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PubMed1991

Toward an assessment of social identity: the structure of group identification and its effects on in-group evaluations.

Two studies were conducted to explore relations among different aspects of group identification and their effects on in-group evaluations. Two aspects of identification were differentiated, namely, identification with the group membership (IDgroup) and with other group members (IDmember). The first of these was assumed to be further divided into its cognitive and affective subcomponents. An identification scale was developed and administered to students of a Japanese vocational school. Factor analyses in Studies 1 and 2 distinguished IDgroup and IDmember, but the cognitive and affective components of the former were not separated. Experimental studies concurrently undertaken confirmed many of the predictions and contentions by social identity theorists. Of particular importance was the result from Study 1 that members with low IDgroup deprecated the in-group when their negative social identity became salient, whereas those with high IDgroup (but not IDmember) did not. Both theoretical and applied implications are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Individual differences in auditory discrimination of spectral shape and speech-identification performance among elderly listeners.

Speech-understanding difficulties observed in elderly hearing-impaired listeners are predominantly errors in the recognition of consonants, particularly within consonants that share the same manner of articulation. Spectral shape is an important acoustic cue that serves to distinguish such consonants. The present study examined whether individual differences in speech understanding among elderly hearing-impaired listeners could be explained by individual differences in spectral-shape discrimination ability. This study included a group of 20 elderly hearing-impaired listeners, as well as a group of young normal-hearing adults for comparison purposes. All subjects were tested on speech-identification tasks, with natural and computer-synthesized speech stimuli, and on a series of spectral-shape discrimination tasks. As expected, the young normal-hearing adults performed better than the elderly listeners on many of the identification tasks and on all but two discrimination tasks. Regression analyses of the data from the elderly listeners revealed moderate predictive relationships between some of the spectral-shape discrimination thresholds and speech-identification performance. The results indicated that when all stimuli were at least minimally audible, some of the individual differences in the identification of natural and synthetic speech tokens by elderly hearing-impaired listeners were associated with corresponding differences in their spectral-shape discrimination abilities for similar sounds.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Predicting the paths of peripherals: the interaction of identification and future possibilities.

Two studies investigated how both degree of identification and the individual's position within the group influence aspects of group loyalty. The authors considered ingroup position in terms of both the individual's current position within a group and expectations concerning the likelihood that one's position might change in the future. Peripheral group members learned that their acceptance by other group members would improve in the future or that they could expect rejection by other group members. Various indices of group loyalty (ingroup homogeneity, motivation to work for the group, and evaluation of a motivated group member) showed that when group members anticipated future rejection, the lower the identification the less loyal they were. In contrast, those who expected future acceptance were more loyal (more motivated to work for the group) the lower their identification. Current group behavior depends on both intragroup future expectations and level of identification.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Continuing and changing group identities: the effects of merging on social identification and ingroup bias.

A social identity approach to the investigation of group-based reactions to a merger is outlined, in which a merger is analyzed in terms of the continuation or change of the pre-merger group identity. In two experiments, the relationship between pre-merger identification, post-merger identification, and ingroup bias was investigated using a minimal group paradigm. Results from both studies showed that the perceived continuation of the pre-merger group identity in the post-merger group strengthened the positive relationship between pre-merger identification and identification with the superordinate post-merger group. Moreover, perceived continuation strengthened, rather than reduced, ingroup bias at the subordinate level of the merged groups. Some theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2003

Identification and status revisited: the moderating role of self-enhancement and self-transcendence values.

Two studies examined the moderating role of the importance attributed to self-enhancement and self-transcendence values on the association of group status with identification. In the first study, students reported their personal value priorities, their identification with a group, and their perception of the status of that group. The more importance respondents attributed to self-enhancement and the less importance to self-transcendence, the more their identification with a group depended on the group's status. In the second study, the salience of self-enhancement and of self-transcendence values was experimentally manipulated. Identification with a group depended more on the status of that group when self-enhancement values were salient than when self-transcendence values were salient.

Humans↗
PubMed2003

Group identification moderates emotional responses to perceived prejudice.

