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At least 919 records · Page 51Linked to original sources
PubMed1983

Can people move bureaucratic mountains? Developing primary health care in rural Indonesia.

Banjarnegara, a regency with a population of 678,000 located in a poor, mountainous region of Central Java, has become a focus of attention because of its Primary Health Care (PHC) programme. Since 1972, three-quarters of Banjarnegara's 279 villages have established a wide range of community-based health activities. Yet it is difficult to describe and analyse this programme, which has never had a specific design or master plan. Nor have there been large injections of funds from Indonesian government or international agencies. The programme runs on a modest budget, relying on an element that eludes many carefully planned, heavily funded development efforts--the voluntary participation of large numbers of local people. Some 4000 unpaid volunteers are largely responsible for planning, implementing and evaluating the programme. This article attempts to describe and assess the programme's achievements, limitations and possible wider relevance.

Community Health Services↗
PubMed1988

From Mantra to Mataráa: opacity and transparency in the language of Tobelo magic and medicine (Halmahera Island, Indonesia).

This paper presents a definition of the Tobelo concept of 'magic/medicine', and examines the role of mataráa ('magical formulae') within Tobelo magical/medical activities. The curative use of opaque, esoteric formulae is widely reported; Tobelo also have a specialized speech I call 'neo-Ternatese' used for this purpose. Several explanations for the opacity of magical formulae are examined; some apply to the Tobelo case and some do not. Examining the full range of registers in which neo-Ternatese is used, with sample texts, we find a continuum from transparent to opaque, paralleling a continuum of contexts from public to private (or esoteric), and we can identify the techniques used to produce (or increase) a text's opacity. Magical formulae, at the opaque end of that continuum, represent a secret, prestigious, and relatively liquid asset whose high value is maintained by several cultural conventions.

Humans↗
PubMed1996

Maternal and non-maternal time-allocation to infant care, and care during infant illness in rural Java, Indonesia.

An estimated 60% of women in Central Java are engaged in income-generating work. This study addresses the manner in which mothers allocate time to infant care as well as to household maintenance and employment. The study investigates the time-allocation to infant care by non-maternal carers, both among infants whose mother is involved in income-generating work and among infants whose mother is not employed. The longitudinal study followed 60 households, one infant per household, of the age range 3-25 months (mean infant age over the course of the study was 13.8 months). Each household was visited every 7 to 10 days from February 1991 through June 1991. One observation day and two separate recall-days were recorded per month. Daily time allocation (6 a.m. to 6 p.m.) to infant care by the mother and other individuals, frequency and minutes of breastfeeding, and infants' non-breastmilk kilocalorie intake were recorded. In addition, mothers recorded any infant symptom(s) on a daily calendar provided to them, and this symptom-data and information on any treatments and/or help-seeking for the infant was collected every 7-10 days. One or more non-maternal caretaker participated in infant care on 90% of the total sample days, for a median of 3 hr 15 min (mean 3 hr 50 min per day), and participated in infant feeding on one-third of all sample days. Grandmothers, sisters, and fathers of the infants were the most important in terms of time allocated to infant care. One or more sister cared for the infant on 30% of total sample days (mean 180 min, median 150 min, 5-645 min), the father on 55% of sample days (mean 90 min, median 65 min, 5-600 min), and grandmother(s) on 32% of sample days (mean 160 min, median 130 min, 5-670 min). Non-maternal care was also substantial during days of symptom-reporting; other carers participated in infant-care on 84% of days, and fed the infant on 28% of days. The study findings suggest that health education messages related to infant care and feeding could be usefully targeted to other persons in addition to mothers. Infant care on symptom-free days were compared to symptom-days using Wilcoxon matched-pair test within each data-collection month (round). While no significant differences were found for the time-allocation to infant care by the mother or others on symptom-days compared to symptom-free days, there was a mean 25% lower non-breastmilk kilocalorie intake on symptom-days (P = 0.00) in four of five data-collection rounds. Mothers reported that lack of appetite accompanied other symptom(s) on 46% of the days of help-seeking in the modern sector. This reflects the mothers' concern for infant appetite in association with illness.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Trypanosoma evansi infection in worked and unworked buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) in Indonesia.

The effect of controlled amounts of exercise on the outcome of Trypanosoma evansi infection was studied in groups of swamp buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) experimentally infected with T. evansi. Daily body temperature, packed cell volume (PCV) and parasitaemia measurements were obtained from each animal for up to 110 days after infection. Exercise did not appear to exacerbate the effect of T. evansi infection in that similar temperature, PCV and parasitaemia profiles were obtained with both exercised and rested animals. Trypanosoma evansi infection, however, had a marked effect on temperature and PCV profiles, both of which could adversely affect an infected animal's work output and work tolerance.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Trypanosoma evansi infection in bovine and buffalo calves in Indonesia.

Fifteen bovine and 11 buffalo calves born on different farms in a Trypanosoma evansi-endemic area of West Java were monitored for the presence of T. evansi and T. evansi antibody at monthly intervals until they were 12 months of age. Fifty percent of the bovine and 83% of the buffalo calves sampled in the first month of life were antibody positive. This antibody was considered to be of colostral origin. Antibody developing later in life persisted for up to 12 months and was considered to have arisen in response to T. evansi infection. No protective function could be ascribed to the colostral antibody.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1991

The importance of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli containing the 987P antigen in causing neonatal colibacillosis in piglets in Indonesia.

