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PubMedDate not supplied

Significance of linear extent of breast carcinoma at surgical margin.

BACKGROUND: Our objective was to correlate the extent of margin positivity and the findings on re-excision specimens of infiltrating mammary carcinoma. METHODS: We selected 50 consecutive cases of infiltrating mammary carcinoma, including both infiltrating ductal carcinoma and infiltrating lobular carcinoma, with positive margins followed by re-excision. Margin positivity was defined as the presence of cancer at the inked margin. The extent of margin positivity was assessed by measuring the linear involvement of the inked margin by the carcinoma. RESULTS: Twenty-one of 50 cases (42%) showed positive findings on re-excision, including either infiltrating carcinoma or carcinoma in situ or both. Nine of 14 cases (64%) with ductal carcinoma in situ or infiltrating ductal carcinoma on re-excision and 4 of 7 cases (57%) with lobular carcinoma in situ or infiltrating lobular carcinoma on re-excision had initial linear margins >1.0 cm, whereas 28 of 29 cases (96%) with negative findings on re-excision had initial linear margins <1.0 cm. CONCLUSIONS: Linear measurement of the inked margin involved by infiltrating mammary carcinoma can be used as a predictor of findings on re-excisions.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1979

Enhanced and co-ordinated movement of the hamster oviduct during the periovulatory period.

The movement of the hamster oviduct in vivo was examined after injection of a small quantity of India ink into the lowermost region of the isthmus. An active and co-ordinated movement of both the isthmus and ampulla that caused a rapid transport of the ink to the upper ampulla (and eventually to the ovarian bursa) was observed shortly before, during and within a few hours after ovulation. During the rest of the oestrous cycle, no ink was transported to the upper ampulla despite active contractile movement by the isthmus. These observations suggest that the oviduct as a whole exhibits an efficient contractile movement suited for sperm transport only during the periovulatory period.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Ovarian follicular populations and preovulatory enlargement in Booroola and control Merino ewes.

To investigate the factors contributing to the different ovulation rates observed in two strains of sheep (Booroola 5.2, Merino 1.2), in-vivo monitoring of follicular kinetics followed by histological examination of both ovaries was performed during the late luteal and follicular phases. Ewes of both strains were either ovariectomized at Day 13, or had the 3 largest follicles of each ovary ink-labelled at Day 13 and were ovariectomized at Day 15, or had the 3 largest follicles of each ovary ink-labelled at Days 13 and 15 and were ovariectomized 16 h after the beginning of oestrus (N = 6 per time per strain). In another experiment, the age effects on the follicular populations of these two strains were also studied. There were 2-4 times more primordial follicles and 1.5-2 times more preantral follicles in the ovaries of Booroola than in control Merino ewes, although the number of antral follicles was the same. The percentage of normal follicles in this population was higher in Merino than Booroola ovaries. In Booroola ewes, there was no correlation between the number of antral follicles per ovary and the ovulation rate at the previous cycle (r = 0.22). This suggests that follicle numbers do not play a key role in the high ovulation rate of the Booroola strain. The number of follicles initiating growth from the primordial pool, the number of growing follicles disappearing at the preantral stage, the pattern of antrum development, granulosa cell multiplication and appearance of atresia differed between strains. The reasons for the high ovulation rate of the Booroola strain became clear when preovulatory enlargement was followed by ink labelling. An extended period of time during which recruitment of ovulatory follicles takes place, together with a low incidence of selection and the ability of the follicles to wait for ovulation are the features involved in this high ovulation rate.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Differences in normal structure and reaction to adjuvant between the costal and the visceral pleura.

Visceral and costal pleurae of the rabbit were studied by light and electron microscopy in the normal state, after India ink injection into the pleural cavity and in pleuritis induced by intrapleurally injected adjuvant. In normal rabbits, the mesothelial cells in the visceral pleura had more numerous microvilli and pinocytotic vesicles than in the costal pleura. The surface coat on the microvilli was much thicker in the former than in the latter. Intrapleurally injected India ink particles were phagocytosed by mesothelial cells and macrophages. The phagocytotic activity was more prominent on the costal side than on the visceral side. In rabbits with adjuvant induced pleuritis, the visceral pleura, but not the costal pleura, showed mushroom-like projections on the pleural surface which were composed of a fibrin mass mixed with phagocytotic macrophages and covered by proliferative mesothelial cells. These hitherto poorly known structures, which were formed, though less conspicuously, also after India ink administration, seemed to play an important role in the initial protection of the lung against foreign body invasions from the pleural cavity. With the progress of pleuritis, the mushroom-like projections changed into patchy granulation tissues which were well localized and did not exceed the elastic layer. In the costal pleura, apparently due to a poorer protective mechanism than in the visceral pleura, granulation tissue was formed much more extensively and diffusely. No signs of transformation of mesothelial cells into fibroblasts were recognized. Fat-containing cells closely resembling the Ito cells in the liver occurred in the submesothelial and subpleural layers of the visceral pleura.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed2005

