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PubMed1997

Disease risks to animal health from artificial insemination with bovine semen.

Two of the major goals of artificial insemination of domesticated animals are to achieve continuous genetic improvement and to prevent or eliminate venereal disease. In comparison with natural service, fewer males are needed to artificially inseminate the same number of females and to produce the same number of offspring. However, there are risks associated with artificial insemination, which has the potential to disseminate genetic defects and also to spread infectious disease nationally and internationally. This paper focuses on the risk of six specific diseases which are transmitted in bull semen and outlines the appropriate measures to prevent these risks.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Failure to detect bovine immunodeficiency virus contamination of stud bull spermatozoa, blood leukocytes, or semen leukocytes in samples supplied by artificial insemination centers.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) infection could be detected in spermatozoa, blood leukocytes, or semen leukocytes from stud bulls in artificial insemination centers. ANIMALS: 30 bulls at 3 artificial insemination centers. PROCEDURE: Polymerase chain reaction testing that used 3 sets of primer pairs targeting pol and env regions of the BIV proviral genome was performed on DNA extracted from semen leukocytes, spermatozoa, and blood leukocytes from each bull. Southern blot analysis was performed to increase sensitivity of detection. Western blot analysis of plasma samples was used to detect antibodies against BIV. RESULTS: BIV provirus was not detected in DNA samples obtained from semen leukocytes, spermatozoa, or blood leukocytes, and antibodies against BIV were not detected. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Contrary to our report of high point prevalence of BIV contamination of semen from a single artificial insemination center, bulls of the study reported here did not appear to be infected. Maximum risk of BIV infection in similar bulls was estimated at 10% with a confidence level of 95%.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Fertility assessment through heterospermic insemination of flow-sorted sperm in cattle.

The ability to assess fertility of bovine sperm accurately and rapidly would be very useful for research and applications to the cattle industry. Sperm motility and other in vitro tests of sperm normality are only partially correlated with fertility, and lengthy breeding trials are expensive and time consuming. Heterospermic insemination by mixing sperm from more than one male provides an in vivo method to assess relative fertility among bulls that can be economical and rapid. Sperm that had been flow-sorted and cryopreserved from four groups of four bulls were inseminated in all combinations of three bulls within groups into nonsuperovulated heifers or superovulated heifers. Embryos were collected nonsurgically between d 13.5 and 20 following estrus and evaluated for paternity by genotyping. Following determination of paternity, a heterospermic index was created for each bull using a maximum likelihood function. These indices ranged from 0.22 +/- 0.15 to 2.43 +/- 0.43 (mean = 1.00, with a higher value indicative of greater fertility). In all four groups, either the high- or low-fertility bull was identified (P < 0.05) using a total of 25 to 36 genotypable embryos from nonsuperovulated heifers. The heterospermic rankings of bulls were similar for single and superovulated heifers for one group of bulls, but dissimilar for a second group. Heterospermic insemination followed by genotyping of embryos proved to be efficacious for rapidly ranking fertility of flow-sorted sperm from bulls when females were not superovulated, but results were less clear when females were superovulated.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Threshold-linear analysis of measures of fertility in artificial insemination data and days to calving in beef cattle.

