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PubMed2003

[Imported hookworm infection in African immigrants in Spain: study of 285 patients].

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Hookworm infection is a worldwide intestinal parasitic disease affecting more than one billion people. It represents an important public health problem in rural areas of developing countries. In our environment, it is generally considered an imported disease due to the immigration process. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Retrospective observational study of African immigrants diagnosed with hookworm infection at the Immigration and Tropical Medicine Unit of the Hospital of Mataró over the period 1984-1999. RESULTS: We identified 285 patients, mainly young males, from Gambia or Senegal, with a precarious job who had arrived in Spain 3 years earlier or less. Abdominal pain was the commonest reason for consultation (28.8%) cases. Non digestive symptoms were 35.6% and 4.6% remained assymptomatic. 60% had a concomitant infectious disease. Laboratory tests showed iron-deficiency anemia in 28.4% and eosinophilia in 52.3%. 70% of patients did not come to visit after treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Microbiologic stool examination is recommended as part of the health assessment of immigrants from countries where hookworm infection is highly prevalent, even in the absence of abdominal symptoms or abnormalities of the red and white blood series.

Africa South of the Sahara↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Morbidity and mortality due to Ascaris-induced intestinal obstruction.

We examined epidemiological aspects of Ascaris-induced intestinal obstruction (AI-IO) through analysis of published reports on the subject. In 9 studies of > or = 100 patients admitted to hospital due to ascariasis, intestinal obstruction was the single most common complication and accounted for 38-87.5% of all complications (weighted mean 72%). The proportion of intestinal obstruction caused by ascariasis was identified in 14 studies from 7 countries with varying degrees of endemic ascariasis. Using relevant data on the duration of the study, the number of beds in the reporting hospital, and the number of hospital beds/1000 population in the area, the number of cases of AI-IO/year/1000 population was estimated from 11 studies. Both the proportion of AI-IO (range 0-0.71) and the number of cases of AI-IO/year/1000 population (range 0-0.25) were significantly related, in a non-linear manner, to the local prevalence of ascariasis (range 0.01-0.92). In 12 studies of > or = 30 patients with AI-IO, the case fatality rates ranged from 0 to 8.6% (weighted mean 5.7%). The mean age of patients with AI-IO was < or = 5 years in 6 of 7 studies in which age was specified.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Sub-acute intestinal obstruction by Strongyloides stercolaris.

Strongyloides stercolaris infestation is rather rare in Iraq. Individuals with infection confined to the intestinal tract are often asymptomatic. Symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss and other non-specific complaints. The diagnosis depends upon repeated examination of stool and duodenal aspirate. Two cases presenting as sub-acute intestinal obstruction and mimicking primary intestinal lymphoma (PIL) on presentation are presented. Differentiation between the two conditions regarding presenting features, barium studies and pathology are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Mast cell and eosinophil mucosal responses in the large intestine of horses naturally infected with cyathostomes.

From December 1998 to March 2000, caecum and ascendant colon of 42 horses naturally infected with cyathostomes were collected during routine necropsy or from a local slaughterhouse. Changes in the numbers of mucosal and submucosal mast cells (MMC and SMMC), intraepithelial, mucosal and submucosal eosinophils (IE, ME and SME) in the large intestine were investigated by histochemical techniques in relation to the worm burdens. The effect of age was examined in three subgroups: 6-24-month-old horses (group 1), 2-10-year-old horses (group 2) and horses more than 10 years of age (group 3). No globule leucocytes were detected in any sections. No significant variations with breed or sex were observed in cell counts. The main variations were higher eosinophil counts in groups 2 and 3 and a marked increase of the MMC counts in the oldest horses (group 3). For each cell type, the infiltration was homogeneous and generalised along the large intestine. In the whole horse sample, the IE numbers were the only parameters that correlated with the MMC and SMMC counts. Very few significant relationships were found between mast cells and eosinophils in groups 1 and 3, whereas numerous positive correlations were recorded in group 2. In the whole horse sample, several correlations were found between different cell counts and cyathostome burdens. The numbers of larvae, adult worms, and the total worm burdens were related to some of the tissular eosinophil counts while the percentage of early third stage larvae (EL3) was linked to mast cell densities. These relations between cells and worm populations showed variations with age. In group 1, most of the significant associations were found between eosinophil counts (IE and SME) and the total numbers of larvae and worms; in group 2, they were noticed between the three eosinophil types and the total cyathostome burdens. In group 3, a MMC hyperplasia was observed and correlations were mostly recorded between these MMC and the total numbers of adult worms or the percentage of EL3. Several associations were also detected between eosinophils (mainly ME and/or IE) and different cyathostome burdens. These variations in the relationship between inflammatory cells and cyathostomes seemed to be consistent with the cellular changes observed among the three age groups. These results suggest that eosinophil and mast cell infiltrations quantified in the large intestine wall might be associated with cyathostome infection.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2003

Eosinophil relationship in gut anaphylaxis during experimental ancylostomosis.

