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PubMed1976

[Activation-dependent characteristics of the electroencephalogram during visual information--processing: Results of an automatic interval analysis (author's transl)].

EEG signal from fronto-occipital derivation was recorded in 16 Ss during a mental performance test (modified "Konzentrations-Leistungs-Test" including four levels of performance). A balanced changer-over design was used. Interval histograms in four frequency bands (theta, alpha, beta-1 and beta-2 bands) were determined on the basis of peak detection. A total of 44 characteristics were derived and tested (multi-factor analyses of variance, multiple mean comparison and rank tests). Twenty eight of these characteristics were proved to be dependent on activation. In the visual information-processing performances chosen, it could be demonstrated that the intraindividual changes of the spontaneous EEG activity were related predominantly to the perceptual components of the performance. On the other hand, the influence of the performance rate and of the mental-arithmetic itself was of minor relevance. During higher activation an increase in the relative abudance of the theta-band activity was also observed.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Computer games and information-processing skills.

To assess the association of past use of computer games and parallel-processing skills as measured by tests of discrimination perception using computers 46 boys and girls in kindergarten, aged 4 to 6 years, were classified into 17 player and 17 nonplayer groups by their enthusiasm for computer games. There were no significant differences between the two groups in correct responses; however, RTs of players were significantly faster than those of nonplayers. RTs were different to color and shape. Experiences with computer games might develop information-processing skills.

Attention↗
PubMed1976

A comparison of the information processing deficits of patients with Huntington's chorea and Korsakoff's syndrome.

Patients with Huntington's Chorea and alcholic Korsakoff's disease were compared on six tests of short-term memory (STM) and of encoding capacity. While the alcoholic Korsakoff patients demonstrated STM disorders related to an increase sensitivity to proactive interference (PI) and to failures in semantic encoding, the Chorea patients had a different pattern of deficits. The Chorea patients, like the Korsakoffs, had STM deficits, but their memory performance did not improve with reductions in PI, and they had different types of encoding deficits than did the Korsakoff patients. These results demonstrate that information processing tasks can be used to empirically differentiate amnesic patients with normal I.Q.'s from patients with dementia-related memory impairments.

Alcohol Amnestic Disorder↗
PubMed2003

Individual differences in self-assessed health: an information-processing investigation of health and illness cognition.

In 2 studies, the relation between measures of self-assessed health (SAH) and automatic processing of health-relevant information was investigated. In Study 1, 84 male and 86 female undergraduate students completed a modified Stroop task. Results indicated that participants with poorer SAH showed enhanced interference effects for illness versus non-illness words. In Study 2, 27 male and 30 female undergraduate students completed a self-referent encoding task. Results offered a conceptual replication and extension of Study 1 by confirming the specificity of the relation between SAH measures and automatic processing of health (vs. negative or positive general trait) information. These studies provide evidence that individual differences in SAH are reflected in schematic processing of health-relevant information.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Pupillary responses during information processing vary with Scholastic Aptitude Test scores.

The magnitude of task-evoked pupillary dilations during mental activity has previously been shown to index the cognitive capacity utilized in the performance of the mental task. To determine the relation between "intelligence" and capacity demands during mental activity, task-evoked pupillary dilations were measured while two groups of university students differing in their scores on the Scholastic Aptitude Test solved mental arithmetic problems. Over three levels of problems difficulty, more intelligent subjects showed smaller task-evoked pupillary dilations than did their less intelligent counterparts. Thus, the more intelligent appear to possess more efficient cognitive structures of information processing. These data provide evidence that physiological differences between individuals of differing psychometric intelligence emerge during mental activity.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Auditory information processing in schizophrenia.

Early N1P2 and late N2P3 responses generated in an auditory oddball paradigm are topographically compared in three psychiatric patient groups. In schizophrenia N1 and N2 amplitude is comparable with dementia and significantly decreased with respect to affective disorder. In contrast, P3 amplitude does not allow discriminating schizophrenia from affective disorder but is significantly diminished in dementia. The late N2P3 response shows a topographic effect along the fronto-occipital axis. Schizophrenia is characterized by an iCNV and N2 maximum over the frontal planes and a compound P3 lacking distinct frontal and parietal components. The findings are discussed in reference to literature data and current hypotheses/theories concerning information processing. Our findings favour an important dysfunction of automatic processing including early selection in schizophrenia.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Differential rates of visual information processing in full-term and preterm infants.

