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PubMedDate not supplied

Relationship between patterns of infant temperament, child behavior ratings, and interactions during toddlerhood.

This longitudinal study examined the relationship of temperament ratings during infancy, subsequent child behavior problems, and mother-child interaction. The authors considered the effect of change in mothers' perceptions of their infants' temperament during infancy (e.g., from easy to difficult or from difficult to easy) on subsequent developmental outcomes. Data from a predominantly middle-class Caucasian sample of 49 mother-child dyads are presented here. Findings revealed that children with discontinuities in 4 and 8-month ratings on the Revised Infant Temperament Questionnaire (e.g, Easy/Difficult or Difficult/Easy) had significantly higher problem and intensity scores on the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory than those with stable temperament ratings (Carey & McDevitt, 1978a). No significant differences were found in maternal behaviors between mothers of children rated easy or difficult at 4 or 8 months. These results suggest that continuity of infant temperament ratings is an important factor for consideration in subsequent maternal identification of toddler behavior problems, and that difficult temperament alone may not predict such problems.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Comparison of auditory brainstem response and behavioral audiometry in infants.

Sixty-three normal hearing infants, ranging from 1 to 12 months of age, were evaluated with Behavioral Observation Audiometry (BOA), Visual Reinforcement Audiometry (VRA), and Auditory Brainstem Response Audiometry (ABR). BOA thresholds decreased with increasing age for infants 0 to 6 months of age, while ABR threshold were essentially constant as a function of subject age. In general, VRA threshold were obtained only for infants over 4 months of age, and were relatively constant for the age range of 4 to 12 months. For neonates, BOA thresholds were significantly higher than ABR thresholds. BOA, VRA, and ABR thresholds tended to converge at a subject age of approximately 6 months, with VRA yielding the lowest and BOA the highest threshold. ABR provided the most consistent threshold for all subjects tested, regardless of age.

Acoustic Impedance Tests↗
PubMed1975

Tactile stimulation and behavioral development among low-birthweight infants.

The Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale was administered to a group of premature infants both prior to and following a nursery program of enriched tactile stimulation. The same instrument was administered twice to a control group of prematures who received no intervening "extra" stimulation. Whereas control infants showed changes of 2 or more points on only 2 of the instrument's 26 scales, the experimental babies showed positive changes of 2 or more points on 11 scales. There were no difference in weight gain between the two groups.

Arousal↗
PubMed1985

The acuity card procedure: a rapid test of infant acuity.

Forced-choice preferential looking (FPL) and operant preferential looking (OPL) procedures for testing infant acuity typically require 15-45 min to derive an acuity estimate. This article presents a new acuity assessment technique ("acuity cards") that combines FPL/OPL stimuli with an observer's subjective assessment of an infant's looking behavior. The infant is shown a series of gray cards that contain grating targets of various spatial frequencies. An observer watches the eye movement patterns and behavior of the infant and judges whether the infant can or cannot see the grating on each card in the series. Acuity is estimated as the highest spatial frequency that the observer judges the infant to be able to see. With this technique, the binocular acuity of normal infants can be estimated with reasonable accuracy in the laboratory setting in 3-5 min.

Conditioning, Operant↗
PubMed1986

Moderate hyperbilirubinemia does not influence the behavior of jaundiced infants.

Several recent reports have described short-term effects of moderate hyperbilirubinemia, and have questioned the treatment protocols of neonatal jaundice. However, most of these studies were not designed to investigate the effects of hyperbilirubinemia per se and could have been influenced by phototherapy. We have evaluated with the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Scale 17 moderately jaundiced term 3-day-old infants (mean bilirubin level 10.6 mg/100 ml, range 8.4-14.3) not treated with phototherapy and 17 not jaundiced matched subjects; 14 jaundiced 4-day-old subjects (mean bilirubin level 10.4 mg/100 ml, range 8.4-12.9) and 14 not jaundiced matched subjects; 10 ex-jaundiced 1-month-old infants (mean bilirubin level 11.5 mg/100 ml, range 9.1-15.9) and 10 matched not jaundiced infants. No differences were found between jaundiced infants and not jaundiced infants. Our data indicate that moderate levels of hyperbilirubinemia not treated with phototherapy do not influence neonatal behavior. Hence, more aggressive treatment is not justified, at least in term infants.

Child Behavior↗
PubMed1991

Prevalence and situational causes of stereotyped behaviors in blind infants and preschoolers.

Parents of 85 blind children aged from 10 months to the 6th year of life were asked regarding the frequency, duration and typical situations of the occurrence of various stereotypic behaviors in their children. The Bielefeld Parents' Questionnaire for Blind and Sighted Infants and Preschoolers was used as the instrument of measurement. All of the children displayed at least one stereotypic behavior; most displayed several stereotypic behaviors according to the parents' reports. Eye poking and body rocking dominated within the prevalence hierarchy. Four typical situations could be identified in which stereotypic behaviors were shown: monotony, arousal, demand, and during feeding or eating. The results suggested that repetitive hand and finger movements, stereotypic manipulation of objects, and making a face(s) mainly occur within arousal situations whereas eye poking, whimpering, and sucking thumbs or fingers especially are linked to monotony.