[Influence of sleep bruxism on dislodgement of dental restorations].

PURPOSE: This study investigated the correlation between strength of sleep bruxism and dislodgement of dental restorations, by both using the facet index of occlusal splint for sleep bruxism and measuring the dislodgement rate of dental restorations. METHODS: Subjects consisted of 422 patients with 3673 dental restorations (inlay, crown, jointed crowns, and bridge) referred to the hospital from 1976 to 2004 who were randomly selected from 912 patients. All patients wore an occlusal splint during sleep. Ink was placed on the occlusal part of the splint and the strength of sleep bruxism was evaluated by the wearing away of the ink and indentation on the splint (Ikeda's method). The subjects were classified into the following four groups according to the evaluation: B-0: no facet on the splint, B-1: slight facet with wearing of the ink but no indentation on the splint, B-2: slight indentation on the splint, and B-3: notable indentation on the splint, and then the dislodgement rate between the groups was compared. The mean evaluation time in each patient was 10.1 years. RESULTS: The rate of patients with dislodgement was B-1: 12.7%, B-2: 35.1%, and B-3: 43.8%. The dislodgement rates of categorized restorations in groups B-1, B-2, and B-3 15 years after the placement were, restorations: 9%, 18%, and 24%, inlay: 19%, 24%, and 32%, and crown: 5%, 12%, and 13%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: It is proved that the evaluation method using the facet index of occlusal splint for sleep bruxism is a reliable means of estimating how long the restoration will last. The results showed that sleep bruxism influences the dislodgement of restorations. To protect restorations, it might be effective to control the load from sleep bruxism.

Dental Restoration Failure↗
PubMed1991

The Stroop congruency effect is more observable under a speed strategy than an accuracy strategy.

Naming the ink color of an incongruent color word (e.g., RED printed in green) usually takes longer than naming the ink color of a color bar. However, when the ink matches the word (e.g., RED printed in red), naming tends to be faster. These phenomena are known as the STroop interference effect and the Stroop congruency effect, respectively. Although the interference effect has been robust and reliable across studies, the congruency effect tends to be elusive. It was hypothesized that this variation in outcomes might be related to subjects' response strategy. The experiment conducted to test this hypothesis induced either a speed or an accuracy strategy in two separate groups of subjects. Significant interference effects were found for both groups and the magnitudes did not differ. At the same time, the congruency effect was observed in the speed group but not in the accuracy group. These results suggest that researchers who wish to observe and study the Stroop congruency and interference effects should place special emphasis on speed. Implications of the study for a model of the Stroop effect are also discussed.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Communicatory routes connecting the middle ear, the inner ear and the subarachnoid space via perineural space.

Twenty-one rabbits received injection of Indian ink into the stylomastoid foramen. Observation of the serial sections of their temporal bones revealed Indian ink infiltration into the subarachnoid space, along the facial nerve, the auricular branch of the vagus nerve and the tympanic nerve. Along the acoustic nerve, the infiltration was found as far as the fundus of the internal auditory meatus. In some cases, however, Indian ink reached the subarachnoid space and infiltrated into the scala tympani, scala vestibuli and around the saccule by way of the cochlear aqueduct. These routes are suspected to be a course of spreading infection or tumor cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Sentence interference in the Stroop task.

In two experiments on Stroop interference, we examined whether sentences can be processed without the intention of the reader. Participants named the ink colors in which words in sentences were printed, and the ink colors in which the same words, randomly arranged, were printed. In Experiment 1, sentences yielded longer response times (RTs) and more errors than did nonsentences, but only when they included words that were highly relevant to the color-naming task (i.e., color and color-related words). In Experiment 2, sentences yielded more errors than did nonsentences, and sentences in which the color words matched the set of ink colors yielded longer RTs than did nonsentences. The results indicate that sentence processing can be obligatory when the component words are highly relevant to the task.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The effect of an extended flexor carpi radialis approach on blood flow to the distal radius: a cadaveric study.