Two studies tested the prediction that group identification (importance of the group in the self-concept) moderates the impact of perceived discrimination on self-evaluative emotions (depression and self-esteem). In Study 1, women low in gender identification experienced less depressed emotion and higher self-esteem if a negative evaluation was due to sexism than when it was not. The self-evaluative emotions of women high in gender identification were not buffered by attributions to sexism. In Study 2, ethnic identification and depressed emotions were positively related when Latino-Americans read about pervasive prejudice against the ingroup but were negatively related when they read about prejudice against an outgroup. Both studies demonstrated that for highly group identified individuals, prejudice against the ingroup is a threat against the self. Thus, the self-protective strategy of attributing negative feedback to discrimination may be primarily effective for individuals who do not consider the group a central aspect of self.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2026

Enhanced identification of key bacterial motility genes via a cross-species genomic hybrid feature machine learning approach.

Efficient and accurate identification of functional genes is critical to biological research, yet traditional single-species approaches are often limited by low efficiency. Previously, we established a novel method for identifying key genes using cross-species protein domain features and machine learning. However, the high multiplicity of gene members associated with specific domains creates a substantial workload for subsequent experimental validation. To address this, this study proposes an enhanced approach that integrates EggNOG-based protein sequence annotation with domain analysis. Unannotated sequences are subsequently analyzed for protein domains, generating a comprehensive "direct gene annotation plus domain" hybrid feature matrix. While the hybrid matrix model yielded comparable predictive accuracy, it significantly enhanced feature resolution: the top 50 predicted features were all known motility-related genes or domains. Furthermore, among the top 100 ranked features, 58 are confirmed to be directly related to motility based on experimental evidence. Although strict genus-level control still yielded 51 confirmed features, excessive taxonomic restriction drastically reduces the number of training genomes, which may paradoxically impair identification efficiency. These results demonstrate that the new method effectively reduces the subsequent experimental workload and enables high-throughput identification of functional genes in a single analysis. With accuracy and efficiency far exceeding those of existing single-species identification methods, it provides a highly efficient solution for mining key genes underlying other complex bacterial phenotypes.

Machine Learning↗
PubMed1995

Microchip implant system used for animal identification in laboratory rabbits, guineapigs, woodchucks and in amphibians.

Traditional methods for animal identification have a number of drawbacks. We evaluated a new system for individual identification using microchip implants in rabbits, guineapigs, woodchucks (Marmota monax) and amphibians (Xenopus laevis, Pleurodeles waltlii). Implantation procedure and long-term observations are described. Microchip implants proved to be a practicable and reliable system for animal identification without obvious adverse effects. The applicability of electronic animal identification in comparison with common methods and with regard to animal welfare and legal aspects is discussed.

Amphibians↗
PubMed2002

Social identity as both cause and effect: the development of group identification in response to anticipated and actual changes in the intergroup status hierarchy.

This study investigates how in-group identification develops during group interaction and forms a dynamic input and output that changes over time. Phase 1 of the study shows how initial level of identification in combination with anticipated changes in the intergroup status hierarchy, predicts subsequent levels of identification. Whereas low identifiers only express solidarity with their group to the extent that the improvement of group status constitutes a likely prospect, high identifiers maintain commitment even if their group faces an uncertain or bleak future. During Phase 2 of the study, it is shown how low and high identifiers respond differently to actual changes in the intergroup status structure. Overall, low identifiers seem more instrumental than high identifiers, in the sense that the former are only prepared to affirm identification with a low status group when status improvement is imminent, or has actually been realized. These results are discussed with reference to social identity theory.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Cocaine addicts and their families. An empirical study of the processes of identification.

The processes of identification between adolescent cocaine addicts and their parents were studied in 402 subjects, in total 134 familial triads (father-mother-son), subdivided into two groups of 67 triads, one of these groups having as the child an adolescent of masculine sex dependent on cocaine and the other, equal in number, being a control group, duly matched for age and socio-economic status. The instrument employed was the Rorschach test (1922), limited to the application of the Lerner Defense Scale (LDS; Lerner & Lerner, 1980). The findings in the affected triads showed up as consistent statistically for the presence of intense processes of pathological identification, especially between father and son, a sign of the importance of the presence of disturbances of paternal function in the development of this addiction. The utilisation of very regressive defence mechanisms, above all of projective identification, was the predominant mode of procedure in triads with a dependent child. In comparisons between the fathers the odds ratio (OR) for projective identification was 8.66 to 1, which points to the association between cocaine addiction and the primitive mental functioning of the fathers. With empirical methodology these findings serve to corroborate the psychoanalytical conclusions based on studies of single case studies, testifying that the dysfunctions of identificatory phenomena in familial functioning are predominant in the mental organisation of cocaine addicts.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

The interplay between identifications and identity in the analysis of a violent young man: issues of technique.