This study investigated the effect of increasing familiarization time on the visual recognition memory of 6- and 12-month-old full-term and preterm infants. Infants were given trials in which they viewed a shape for either 10-, 15-, 20-, or 30-sec familiarization and were then tested for visual recognition memory using the paired comparison technique. While the older infants showed evidence of recognition memory after less familiarization time than the younger ones, at both ages preterms required considerably longer familiarization than full-terms. The pattern of performance replicates our earlier finding of developmental lags in the visual information processing of 6-month-old preterms and extends these findings to 12-month-olds. These results suggest that there are persistent differences between preterm and full-term infants throughout at least the first year of life in this very fundamental aspect of cognition.

Female↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Peer rejection and social information-processing factors in the development of aggressive behavior problems in children.

The relation between social rejection and growth in antisocial behavior was investigated. In Study 1,259 boys and girls (34% African American) were followed from Grades 1 to 3 (ages 6-8 years) to Grades 5 to 7 (ages 10-12 years). Early peer rejection predicted growth in aggression. In Study 2,585 boys and girls (16% African American) were followed from kindergarten to Grade 3 (ages 5-8 years), and findings were replicated. Furthermore, early aggression moderated the effect of rejection, such that rejection exacerbated antisocial development only among children initially disposed toward aggression. In Study 3, social information-processing patterns measured in Study 1 were found to mediate partially the effect of early rejection on later aggression. In Study 4, processing patterns measured in Study 2 replicated the mediation effect. Findings are integrated into a recursive model of antisocial development.

Aggression↗
PubMed1993

Information processing by tree fellers: signal detection analysis.

Eighteen experienced tree fellers and eighteen forestry students watched video recordings of mature eucalypts being felled by a man using a chain saw, and then rated whether each tree had fallen normally or abnormally. Signal-detection analysis showed that the tree fellers were more accurate than the forestry students in predicting eventual outcome. Further, the tree fellers achieved peak accuracy in discrimination by the time the logger had completed cutting the scarf (typically several minutes before the tree hit the ground), whereas the forestry students predicted outcome most accurately only when a tree was falling (and about 1 s from hitting the ground). Study of the bases for information processing and decision making by tree fellers has implications for personnel selection and training, as well as for formulation of effective work practices.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Noise and task induced distraction effects on information processing: sex differences in smokers and non-smokers.

Choice reaction time performance was monitored in male and female smokers and nonsmokers during the separate and combined presentation of noise- and task-induced distraction. Behavioral measures of decision time and movement time were examined together with response errors. Relative to female nonsmokers, female smokers exhibited significantly slower decision times during both separate and combined presentation of distractors. Female smokers also showed significantly longer decision times than male smokers during task-induced distraction. Significant differences were also observed with response errors, with task and combined noise- and task-induced distraction resulting in greater impairment in female smokers. The results are supportive of a relative central information processing deficit in female smokers and discussion is focused on the role of attentional processes.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Attentional control and slowness of information processing after severe traumatic brain injury.

Attention is a basic cognitive function and a prerequisite for other cognitive processes and is frequently impaired after traumatic brain injury. In the present study, 29 severe traumatic brain injury patients and 30 control subjects completed a battery of three neuropsychological tests of attention (WCST, TMT, Stroop). The aim was to clarify the attentional mechanisms underlying tests performance and to explore the types of attentional impairment after severe traumatic brain injury. Significant differences were found between the control and clinical groups in almost all measures. However, some of these differences disappeared when the speed of information processing was controlled using covariance analysis. In addition, a factor analysis revealed a four-factor solution explaining 89.6% of the variance in the data, i.e. cognitive flexibility, speed of processing, interference and working memory. This result supports the view of at least four different subprocesses of attentional control underlie test performance and allows one to differentiate between high- and low-level processes. The implications for neuropsychological assessment and rehabilitation are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

A neural network model of cortical information processing in schizophrenia. II--Role of hippocampal-cortical interaction: a review and a model.

This paper considers the relevance of hippocampal dysfunction to symptom production in schizophrenia with the help of an integrative computational model of cortical processing. First, evidence for involvement of the hippocampus was systematically reviewed. Then, a neural network model of hippocampal-cortical interaction was proposed. The effects of a dysfunction in hippocampal-cortical interaction were explored through simulation experiments. Neural network simulation demonstrated that when the hippocampal function of classification and reduction of overlap in input is sub-optimal, increasing correlation among input patterns compromised storage capacity of the cortical network. Hippocampal dysfunction predisposes to the emergence of spurious retrieval states in cortical information processing. This provides a model for psychotic symptom formation in schizophrenia.