The effect of an extended flexor carpi radialis approach on the blood supply of the radius was examined in six (3 paired) fresh frozen cadaver limbs after injection with India ink and clearing using a modified Spalteholz technique. An extended flexor carpi radialis approach to the distal radius was made in the left limb in each of the three-paired limbs. The right limb served as a nonoperative control. Following perfusion of the arterial vasculature of each limb with India ink, serial transverse sections were cut and the intraosseous blood supply evaluated using a modified Spalteholz technique. Both controls and surgical specimens demonstrated complete cortical penetration from endosteal vessels in the proximal and midsections of the radius. In the distal radius, surgical specimens demonstrated reduced perfusion volarly, however there continued to be perfusion of ink through intact dorsal and ulnar metaphyseal perforating arteries. Persistent vascular perfusion to the distal radius remains through intact endosteal vessels and metaphyseal perforators of extensive surgical soft-tissue stripping.

Aged, 80 and over↗
PubMed1999

Seroepidemiology of California and Bunyamwera serogroup (Bunyaviridae) virus infections in native populations of Alaska.

This study investigated the geographic distribution and prevalence of antibodies to California and Bunyamwera serogroup viruses in Native populations of Alaska, and demographic and ecologic risk factors associated with exposure. Sera (n = 1,635) from 18 communities were screened using an ELISA. All age groups were tested for antibodies to Jamestown Canyon (JC), Inkoo (INK), snowshoe hare (SSH), and Northway (NOR) viruses; persons > or = 45 years old (n = 90) from six communities were additionally tested for antibodies to Tahyna (TAH), Batai (BAT), Cache Valley (CV), and Sindbis (SIN) viruses. Thirty free-ranging mammals were tested by a plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) for antibodies to all eight viruses and to Getah (GET) virus. In Natives, overall antibody prevalence was 24.9% (JC = 17.6%, monotypic JC = 6.5%, INK = 11.1%, monotypic INK = 0.6%, SSH = 6.8%, monotypic SSH = 3.5%, and NOR = 6.2%). Five TAH, CV, and BAT virus exposures may be serologic cross-reactions, and no SIN virus antibodies were detected. Sindbis-like virus antibodies were found in 30% of the mammals. Most mammals had antibodies to NOR (83.3%) and California serogroup (70.0%) viruses; no GET virus exposures were found. Significant risk factors for human bunyavirus exposures were age group, ethnic-linguistic group, biotic province, climate zone, terrestrial vegetation, and presence of some ungulates and small mammals in communities. Sex was not a significant risk factor.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Cryptococcosis in patients from Tikur Anbessa Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

A study was done to investigate the occurrence of Cryptococcus neoformans infection in patients admitted to Tikur Anbessa Hospital. Cryptococcus neoformans is an important opportunistic fungal pathogen in immunocompromised patients. The study was done over a period of 18 months, from October 1998 to April 2000. During this period, a total of 1088 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens were sent to the bacteriology laboratory in Tikur Anbessa Hospital, out of which 275 were subjected for India ink examination. Out of these 19 (7%) were India ink positive. Additionally one lymph node aspirate was also India ink positive. All these specimens were culture positive for Cryptococcus neoformans. The medical records of these patients were retrospectively reviewed and all presenting clinical symptoms were recorded. In this group of patients with meningitis the most common presenting were fever and headache. In addition, at the time of admission, 75% of the patients had other opportunistic infections, such as oral candidiasis, herpes zoster and Pneumocystis carini pneumonia. The mortality rate was high even in patients with appropriate therapy. All the isolates were identified as C. neoformans var. neoformans. The variety gatti was not isolated in this study.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed2000

[Development of a peristaltic inhibition model in mice].

Diphenoxylate was administered to mice at the dose of 5 mg/kg BW for the development of peristaltic inhibition model for formulating the examination procedure of health foods. An ink solution containing 5% charcoal was then administered 30 minutes later. The length of ink progradation of the small intestine of mice was calculated 25 minutes after the administration of ink. The results in this model was stable and reliable, and it was recommended to use this model to verify the function of health foods.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[A new method of complete peripheral margin assessment in breast conservative surgery using an adjustable polygonal prism mould].