In this paper, the author develops the distinction between 'identification' and 'identity'. Identification is a process that takes place in the unconscious and is the stuff of phantasies. Throughout his work, Freud postulated the fluidity of identificatory processes. 'Identity' in contrast, is an attempt that each individual makes to organise these conflicting identifications in order to achieve an illusion of unity, which allows an individual to make the statement 'I am this' (and not that). The author suggests that a fundamental characteristic present in some violent patients is an attempt by an individual, potentially overwhelmed by the extreme fluidity 'between masculine and feminine identificatory processes', to repudiate their feminine, passive identification, in order to establish a 'persona', an 'identity'. A technical challenge in the analysis of these patients is for the analyst to identify the 'shifts between the identificatory processes' and interpret them to the patients. She indicates that as the analyst is progressively more able to identify the patient's internal movement between different states and identificatory processes and interpret them, the patient is himself more able to tolerate the internal fluidity between identificatory processes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Projective identification: some clinical considerations.

The projective identification situation is the essence of much of the analytic relationship and can either create a fluid unfolding between patient and analyst leading to structural change, or can lead to the limitation and subsequent eradication of the analytic relationship. Projective identification encompasses and defines the entire transference state and is often the chief resistance. Therefore, unless projective identification is understood and analyzed as a fundamental element in the relationship, an interminable state of enactment and confusion can take over and at times terminate the analytic journey. By the mutual exploration of projective identification situations, the relationship can be freed from potential limitations and constrictions and the analysis can naturally proceed.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Legislative requirements for the identification and traceability of farm animals within the European Union.

European Community (EC) legislation requires identification and registration of bovine, ovine, caprine and porcine animals. For intra-Community trade, bovine animals must be accompanied by a passport and the required health certificate, and identified by a tag on each ear. The principles of active identification of bovine animals (by ear tags) and of ovine, caprine and porcine animals (by ear tags or tattoos) are harmonised within the EC. International passports are issued and recognised only for registered Equidae. The life-number was introduced as an instrument to allow uninterrupted identification of Equidae using passports. The principles of issuing and recording such numbers have been outlined by the affected industries, but require official approval. Active identification of Equidae using electronic devices is not regulated by EC legislation, but research in livestock is underway.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed2007

Search and identification methods that owners use to find a lost cat.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the process by which owners search for lost cats and identify factors associated with time to recovery. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SAMPLE POPULATION: Owners of 138 cats lost in Montgomery County, Ohio, between June 1 and September 30, 2005. PROCEDURES: A telephone survey was conducted. RESULTS: 73 of the 138 (53%) cats were recovered; median time to recovery was 5 days (range, 0.5 to 81 days). Most cats (48 [66%]) that were recovered returned home on their own or were found in the neighborhood (5 [7%]); most other cats were recovered through posting of neighborhood signs (8 [11%]) or calling or visiting an animal agency (5 [7%]). The highest success rate for any of the search methods that were used was only 12% (posting neighborhood signs). Only 26 of the 138 (19%) cats had some type of identification at the time they were lost (ie, identification tag, rabies tag, or microchip). Owners allowed 82 (59%) cats to spend at least some time outdoors. The percentage of sexually intact cats recovered by their owners (4/16 [25%]) was significantly lower than the percentage of neutered cats recovered (69/122 [57%]). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that the percentage of lost cats recovered by their owners is low, possibly in part because of the lack of use of traditional identification methods and the general acceptance that cats may roam. Veterinarians can help educate owners about the importance of identification and the need to keep cats indoors.

Advertising↗
PubMed2005

To be(long) or not to be(long): social identification in organizational contexts.