Mating and calving records for 47,533 first-calf heifers in Australian Angus herds were used to examine the relationship between days to calving (DC) and two measures of fertility in AI data: 1) calving to first insemination (CFI) and 2) calving success (CS). Calving to first insemination and calving success were defined as binary traits. A threshold-linear Bayesian model was employed for both analyses: 1) DC and CFI and 2) DC and CS. Posterior means (SD) of additive covariance and corresponding genetic correlation between the DC and CFI were -0.62 d (0.19 d) and -0.66 (0.12), respectively. The corresponding point estimates between the DC and CS were -0.70 d (0.14 d) and -0.73 (0.06), respectively. These genetic correlations indicate a strong, negative relationship between DC and both measures of fertility in AI data. Selecting for animals with shorter DC intervals genetically will lead to correlated increases in both CS and CFI. Posterior means (SD) for additive and residual variance and heritability for DC for the DC-CFI analysis were 23.5 d2 (4.1 d2), 363.2 d2 (4.8 d2), and 0.06 (0.01), respectively. The corresponding parameter estimates for the DC-CS analysis were very similar. Posterior means (SD) for additive, herd-year and service sire variance and heritability for CFI were 0.04 (0.01), 0.06 (0.06), 0.14 (0.16), and 0.03 (0.01), respectively. Posterior means (SD) for additive, herd-year, and service sire variance and heritability for CS were 0.04 (0.01), 0.07 (0.07), 0.14 (0.16), and 0.03 (0.01), respectively. The similarity of the parameter estimates for CFI and CS suggest that either trait could be used as a measure of fertility in AI data. However, the definition of CFI allows the identification of animals that not only record a calving event, but calve to their first insemination, and the value of this trait would be even greater in a more complete dataset than that used in this study. The magnitude of the correlations between DC and CS-CFI suggest that it may be possible to use a multitrait approach in the evaluation of AI and natural service data, and to report one genetic value that could be used for selection purposes.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Success at first insemination in Australian Angus cattle: analysis of uncertain binary responses.

Field data from Australian Angus herds were used to investigate 2 methods of analyzing uncertain binary responses for success or failure at first insemination. A linear mixed model that included herd, year, and month of mating as fixed effects; unrelated service sire, additive animal, and residual as random effects; and linear and quadratic effects of age at mating as covariates was used to analyze binary data. An average gestation length (GL) derived from artificial insemination data was used to assign an insemination date to females mated to natural service sires. Females that deviated from this average GL led to uncertain binary responses. Two analyses were carried out: 1) a threshold model fitted to uncertain binary data, ignoring uncertainty (M1); and 2) a threshold model fitted to uncertain binary data, accounting for uncertainty via fuzzy logic classification (M2). There was practically no difference between point estimates obtained from M1 and M2 for service sire and herd variance; however, when uncertain binary data were analyzed ignoring uncertainty (M1), additive variance and heritability estimates were greater than with M2. Pearson correlations indicated that no major reranking would be expected for service sire effects and animal breeding values using M1 and M2. Given the results of the current study, a threshold model contemplating uncertainty is suggested for noisy binary data to avoid bias when estimating genetic parameters.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Use of boar spermatozoa for artificial insemination. III. Fecundity of boar spermatozoa stored in Beltsville liquid and Kiev extenders for three days at 18 C.

A field trial was conducted on several hundred farms in The Netherlands to compare the fertilizing capacity of boar spermatozoa stored for 1, 2, or 3 d at 18 C in either Kiev or Beltsville liquid extender (BL-1). Two storage volumes (25 and 100 ml) were used. Twelve Dutch Landrace boars, all in routine commercial artificial insemination service, provided the semen in twice-a-week collections. Over an 8-wk period in March and April, 1979, 2,849 sows and gilts were inseminated. Farrowing rates were higher (P less than .0001) with Kiev extender than with BL-1 extender (69.3 vs 60.5%) when semen was used over a 3 d period. The volume at which the semen was extended and stored had no effect on any parameter. Farrowing rate declined significantly when semen stored at 18 C for more than 2 d was used (74.5% vs 64.7% with semen stored for 1 and 3 in Kiev extender; 65.9% vs 52.7% with semen stored for 1 and 3 d in BL-1 extender). The farrowing rate, total number of pigs/litter and live pigs/litter were significantly higher for sows than for gilts inseminated with similar extended semen. On the basis of the results of this trial, Kiev extender appears to be more suitable as a diluent for liquid semen than does BL-1. AI with semen extended and stored for 3 d at 18 C can be expected to result in a lower farrowing rate than AI with semen stored for 1 or 2 d.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Conception rate at first insemination in beef cattle: effects of season, age and previous reproductive performance.

