments of control.

One of the central hypotheses of learned helplessness theory is that exposure to noncontingency produces a reduced ability to perceive response-outcome relations (the postulated "cognitive deficit"). To test this hypothesis, subjects were exposed to a typical helplessness induction task and then asked to make judgments of the amount of control their responses exerted over a designated outcome (the onset of a light). Support for the postulated cognitive deficit would be found if subjects who experienced the induction underestimated the relation between their responses and outcomes. The results, however, demonstrated that induction subjects (n = 30) made higher and more accurate judgments of control than subjects in a no-treatment control group (n = 30). This finding clearly fails to support the postulated cognitive deficit and highlights the need for other direct tests of the basic hypotheses of helplessness theory.

Cognition↗
PubMed1986

Type A behavior pattern and the judgment of control.

We investigated the control judgments of Type A and B actors and observers after five tasks in which actual response-outcome contingency and success were varied systematically. Results indicated that, overall, actors provided higher control judgments than did observers, and both actual contingency and success influenced judged control. Type A and B actors did not differ in their self-perceptions of control but observers judged the Type A actors to have exerted more control than the Type B actors, primarily on positive contingency tasks. These findings suggest that Type As, because of their more active, dynamic style, may be credited by observers with more control or competence than is warranted. By contrast, the more relaxed style of the Type B may lead to lower than warranted evaluations of control or competence. Lastly, Type As were found to learn the contingencies better than Type Bs with important implications for the actual exercise of control.

Achievement↗
PubMed1986

Observer judgments of acute pain: facial action determinants.

We provided a microanalytic description of facial reactions to a series of painful and nonpainful electric shocks and examined the impact of these as discrete facial cues for observer judgments of acute pain. Thirty female volunteers were videotaped and reported their discomfort in response to electric shocks after earlier exposure to one of three social influence conditions: a tolerant model, an intolerant model, or neutral peer presence. We coded the videotapes for facial activity using the Facial Action Coding System (Ekman & Friesen, 1978b), and peer judges rated them for painful discomfort. Subjects exposed to a tolerant model reported no more discomfort than did subjects exposed to an intolerant model, despite receiving more intense levels of shock, but were judged by observers to be in more pain. Analyses of facial activity yielded consistent findings: Tolerant-model subjects, though reporting discomfort equivalent to that reported in other groups, displayed more pain-related facial activity (brow lowering, narrowing of the eye aperture from below, raising the upper lip, and blinking). There was a substantial direct relation between observer judgments of distress and discrete, pain-related facial actions (mean multiple R = .74 for the various shock levels rated). These data indicate that nonverbal expression yields information about the response to noxious stimulation that is non-redundant with self-report.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1990

Relative contributions of expressive behavior and contextual information to the judgment of the emotional state of another.

This study used a technique for assessing the relative impact of facial-gestural expressions, as opposed to contextual information regarding the elicitor and situation, on the judgment of emotion. In Study 1, 28 undergraduates rated videotapes of spontaneous facial-gestural expressions and separately rated the emotionally loaded color slides that elicited those expressions. The source clarities of the expressions and slides were matched using correlation and distance measures, and 18 expressions and 9 slides were selected. In Study 2, 72 undergraduate receivers were shown systematic pairings of these expressions and slides and rated the emotional state of the expresser, who was supposedly watching that slide under public or private situational conditions. Expressions were found to be more important sources for all emotion judgments. For female receivers slides were relatively more important in the public than in the private situation.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Mood effects on attitude judgments: independent effects of mood before and after message elaboration.

This study investigated the independent effects of induced mood on the encoding of persuasive messages and on the assessment of attitude judgments. In Experiment 1, positive or negative mood was induced either before the encoding of a counterattitudinal message or before the assessment of attitude judgments. When mood was induced before message presentation, Ss in a bad mood were more persuaded by strong than by weak arguments, whereas Ss in a good mood were equally persuaded by strong and by weak arguments. When Ss encoded the message in a neutral mood, however, the advantage of strong over weak arguments was more pronounced when Ss were in a good rather than in a bad mood at the time of attitude assessment. In Experiment 2, Ss exposed to a counterattitudinal message composed of either strong or weak arguments formed either a global evaluation or a detailed representation of the message. Positive, negative, or neutral mood was then induced. Ss in a good mood were most likely and Ss in a negative mood least likely to base their reported attitudes on global evaluations.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Social categorization and perceptual judgment of size: when perception is social.

Social knowledge may affect not only people's thoughts and judgments but also their actual perceptions of physical magnitude. The physical magnitude of a stimulus is perceived in a relative way, comparing the magnitude of the target with surrounding context stimuli. Because similar objects invite comparison processes more easily than dissimilar objects ("similarity breeds comparability"), social knowledge can affect judgments of physical magnitude by determining what is perceived as (dis) similar. In Experiment 1, the authors show that social categorizations that are based on physical cues (e.g., gender) may affect the magnitude of perceptual contrast effects (the Ebbinghaus illusion). More important, in Experiment 2, the influence of social categorizations that have no physical bases is shown to affect the magnitude of perceptual contrast effects. Implications of these findings for theories of social knowledge effects are discussed.

Attention↗