UNLABELLED: Conventional margin evaluation for breast conservative surgery is usually based on the sections taken perpendicular to the inked margins and has difficulty in completeness. We have developed a new method using an adjustable mould during fixation so that the three-dimensional specimen is fixed in the shape of polygonal prism. The new method enables us to assess peripheral margins completely by examining the inner surfaces of the marginal slices cut parallel to the flat peripheral margins of the specimen. DESIGN: We have applied the new method to 59 invasive carcinomas and 10 noninvasive carcinomas of the breast, which were judged to be negative for residual tumor by conventional inked margin on the section cut through the center of the tumor. RESULTS: The new method detected 13(22.0%) and 3(30.0%) cases with positive margins in 59 invasive carcinomas and 10 noninvasive carcinomas of the breast, respectively. Nine of 13(69.2%) positive margins in invasive carcinomas were due to the intraductal components of the carcinomas. CONCLUSION: The polygon method is superior to the conventional inked margin method in sensitivity. Furthermore, it covered all the peripheral margins and pinpointed the positive sites.

Breast↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The diagnosis of non-palpable lesions in laparoscopic surgery of the colon.

The identification of small neoplasms or areas presenting lesions associated with previous endoscopic polypectomy is one of the major problems in laparoscopic colonic resection. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effectiveness of tattooing with Indian ink to identify the area of the colon that is the site of the lesion in order to be able to perform colonic resections with oncologically correct margins. Eighty-four patients were observed with polypoid lesions or diagnosed as presenting lesions associated with endoscopic polypectomy for which colonic resection had been recommended. Marking was performed during preoperative colonoscopy by injecting 1 ml of Indian ink solution with a sclerotherapy needle into each of the four quadrants of the colon wall. This method, which is simple to execute, invariably allowed easy identification of the site of the neoplasm and laparoscopic colon resection with correct oncological margins. In the 84 cases, we recorded only one complication (1.1%) due to a paucisymptomatic microperforation discovered during the operation. The identification of small colon lesions can be performed easily using Indian ink. It is a simple, quick method which, if performed properly, always allows the site of the lesion to be identified and is associated with a negligible rate of complications.

Colonic Polyps↗
PubMed2004

An assessment of equine cartilage degeneration.

Millions of Americans suffer from osteoarthritis, a joint disease characterized by cartilage degradation and subchondral bone sclerosis. However, little is known about its pathology. It remains to be discovered which comes first in the progression of osteoarthritis: subchondral bone remodeling or cartilage degeneration. This study assessed equine cartilage degeneration, based upon measurements of cartilage thickness and Indian ink stain uptake. By gaining a greater understanding of the determining factors in cartilage degeneration, we may be able to better understand the pathomechanics of osteoarthritis. In seven horses, joint regions of interest were harvested bilaterally and isolated into planar osteochondral samples using a band saw and stored at -20 degrees C. After thawing, the samples' articular surfaces were dyed using an Indian ink stain to highlight articular cartilage degeneration. Digital images of the samples were taken before and after the staining, and mean pixel values for the pre- and post-ink images were measured using image analysis software. Reflectance Score (RS) was calculated using mean pixel values normalized between grayscale calibration standards. Articular cartilage thickness was measured at five random locations on each sample from images taken in the transverse orientation. Statistical analysis found no significant effect of limb side for either RS values or thickness, allowing data from right and left limbs to be grouped for analysis. There is a statistically significant correlation between joint region and thickness, as well as between joint region and RS; however, there was no statistical correlation between thickness and RS.

Aging↗
PubMed2004

Assessment of morphological changes and permeability of apical dentin surfaces induced by Nd:Yag laser irradiation through retrograde cavity surfaces.