The effects of season, age at previous parturition, and whether the female was retained because she failed to conceive or be detected in estrus during the previous breeding season were analyzed for first-service conception rate in beef cattle. Twelve years of reproductive data on females that were at least 50% Simmental were obtained from a single farm. All females detected in estrus were artificially inseminated during 42-d breeding seasons (52 d for heifers), starting either in June or November. The data, consisting of 9,071 first-service records, were described by a logit model and parameters were estimated using weighted least squares procedures. Age and previous reproductive performance (whether the female had failed to conceive or be detected in estrus during the previous breeding season) significantly affected first-service conception rate, as did the interaction between the two factors. Season of insemination, when considered across all other effects, did not influence first-service conception rate, but the interaction of season and previous reproductive performance was significant, as was the three-way interaction between season, age and previous reproductive performance. Except for those calving at 2.5 yr of age, females that were inseminated in the winter subsequent to parturition in the fall had the highest first-service conception rates. Those that did not conceive during the breeding season subsequent to parturition and were carried over to the following season had lower first-service conception rates, with the lowest being for females carried over to the winter breeding season.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1989

Conception rates in early postpartum ewes bred naturally or by intrauterine insemination.

Ewes were treated with a medroxyprogesterone acetate (MAP) sponge for 8 d followed, at sponge removal, with 500 IU pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) at d 30, 40 or 50 (d 0 = lambing) to induce estrus. Dry and lactating ewes were divided into equal numbers at each postpartum day and bred at estrus. Conception rates and number of accessory sperm were determined by flushing the oviducts 3 d after mating and examining the recovered ova. There was no effect (P greater than .05) of lactational status on conception rates. Conception rates increased (P less than .05) from d 30 (10%) to d 40 (45%) and from d 40 to d 50 (80%). There were fewer (P less than .05) ova with accessory sperm (5/26) in d-30 ewes compared with d-40 (10/27) or d-50 (12/24) ewes. In Exp. 2, ewes were assigned to two groups after receiving PMSG on d 30: 1) mated naturally or 2) inseminated during laparotomy near the uterotubal junction (UTJ). Dry and lactating ewes were divided evenly within each of the two treatments. Oviducts were flushed and ova were examined for cleavage. The conception rate was 60% in ewes that were inseminated in the UTJ vs 10% in ewes mated to rams (P less than .05). Lactational status had no effect on results. In conclusion, conception rates in postpartum ewes treated with MAP sponge and PMSG increased from postpartum d 30 to d 50 with natural breeding, and d-30 conception rates were increased over natural mating by insemination into the uterine horn near the UTJ.

Administration, Intravaginal↗
PubMed1997

Superovulation combined with insemination or timed intercourse in the treatment of couples with unexplained infertility and minimal endometriosis.

BACKGROUND: To compare intrauterine insemination (IUI), direct intraperitoneal insemination (DIPI), and timed-intercourse (TI), each combined with superovulation, in the treatment of couples with unexplained infertility, including couples with minimal endometriosis. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 233 superovulation cycles in 70 couples with unexplained infertility or minimal endometriosis. Stimulation protocol, pregnancy rate, pregnancy outcome, and complications of treatment were analyzed. RESULTS: The pregnancy rare was 8.6% per cycle and 28.5% per couple. A majority of all treatment pregnancies (85%) occurred during the first four cycles of treatment. The duration of infertility did not influence the pregnancy rate. The pregnancy rate in patients with unexplained infertility was higher, but not significantly, than in patients with minimal endometriosis (27.7% versus 18.4%). No predictive marker for successful stimulation was found, except for the higher luteal progesterone level in cycles resulting in pregnancy. The multiple pregnancy rate was high: 30% of all pregnancies and 40% of all deliveries were multiple. CONCLUSIONS: Superovulation in combination with insemination or intercourse is effective and is still recommended in the treatment of couples with unexplained infertility.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Short communication: genetic evaluation of the interval from first to last insemination with survival analysis and linear models.