Arousal↗
PubMed1992

Crying does not exacerbate gastroesophageal reflux in infants.

The behavior and intraluminal esophageal pH of 48 infants (5-26 weeks old) were continuously recorded during the 120-min period following their ingestion of a standard volume of apple juice (pH approximately 4). To evaluate the effect of three basic behavior states on the frequency of infant gastroesophageal reflux, the data from all 19 of these infants who spent time in all three behavior states during the 120-min study were analyzed for this study. Results were expressed as the frequency of gastroesophageal reflux episodes per hour of time spent crying, per hour of time awake without crying, and per hour of time asleep. Reflux frequency while crying was compared to reflux frequency while awake without crying; reflux frequency awake (both crying and not crying combined) was compared to reflux frequency asleep. The results indicate that, as has been shown previously, sleeping decreases reflux frequency [nine (1-48) episodes per hour awake vs. two (0-134) episodes per hour asleep, expressed as median (range), p = 0.025], but that, contrary to expectation, crying appears to decrease rather than increase both reflux frequency [11 (0-84) episodes per hour crying vs. 17 (0-213) episodes per hour awake without crying, p = 0.035] and total duration [21% (0-79) of crying time with pH less than 4 vs. 41% (0-93) of noncrying awake time with pH less than 4, p = 0.025]. Crying does not exacerbate reflux in infants with gastroesophageal reflux disease.

Crying↗
PubMed1993

Crying and motor behavior of six-week-old infants and postpartum maternal mood.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether prepartum and postpartum emotional distress in first-time mothers is associated with crying and fussing behavior and activity level in 6-week-old infants, after eliminating potential biases. DESIGN: Observational study examining predictive and concurrent associations between maternal emotions and infant behaviors. SETTING: General community. PARTICIPANTS: Expectant primiparas attending obstetricians' offices for routine prenatal care were recruited in the third trimester. Mothers and babies were required to be free of medical complications to complete the study. Of 113 mothers who enrolled, complete crying/fussing data were obtained in 88 dyads. Activity data were obtained in a designated subgroup of 50 infants. MEASUREMENTS: Mothers completed a self-report scale of emotional distress, the 28-item General Health Questionnaire, at 34 weeks of gestation and at 6 weeks postpartum. Crying/fussing data were obtained using a previously validated parent diary of infant behavior during the sixth week of life. Motor activity was measured objectively in the home setting with actometers. RESULTS: Third-trimester distress was not related to either infant crying/fussing or activity. Postpartum distress was significantly related to crying/fussing duration and bout frequency (r[88] = .45 and .28, respectively; both P < .01). These relations were not diminished after controlling statistically for background and/or potential mediating variables, nor could they be accounted for by different diary-recording styles in the mothers. Postpartum distress was not, however, related to activity level (r[50] = -.09; not significant). Furthermore, the pattern of maternal distress was associated differentially with crying levels. Distress levels increased from prepartum to postpartum among mothers of infants who met predefined clinical criteria for "colic," while decreasing in the others ("colic" status x period interaction: F(1,86) = 8.2; P < .01). Also, infant crying varied among four groups of mothers who differed according to presence and timing of clinically significant emotional disturbance (one-way analysis of variance, F (3,86) = 9.4; P < .001). Infants of mothers who became significantly distressed postpartum ("reactive") cried more than those in the other groups, even mothers who had been distressed both prepartum and postpartum ("depressed") (3.7 vs 2.7 h/d; P = .05, post hoc Tukey). CONCLUSIONS: Maternal emotional distress and infant crying behavior are associated in the postpartum period independent of reporting or referral biases. Clinically significant levels of crying (or "colic") are differentially associated with different patterns of clinically significant maternal distress. Reported concern about either maternal mood or infant crying behavior should be taken seriously as a possible indicator of a stressed mother-infant relationship.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

A case study of primiparous maternal and infant gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) behavior.

A primiparous mother and her infant were subjects of a longitudinal behavioral study at Lincoln Park Zoo in Chicago, Illinois. From November 1998 to November 1999, we collected a total of 100 hr of focal nonhuman animal instantaneous point sampling and all occurrence data on the mother and her infant. After 8 months, we introduced the 4-member focal group to an 8-member gorilla group, thus providing an opportunity to study the effect of the introduction on mother-infant behavior. Overall, time the pair spent physically apart was notably high with contact and proximate scores steadily decreasing over time. The infant was largely responsible for maintaining social proximity, rarely leaving the mother and frequently approaching her. In contrast, the mother left the infant frequently and approached the infant minimally. Maternal affiliative and nonaffiliative behaviors fluctuated throughout the study. Over time, both decreased. Despite a precarious maternal relationship, infant developmental trends were typical for captive gorillas. The results of this study suggest that allowing flexibility in judging maternal conduct can be of benefit to successful gorilla husbandry.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1978

Suckling behavior of the infant rat: modulation by a developing neurotransmitter system.