In the past few years, ideas of Social Identity Theory and Self-Categorization Theory have been successfully applied to the organizational domain. In this article, the authors provide an overview of these recent developments and present a concept of social identification in organizational contexts, based on these theories. The assumptions of this framework are that (a) social identification in organizational contexts is a multifaceted concept consisting of different dimensions and foci (or targets), (b) higher levels of identification are related to higher productivity and more positive work-related attitudes, and (c) identification is a very flexible concept that is linked to the situational context. The authors present the results of a series of field and laboratory studies in which the proposed relationships are analyzed and, in the main, confirmed.

Career Choice↗
PubMed2006

Construed external image and organizational identification: a test of the moderating influence of need for self-esteem.

According to Social Identity Theory (cf., J. G. March & H. A. Simon, 1958), individuals tend to identify with prestigious or high-status groups. Researchers (J. E. Dutton, J. M. Dukerich, & C. V. Harquail, 1994) have revealed that organizational members also identify with organizations that have attractive public images. To gain a better understanding of the theoretical reasons underlying the relationship between image and identification in organizations, the authors examined this relationship in a healthcare setting. In addition, they investigated need for esteem as a moderator of the relationship between construed external image and organizational identification. Consistent with previous findings, the present results indicated that construed external image is positively related to organizational identification. Perhaps it is more important that the present findings also supported need for esteem as a moderator of the relationship between construed external image and organizational identification.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

Patient safety in the clinical laboratory: a longitudinal analysis of specimen identification errors.

CONTEXT: Patient safety is an increasingly visible and important mission for clinical laboratories. Attention to improving processes related to patient identification and specimen labeling is being paid by accreditation and regulatory organizations because errors in these areas that jeopardize patient safety are common and avoidable through improvement in the total testing process. OBJECTIVE: To assess patient identification and specimen labeling improvement after multiple implementation projects using longitudinal statistical tools. DESIGN: Specimen errors were categorized by a multidisciplinary health care team. Patient identification errors were grouped into 3 categories: (1) specimen/requisition mismatch, (2) unlabeled specimens, and (3) mislabeled specimens. Specimens with these types of identification errors were compared preimplementation and postimplementation for 3 patient safety projects: (1) reorganization of phlebotomy (4 months); (2) introduction of an electronic event reporting system (10 months); and (3) activation of an automated processing system (14 months) for a 24-month period, using trend analysis and Student t test statistics. RESULTS: Of 16,632 total specimen errors, mislabeled specimens, requisition mismatches, and unlabeled specimens represented 1.0%, 6.3%, and 4.6% of errors, respectively. Student t test showed a significant decrease in the most serious error, mislabeled specimens (P < .001) when compared to before implementation of the 3 patient safety projects. Trend analysis demonstrated decreases in all 3 error types for 26 months. CONCLUSIONS: Applying performance-improvement strategies that focus longitudinally on specimen labeling errors can significantly reduce errors, therefore improving patient safety. This is an important area in which laboratory professionals, working in interdisciplinary teams, can improve safety and outcomes of care.

Clinical Laboratory Techniques↗
PubMed2001

IDEA: a large-scale project on electronic identification of livestock.

The aim of the IDEA (Identification électronique des animaux) project is to collect information on the feasibility of the introduction into the European Union (EU) of an animal electronic identification system, as referred to in Directive 92/102 and Regulation 1760/2000. The project will run for a period of four years (1998-2001) and will include one million animals in six countries (France, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands, Portugal and Spain). The Joint Research Centre, as technical co-ordinator of the project, provides technical support in terms of testing and certification of electronic identification devices, establishment of the central database, transmission and recording of data and evaluation of results. Identification has been undertaken in cattle, sheep, goats and buffalo using three types of electronic tags (ruminal bolus, ear tag and injectable transponder). The performance of these tags is checked at defined intervals until recovery in the slaughterhouse. The evaluation of the results in terms of the performance of the device and the necessary organisational support structures will lead to recommendations for a system to trace animals from birth to slaughterhouse, including the appropriate technology to be applied in any generalised system for the livestock sector in the EU.

Animal Identification Systems↗