The purpose of this in vitro study was to observe the morphological changes and apical dye penetration at apical dentin surfaces induced by Nd:YAG laser irradiation at different power settings with and without a laser initiator. Seventy five single rooted human maxillary anterior teeth were used. Following the establishment of the working lengths, the root canals were enlarged with step-back technique. The apex of each root was resected 3 mm perpendicular to its long axis. Standard Class I cavities of 2 mm depth and 2 mm width were prepared. The teeth were randomly divided into five groups with fifteen teeth in each. In Group 1, the retrograde cavity preparations were lased with Nd:YAG laser at 2 W and those in Group 2 preparations were lased with Nd:YAG laser at 3.2 W. In Group 3, the retrograde cavity surfaces were lased with Nd:YAG laser at 2 W following the application of India ink. Group 4 was lased with the same settings of Group 2 after an absorbent cotton point soaked with India ink was inserted into the cut dentinal surfaces and the inner walls of the apical preparations. Group 5 served as control. Five teeth from each group were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The amounts of smear layer, debris, and recrystalized dentin present were assessed and scored. Retrograde cavities of ten teeth from each group were filled with amalgam to examine apical dye penetration. The teeth were immersed in 2% basic fuscin and kept for 48 hours. Dye penetration was evaluated by stereomicroscope at a magnification of X10. The results showed the usage of India ink with Nd:YAG laser enhanced the amount of melting and recrystalization of dentin and the radiation and initiator increased the leakage.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2005

Drainage of macromolecules from the Caudato-Putamen of rat brain.

To study the drainage of interstitial fluid and macromolecules from the brain parenchyma, an improved method was developed to inject tracers including Chinese ink in group I and phycoerythrin (PE) in group II into the right caudato-putamen of rat brain. Rats were sacrificed on the 1st, 3rd, 7th, 14th, 21st day after injection in group I and at the 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 24 hour in group II. Distribution of tracers was observed by electron microscopy and fluorescence confocal microscopy. The results showed that tracers distributed diffusely in the white matter at all time points whereas they spread selectively along perivascular spaces in the gray matter by 7 days (d) in group I and 5 hours (h) in group II. Chinese ink was ingested by perivascular phagocytes by 7 d after ink injection. The endothelial cells of capillaries in the gray matter had fluorescence staining in cytoplasm and no staining in nuclei by 24 h after PE injection. Animals in group II were stained with tracers in lateral ventricles, bilateral cervical lymph nodes, and the wall of carotid arteries. These results demonstrated that [1] the macromolecules could be cleared from the caudato-putamen through extracellular space of the neuropil in the white matter and perivascular space in the gray matter, [2] perivascular phagocytes and endothelial cells of capillaries played important roles in clearing macromolecules from the perivascular space, and [3] cervical lymph nodes were involved in draining macromolecules from the brain parenchyma.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Influence of scald and lipopolysaccharide on gastrointestinal motility].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal motility dysfunction as a result of scald and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge in guinea pigs. METHODS: Thirty guinea pigs were enrolled in the study and were randomly divided into 3 groups:i. e. control (n = 10, with intraperitoneal injection of isotonic saline), scald (n = 10, with 30% TBSA deep partial thickness burn) and LPS (n = 10, with intraperitoneal injection of LPS) groups. Thirty minutes after treatment, all animals were gavaged with carbolic ink. The propelled distance of the ink within the gastrointestinal tract was measured. The intestinal tissue was harvested and homogenized, and the contents of CGRP, Na+-K+-ATP enzyme, Mg2+-ATP enzyme, Ca2+-ATP enzyme, Ca2+-Mg2+-ATP enzyme were determined, and the delta phim of haustra coli smooth muscular cell mitochondria was assessed. RESULTS: The propelled distance of the ink in the gastrointestinal tract in scald (53 +/- 9 cm) and LPS (91 +/- 10 cm) groups was obviously shorter than that in control group (142 +/- 11 cm, P < 0.01). Furthermore, the distance in scald group was shorter than that in LPS group (P < 0.01). The CGRP content in scald and LPS groups [52.0 +/- 39.0 microg/L and 20.0 +/- 23.0 microg/L] was obviously higher than that in control group (0.8 +/-2.0 microg/L, P <0.05 or 0.01), especially in scald group ( P < 0.05). The Na+-K+-ATP enzyme, Mg2+-ATP enzyme, Ca2+-ATP enzyme, Ca2+-Mg2+-ATP enzyme and the delta phim in scald and LPS groups were remarkably lower than those in control group (P <0.005), but there was no difference between scald and LPS groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The gastrointestinal motility of guinea pigs could obviously be inhibited by scald and LPS, especially by scald. LPS might be the key factor to produce change in the membrane potential of mitochondria of intestinal smooth muscle after severe scald.

Animals↗