Sire breeding values for the interval between the first and last insemination were predicted using 4 proportional hazards models (survival analyses) and 2 linear mixed models to determine which would result in a more accurate genetic evaluation. A stochastic simulation describing the reproductive cycle of first-parity cows was conducted, in which true breeding values for conception rate were created. The model included the effects of sire and herd. The highest correlations between true breeding values for conception rate and breeding values for the interval between first and last insemination predicted by the survival analysis model and the linear model were 0.803 and 0.744, respectively. The results showed that when pregnancy status was known, survival models were more accurate than linear models to predict breeding values for conception rate when using observations on the interval between first and last insemination.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Evaluation of timed insemination using a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist in lactating dairy cows.

An experiment compared the effectiveness of a timed AI and an AI at observed estrus. Lactating dairy cows were injected with PGF2 alpha at 30 +/- a range of 3 d postpartum, with a GnRH agonist at 65 +/- a range of 3 d, and with PGF2 alpha 7 d later; control cows (n = 128) were inseminated at detected estrus, but cows in the timed AI group (n = 171) received a second injection of GnRH agonist 48 h after the injection of PGF2 alpha and were inseminated 16 h later. Control cows that were not inseminated within 7 d were resynchronized with GnRH agonist, followed 7 d later with an injection of PGF2 alpha. Pregnancy rate was 30.5% for control cows and 29.0% for cows in the timed AI group, and conception rate was 41.5% for control cows and 26.5% for cows in the timed AI group. Days open for cows that conceived by 120 d postpartum was 83.6 d for control cows and 79.2 d for cows in the timed AI group. Treatment by month interactions indicated that pregnancy and conception rates and days open for cows that conceived were more consistent across months for cows in the timed AI group. Differences (control vs. timed AI) were not detected for overall pregnancy rate by 120 d postpartum (58.8 +/- 4.7% vs. 56.2 +/- 4.4%). Conception and pregnancy rates at first synchronization were influenced positively by body condition and plasma concentrations of progesterone at 65 d postpartum. Timed AI was an effective alternative for reproductive management.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Optimal replacement and insemination policies for Holstein cattle in the southeastern region of Brazil: the effect of selling animals for production.

Dynamic programming was used to determine optimal replacement and insemination policies for Holstein-Friesian cattle in the southeastern region of Brazil. Optimal insemination and replacement decisions were determined for two disposal alternatives: selling all cows exclusively for slaughter (A) or selling the cows either for slaughter or to other farmers for production (B). Disposal alternative B reflects the common practice among dairy farmers to sell some of their cows to other farmers at a higher price than the carcass price. In the model, cows were described in terms of lactation number, stage of lactation, calving interval, and milk produced during present and previous lactation. For disposal alternative A, the optimal average herd life was 54.9 mo, corresponding to annual replacement and voluntary culling rates of 21.8 and 4.1%, respectively. For disposal alternative B, the optimal average herd life was 44.0 mo, which corresponded to annual replacement and voluntary culling rates of 27.3 and 10.0%, respectively. In this case, from the total of voluntarily culled cows, 70% were sold to other farmers for production. Sensitivity analyses showed that changes in the disposal value of cows and replacement heifer prices strongly influenced the optimal insemination and replacement policy.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1976

Importance of oviduct relaxation in artificial insemination of turkeys.

This experiment was designed to determine whether or not relaxation of the turkey oviduct prior to the release of the semen was necessary for optimal fertilization to occur with artificial insemination. A total of 96 large type turkey caged laying hens were inseminated with 0.025 ml. of pooled semen near the area of the uterovaginal junction while the oviduct was still everted or after pressure on the hen was released and the oviduct returned to its non-everted position with the insemination tube in place. The difference in fertility of 9% between the non-everted (87.4%) and everted (78.5%) group was significant (P less than 0.01). The embryonic mortality of the non-everted group (10.6%) was significantly lower (P less than 0.01) than in the everted group (13.2%).