Changes induced in the circulating and intestinal eosinophil levels and worm load were studied in female Swiss albino mice infected with multiple doses of Ancylostoma caninum larvae. There was a significant rise of both circulating and intestinal eosinophils in all the infected animals when compared with controls. In all the experimental groups of animals, peak eosinophilia was observed during the third week of post-infection and sustained upto 30th day with slight alterations. These studies indicated that eosinophilia will be induced due to anaphylactic reactions in the gut and eosinophilia in multiple infections is an anamnestic response.

Anaphylaxis↗
PubMed1996

Eimeria magna Pérard, 1925: study of the endogenous development of parental and precocious strains.

The endogenous development of a parental strain of E. magna and its deriving precocious line was studied after inoculation of coccidia-free rabbits with oocysts or sporocysts directly into the duodenum and using electron microscopy. Four meront generations could be observed mainly in the jejunum and ileum for the parent strain. The first merogony began 24 h post-inoculation (h p.i.). and meronts were matured about 48 h p.i. The second and the third generation were complete at 66 and 84 h p.i. respectively. Thus, each generation needs approximately 16-20 h for maturation. The fourth generation appeared 102 h p.i. and the young gamonts were present 120 h p.i. As in the other rabbit Eimeria, two types of meronts were described: A and B. The morphology of all endogenous stages of the precocious line was similar but refractile bodies were absent in the first generation merozoites and the fourth generation meront was lacking.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

The pathogenic effects of experimental cyathostome infections in ponies.

Nine pony breed foals were reared indoors, then allocated to one of three groups infected with either 3.9 million (Group A) or 3.15 million (Group B) cold-conditioned third stage cyathostome larvae or kept as uninfected controls (Group C). The larvae were administered as a 'trickle' infection of 150000 larvae per dose, three times weekly. Blood biochemical and haematological analyses were performed weekly and faecal worm egg counts bi-weekly. Complete parasitological examinations were performed on all ponies at various times post-initial infection (PI): one infected animal at 9 weeks PI, four animals (three infected, one control) at 20 weeks PI and four animals (two infected, two controls) at 60-62 weeks PI. All ponies in the infected groups experienced a marked reduction in weight gain and two animals developed clinical disease: one pony developed intermittent diarrhoea and colic 8 weeks PI; another pony developed intermittent diarrhoea between 30 and 52 weeks PI. All infected ponies had decreased serum fructosamine concentrations and five had decreased serum albumin, which were first apparent 4-6 weeks PI. Alterations in the composition of serum globulins were detected in all ponies. Transient neutrophilia was observed in five animals from the infected groups 3-9 weeks PI. Serum alkaline phosphatase concentrations were increased in one pony between 30 and 60 weeks PI. During the course of the experiment, faecal samples from all infected animals were negative for worm eggs. At necropsy, cyathostome larvae were present within the mucosa of the large intestine of all infected ponies, however the mucosal larval counts varied considerably between individuals.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1998

The spatial and temporal concentrations of choline in the lumen contents of the small intestine of uninfected and Hymenolepis diminuta infected rats.

The spatial and temporal concentrations of free choline in the lumen of the small intestine of the uninfected and Hymenolepis diminuta-infected rat were investigated. In the unfed infected or uninfected rat, the choline concentrations ranged from approximately 500 microM in the duodenum to approximately 20 microM in the posterior ileum, with some segments in infected rats containing significantly higher choline levels than in uninfected rats. Following feeding, choline levels were significantly elevated to approximately 3 mM by 6 h, although these concentrations fell rapidly in transit down the intestine. By 12 h the choline levels were similar to those in the unfed rat. An initial small shift in the worm biomass toward the duodenum after feeding was followed by a redistribution of biomass along the length of the small intestine. The worm biomass, however, had little or no effect on the choline levels. The high concentrations of free choline observed in the anterior regions of the intestine are postulated to be predominantly determined by nutritional intake while the concentrations in the posterior region may in part be determined by blood choline levels. The high levels of choline indicate that choline is not limiting to support the growth of the worms.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Sobolevitaenia japonensis n. sp. (Dilepididae: Dilepidinae) from a dusky thrush, Turdus naumanni eunomus Temminck, in Oita Prefecture, Japan.