A survey was undertaken in piggeries in the Bogor and Jakarta Capital Territory areas to identify the antigens associated with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (E. coli). Rectal swab samples were collected from 65 normal piglets and from 858 with diarrhoea. Fimbrial and O-antigens were determined by agglutination tests. The 987P antigen was only associated with non-haemolygic E. coli in colonies grown for 3-10 days in tryptic soy broth. Organisms which possessed 987P antigen were isolated from 56.4% of piglets with diarrhoea and from 10.8% of normal piglets. Most cases of diarrhoea that were associated with E. coli 987P occurred within the first 3 weeks of life. Multiple infections occurred in 13.4% of cases and were associated with E. coli K88 in eight cases (1.7%) K99 in 26 cases (5.4%) and F41 in 31 cases (6.4%). Of 959 isolates of E. coli 987P, 80.7% were O-group 20, 13% were O-group 9 and 0.5% were O-group 141 with 5.7% being non-typable. Heat stable toxin was produced by all five E. coli 987P isolates tested.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1991

Medicinal plants of Seberida (Riau Province, Sumatra, Indonesia).

Field enquiries on the plants used to treat diseases in villages of Seberida Municipality indicated that a large number of plant species (at least 100) are being used in therapy. Many of the uses, however, are magical in nature. Those in which a cause-effect relationship may be established (56) are presented in this paper. A review of the ethnomedical and experimental literature showed that medicinal plant uses in Seberida fall into three categories: those for which uses are corroborated by similar medicinal uses for the same plant or different species of the same genus in other cultures, those for which uses of the plant or species of the same genus are corroborated by evidence of relevant pharmacological activity in the experimental literature and those for which the medicinal uses are not corroborated. A discussion of these categories is presented. Taken as a whole, the medicinal uses of plants in Seberida are characterized by a remarkably high proportion of plants used to treat fevers and malaria and by a high proportion of species of which the leaves are used (externally or internally) for medicinal purposes. Comparison with other studies reported in the literature seems to indicate that a high frequency of the use of leaves in therapy may be a part of a larger cultural phenomenon among the tropical forest tribes of Southeast Asia and the southern Pacific Islands. Possible rationales for this type of use are offered.

Humans↗
PubMed1995

Medicinal plants from Riau province, Sumatra, Indonesia. Part 1: Uses.

One hundred and fourteen species of flowering plants, claimed to have medicinal uses, were recorded from a previously uninvestigated area of Sumatra. Of the specimens, which belonged to 51 families, 50% were used to combat fever, 33% for diarrhoea and 31% for other gastrointestinal problems. External applications were often used to treat internal conditions, particularly fever. Species new to the ethnomedical literature are Garcinia parvifolia, Scleria purpurescens, Galearia filiformis, Litsea elliptica, Litsea robusta, Barringtonia lanceolata, Sesbania aculeata, Mimosa pigra, Abelmoschus ficulneus, Hedyotis leucocarpa, Pavetta multiflora, Symplocos cochinchinensis and Trema tomentosa. Hanguana (as H. malayana) represents a new genus of medicinal plants.

Diarrhea↗
PubMed1995

Medicinal plants from Riau province, Sumatra, Indonesia. Part 2: Antibacterial and antifungal activity.

Antibacterial assays of 114 species listed in Part 1 showed that 82% of the extracts tested were active against Staphylococcus aureus, while 35% were active against Escherichia coli. Antifungal activity was less dramatic: 19% of the extracts inhibited Saccharomyces cerevisiae, while 20% inhibited Fusarium oxysporum. Our survey of relevant literature indicates that less than 30% of these Angiosperm species have previously been assayed for any form of antimicrobial activity.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2025

From sporulation to village differentiation: The shaping of the social microbiome over rural-to-urban lifestyle transition in Indonesia.

Despite established roles in human health and profound global diversity, microbiome datasets remain biased toward Western urban cohorts, with especial under-representation of Southeast Asia. Here, we present a gut microbiome dataset from 116 Indonesians spanning transitional hunter-gatherer, rural agricultural, and urban lifestyles. We identify 1,304 species and 3,258 subspecies by assembling 11,070 metagenome-assembled genomes, revealing substantial species- (15%) and subspecies- (50%) level novelty. Novel taxa are rare, often village specific, and depleted for sporulation genes, revealing a link between bacterial physiology, transmission, prevalence, and discovery. We identify rural-to-urban clines across multiple levels of biological organization, from species abundance to microbiome composition and diversity. Furthermore, between-community, but not within-community, diet variation is strongly predictive of microbiome composition, suggesting that microbiome divergence is driven by community-level differences. Our work highlights the interplay of host lifestyle, population structure, and bacterial physiology in shaping microbiome diversity and biogeography, at the key scale of human communities.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

Economic manifestations of opiate addiction: evidence from historical data from colonial Indonesia.

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate, using an example, the utility of historical data to illuminate important questions in the field of drug dependence research. The literature on the consumption of addictive substances often characterizes users as being one of two types: "addicts" and "casual users." An econometric characterization of the responses of opium consumers in the late-colonial Netherlands Indies to changes in the price of opium and other important variables is provided, which explicitly acknowledges the existence of different types of opium smokers, as modeled in the underlying theory. The results reveal systematic differences between the behavior of groups of high-intensity consumers and groups of low-intensity consumers. While the findings show that both groups showed similar total price elasticities, the high-intensity consumers were affected predominantly via changes in the number of users rather than in per capita consumption. In the course of the analysis, various analytic methods that are new to the field of drug dependence research are introduced.

Drug Costs↗