Animals↗
PubMed1976

The effects of semen dosage and insemination frequency on the fertility of brolier breeder hens.

Sexuality mature commerical broiler breeder pullets were housed singly in laying cages and artifically inseminated with one of three different levels of undiluted pooled semen (0.1, 0.05 and 0.025 ml.) at either of two different frequencies (once and twice a week) in three different trials. The best fertility was obtained by inseminating twice a week with 0.05 ml. of semen. Inseminating once a week with 0.1 ml. of semen did not provide maximum fertility in the stock used in this study.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Fertility and embryonic livability as influenced by depth of insemination of turkey hens.

In two separate artificial insemination trials with individually caged breeder turkeys, semen release in the oviduct at depths of 3.0 and 7.5 cm from the exterior surface of the relaxed vent were compared. In the first trial, 7.5 cm. insemination at two-week intervals produced significantly higher (82.3 vs 78.5%) fertility and lower embryonic mortality (16.8 vs 20.2%) than the 3.0 cm. depth. In the second trial, insemination at three-week intervals, 7.5 cm. depth also produced significantly higher (79.2 vs 73.9%) fertility and lower embryonic mortality 11.2 vs 15.6%). The net gain in reproduction efficiency due to the combined effects was 6% in Trial 1 and 8% in Trial 2.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Evaluation of artificial insemination techniques on fertility in laying hens.

The effects of depth of intravaginal insemination of two subsequent semen ejaculates from Rhode Island Red (RIR) and Light Sussex (LS) cockerels on fertility and embryonic mortality of eggs from RIR hens were investigated. Intravaginal insemination to a depth of 3.5 cm resulted in significantly higher fertility than shallow insemination to .5 cm (74.0 vs. 62.3%). Although not statistically significant, fertilizing capacity of first ejaculate of semen collected from either RIR or LS males was greater than the second ejaculate (71.4 vs. 64.9%).

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Fertility following intrauterine insemination near the time of oviposition.

The fate and fertility of semen deposited immediately following oviposition in the vicinity of the uterovaginal sperm host glands (USHG) was evaluated and compared with the semen deposited in the vagina. Intrauterine insemination of hens immediately after oviposition provided excellent fertility over a 2-wk period, compared to semen deposited in the vagina; also, 89% of the eggs laid within 25 h following intrauterine insemination were fertile, versus 33% following intravaginal insemination. Thus, spermatozoa deposited in the vicinity of the USHG immediately following oviposition (to simulate a release of spermatozoa from this region) can be transported to the infundibulum and effectively fertilize the next ovum ovulated. While some spermatozoa deposited in the uterus are transported to the infundibulum, the bulk of those retained in the oviduct populate the USHG. Thus, oviductal contractions immediately following oviposition do not adversely influence either the retention of spermatozoa or their incorporation into the USHG if the spermatozoa are placed on the uterine side of the uterovaginal junction.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Determination of optimal time for mating by artificial insemination with chilled semen using luteinizing hormone surge as an indicator in beagles.

Artificial insemination (AI) was conducted using the second fraction of semen, which was collected from 15 male dogs, diluted to a total sperm count of 100x10(6) for each insemination with egg-yolk Tris (eyT) citrate acid buffer and incubated at 4 degrees C for 48 hours. Luteinizing hormone (LH) surge was detected to determine the optimal time for mating using canine LH assay kits. Artificial insemination using 100x10(6) sperm was performed on the fourth and sixth days or the fifth and seventh days after the LH surge. The conception rates were 33% (4/12) and 89% (8/9), respectively; the whelping rates also showed similar results. Serum LH and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) concentrations were measured in nine dogs, and the mean LH concentration (+/- standard deviation) at LH surge was 15.77+/-7.66 ng/ml. The time of the LH surge detected by the canine LH assay kit was very similar to that measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA).

Animals↗