Cerebral Cortex↗
PubMed2004

Environmental dependence of behavioral control mechanisms: effects of alcohol and information processing demands.

Studies show that alcohol increases a drinker's reliance on the environmental context for the maintenance of inhibitory and activational responding. The author of the present study examined additive effects of alcohol and cognitive load on the cue dependency of inhibitory and activational mechanisms of control. Adults received 0.0 g/kg, 0.45 g/kg, and 0.65 g/kg alcohol and performed a cued go/no-go task that presented simple and complex go and no-go stimuli. Results showed that cue dependency of response inhibition increased as a function of dose, and this effect was similar across low and high cognitive load conditions. These findings are consistent with a capacity limitation account of alcohol impairment that could involve central or output stages of information processing.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Information processing in everyday life: emotion-congruent bias in mothers' reports of parent-child interactions.

The authors examined the role of emotions in mothers' perceptions of the parent-child relationship. Ninety-nine mothers completed a measure of trait affect and then interacted with their preschool children under low- and high-stress conditions. After each interaction session, mothers rated their mood states and positive and negative aspects of parent-child behavior. To control for differences in the quality of dyadic interaction, observers also rated behavior. Across sessions, mood was a more robust predictor of mothers' perceptions than was trait affect. When trait effects did occur, they were mediated by mood states. Results suggest that when emotionally congruent information processing occurs in real-life situations, emotions generated by the interactions play a preeminent role in the immediate interpretation of the exchange.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

[Current responsibilities of information processing in gynecology].

The importance of information management systems for obstetrics and gynecology has largely increased during the last years. The reasons are increasing demands for valuable medical data for economical and medical purposes and the growing complexity of sufficient applications. Actual working fields are quality assurance in perinatology and gynecological surgery, networking, image processing and applications for artificial intelligence.

Electronic Data Processing↗
PubMed1989

Directed forgetting and posthypnotic amnesia: information processing and social contexts.

In three experiments we compared posthypnotic amnesia (PHA) with directed forgetting (DF), evaluating subjects' hypnotic susceptibility, hypnotized or not. Experiment 1 suggested that the memory processes in PHA and DF were not the same. Low and high susceptibility subjects responded differently in the two contexts. Experiment 2 demonstrated a context effect for highly susceptible subjects: They showed the usual DF response outside hypnosis but not during hypnosis. Experiment 3 showed that high and low susceptibility subjects responded similarly to DF instructions outside hypnosis, eliminating the susceptibility as an important variable in the DF response. We concluded: (a) The interaction of context and susceptibility was the important determinant of unusual DF responses for high susceptibles, and (b) information processing concepts are too limited to explain PHA and perhaps DF. Theories that include interactions appear necessary for an accurate understanding of hypnotic phenomena and perhaps some phenomena usually focused on by cognitive psychology.

Amnesia↗
PubMed1995

[Development of visual information processing and age-related changes in P300 latency].

P 300 event-related potentials were recorded in 72 normal subjects ranging from 5 to 25 years of age for three visual discrimination tasks. A progressive decrease of P300 latency with curvelinear function was found in all the tasks. However, the age/P300 latency slope from 5 to 14 years was different for two word discrimination tasks and a color discrimination task, -17 ms/y (-16 ms/y) and -28 ms/y respectively. The curvelinear regression equation predicted the shortest latency of P300 to be observed at 26 years (28 years) in word discrimination tasks in contrast to 19 years in a color discrimination task. These results indicated the P300 latency varies depending upon the task type; different tasks require different modes of cognitive information processing. This fact should be taken into account when P300 latency is used for evaluating children's cognitive development.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Melatonin administered systemically alters the properties of visual cortex cells in cat: further evidence for a role in visual information processing.

The effects of melatonin given systemically at night-time were investigated in the visual system of cats by means of electrophysiological recordings from single cells in the striate cortex (area 17). Following intravenous injection of melatonin, the spontaneous discharge rate (SDR) was found to decrease in the majority of units when compared to control situations. In addition, the amplitude of responses to photic stimulation (moved light bars on a dark background) was augmented. These results reveal that, following application of melatonin, an improved signal-to-noise ratio is found in response to visual stimuli. The physiological source and putative action sites of melatonin are discussed with regard to its physiological role as a neuromodulating substance. The present data, in addition to previous work, suggest that melatonin is involved in visual information processing such as object detection and dark adaptation.

Action Potentials↗