Drugs which alter serotonin receptor activity modified the suckling behavior of 20-day-old rat pups. Suckling could be reinstated in nondeprived pups, which normally do not suckle, by blockade of serotonin receptors with methysergide. Stimulation of serotonin receptors with quipazine inhibited suckling in deprived pups, and this effect was prevented by methysergide pretreatment. This evidence suggests that suckling in weaning age pups is controlled by a serotonergic inhibitory mechanism.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Parents' perceptions of their newborn following structured interactions.

A study of 57 married couples and their normal-term firstborn infants investigated (a) if parents' perceptions are related to behavior of infants and (b) if a structured interaction of parent with infant positively influences parents' perceptions of their infant. Mothers, fathers, or parents in three experimental groups participated in a structured interaction with their infants. Parents and infants in a control group received no structured interaction. The interaction consisted of the parents assessing their infant using the Mother's Assessment of the Behavior of Her Infant (MABI). Infants' behaviors were measured with the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) and parents' perceptions with the Neonatal Perception Inventories (NPI). There was no relation between infant behavior and parental perception. The factor structure of NBAS items was similar to that found by other investigators. The structured interaction differentially affected perception scores of mothers at Time 2 (F 3, 53 = 3.96, p = .013). Perceptions of mothers and fathers achieved some congruence over time (Time 1, r = .18, p = .189; Time 2, r = .45, p = .001; Time 3, r = .41, p = .002). Seven other variables contributed more to variance in mothers' than fathers' perceptions.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Behavioral tests in monkey infants exposed embryonically to an oral contraceptive.

The behavior of rhesus monkey infants exposed to high levels (20 to 100 X the human therapeutic dosage) of an estrogen-progesterone contraceptive (Norlestrin) during embryogenesis was compared to that of untreated controls. No serious deficiencies in regulation of activity, motor maturity, manual dexterity or discrimination learning were recorded in the 3 to 5 month old infants. In addition, age appropriate sex-differentiated behavior was observed in social groups of treated infants at 5 and 11 months of age. On the basis of this information it seems unlikely that accidental use of birth control pills during early pregnancy will seriously affect behavioral competence of offspring during infancy.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Infant temperament and school age behavior: 6-year longitudinal study in a pediatric practice.

We conducted a retrospective cohort study in a pediatric practice to assess the association between parents' ratings of temperamental difficulty (observations of specific infant behaviors) and perceptions of temperamental difficulty (impressions of one's infant as compared with other infants) in infancy and behavior problems at school age. Mothers of 129 infants, who had completed the Revised Infant Temperament Questionnaire at the 4-month visit, completed the Child Behavior Checklist when the child was 6 years of age. Teachers of 102 of these children completed the teacher Child Behavior Checklist. Temperamental difficulty was defined by assessments of rhythmicity, approach/withdrawal, intensity, mood, and adaptability. Initial analyses revealed that low socioeconomic status (r = -.29, P = .001), ratings of temperamental difficulty (r = .17, P = .06), and perceptions of temperamental difficulty (r = .22, P = .02) at 4 months of age were associated with increased maternal rating of behavior problems at 6 years of age (all 2-tailed tests). However, a multivariate regression analysis showed only low socioeconomic status (P less than .01) and increased perceptions of temperamental difficulty (P = .02) associated with maternal behavior problem scores. Teacher behavior problem scores were associated only with low socioeconomic status (r = -.27, P = .01). These results suggest that the link between difficult infant temperament and later behavior problems is complex and probably reflects both child factors and parent attitudes about what constitutes typical infant behavior.

Child↗
PubMed2006

Epidemiological study on passive smoking among Japanese infants and smoking behavior of their respective parents: a nationwide cross-sectional survey.

BACKGROUND: Passive smoking is a well-known health hazard for infants. This study was conducted to: (1) estimate the prevalence of passive smoking among Japanese infants and (2) clarify the prevalence of indoor smoking and associating factors among parents having infants. METHODS: Subjects were all 53,575 infants born throughout Japan on January 10-17, 2001 or July 10-17, 2001. When the infants reached 6 months of age, the questionnaires were mailed to the homes. Family members answered questions that included information about the current smoking behavior of the parents. RESULTS: A total of 44,562 questionnaires (83.2%) were analyzed. The prevalence of smoking among the mothers and the fathers were 17.1% and 63.5%. The percentages of mothers and fathers who smoked indoors were 12.1% and 36.2%. The percentage of households where mothers and/or fathers smoked indoors was 37.5%. Multivariate logistic analysis indicated that young age, having a spouse who was a smoker, infants having many siblings, the mother not breast-feeding, and lower annual incomes had significantly higher odds ratios for both the mother's and the father's indoor smoking. CONCLUSIONS: Passive smoking is common among Japanese infants. To protect Japanese infants from passive smoking, further public health measures must be taken.

Adult↗