Sobolevitaenia japonensis n. sp. (Cestoda: Dilepididae) is described from eight specimens from the small intestine of a dusky thrush, Turdus naumanni eunomus Temminck, collected at Beppu City, Oita Prefecture, Japan. S. japonensis most closely resembles S. moldavica among the 11 species now assigned to the genus Sobolevitaenia, from which it is distinguished by a smaller number of proglottids, a larger scolex and a smaller number of testes of larger size, and a larger vitelline gland.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

The efficacy of levamisole administered orally or parenterally against Heligmosomoides polygyrus in mice.

Albino mice (Balb c/nut) experimentally infected with Heligmosomoides polygyrus were treated with levamisole hydrochloride ('Nemicide'--ICI Pharmaceutical PLC) by oral drenching or subcutaneous injection at 5, 10 and 20 mg kg-1. Faecal egg counts monitored for two or three days after dosing and post-mortem worm counts were used to assess the efficacy of these treatments. The lowest dose rate gave poor clearance of adult worms but at 10 and 20 mg kg-1, 91 and 96% reductions in worm burden were achieved. Reduction in post-dosing faecal egg counts were variable. Neither method of administration offered particular advantage in terms of efficacy. Faecal egg count data gave inconsistent differences and at necropsy, worm counts were lower in mice dosed orally but not significantly so.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1986

Schistosome infection in the kelp gull, Larus dominicanus, from Port Elizabeth, Republic of South Africa.

A schistosome infection, cf Gigantobilharzia sp., is recorded from a South African coastal bird, Larus dominicanus, for the first time. The histological response to the presence of the worms and their eggs was considered to be unusually mild. These eggs were all immature and were found only in the mucosa of the gut wall. This raises questions about the oviposition behaviour of the female worm.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Factors influencing the establishment of Mesocestoides corti in mice following oral inoculation of tetrathyridia.

Factors which influence the establishment of tetrathyridia of Mesocestoides corti in mice following inoculation per os were examined. Only a proportion of the tetrathyridia penetrate the gut wall and gain access to the peritoneal cavity and liver, and most of these penetrate through the wall of the small intestine. It appears that tetrathyridia must attach to the intestinal mucosa and commence penetration immediately or they pass into the large intestine and are voided. Establishment was not influenced by strain, sex or age of host. However, the temperature at which tetrathyridia were maintained before inoculation influence their ability to penetrate the intestinal wall. Additionally it appears that tetrathyridia have to undergo a morphological change before or during, this penetration phase.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Estimation of the numbers and infectivity of Nippostrongylus larvae.

Experimental investigations of the subcutaneous infection of third-stage larvae of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis reveal discrepancies between the actual and intended inoculum, and also variability between replicate inocula. Emphasis is thus placed on the importance of obtaining accurate estimates of the level of confidence associated with inoculum size. Under specified laboratory conditions, the retention of infectivity of N. brasiliensis larvae was found to be age-dependent, with a maximum of between 120 and 156 days. The motility of the larvae was not found to be indicative of their ability to complete migration and to become established in the small intestine of the host following subcutaneous inoculation.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Experiments on habitat selection of Heterophyes species in different definitive hosts.

Heterophyes heterophyes, H. aequalis and H. dispar showed distinct zonation in the small intestine of different definitive hosts. The flukes were found in their appropriate zone within four to six hours after infection. It appeared that their position shifted posteriorly during their life and that the shift proceeded more rapidly in unsuitable hosts. Histological sections revealed that the flukes are not deeply embedded in the host's mucosa.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Complications of Ascaris lumbricoides infection: case reports from south western Uganda.

Two cases of intestinal obstruction due to Ascaris lumbricoides infection are reported from Ishaka Adventist Hospital, in south western Uganda. One was a male aged two and a half years and another was a female aged twenty. They were both treated surgically with good results. A review of the literature also revealed that intestinal obstruction due to A. lumbricoides is a common complication, though other surgical and nutritional complications also seem to be common, they are less reported.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Single and multiple worm infections of Echinostoma caproni (Trematoda) in the golden hamster.

Six of 10 hamsters fed a single metacercarial cyst of Echinostoma caproni (single-worm infections) and 13 of 19 hamsters fed either 2 or 5 cysts (multiple-worm infections) were infected with adult echinostomes at necropsy 22 days post-infection. Considerable histopathological changes to the small intestine occurred in hamsters carrying single-worm infections. There were no differences in either mean length, width or wet weight of echinostomes in single- versus multiple-worm infections. The mean number of eggs/worm from single-worm infections (525) was significantly greater than that from multiple-worm infections (288). The average percentage of fully developed miracidia/worm from single worms (94%) was similar to that from worms in multiple infections (92-95%). Single worms of E. caproni were capable of self-fertilization and production of viable eggs. Miracidia derived from single worms were as capable of infecting laboratory-reared Biomphalaria glabrata and producing patent rediae as were those from multiple infections.

Animals↗