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PubMed1993

HIV-1 PCR and isolation in seroconverting and seronegative homosexual men: absence of long-term immunosilent infection.

The presence of detectable HIV-1 prior to the appearance of HIV-1-specific antibody was assessed in 41 incident infections that occurred during a 6-year prospective cohort study. All available antibody-negative samples (n = 138) and the first antibody positive sample (n = 41) were tested, under code, by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in two laboratories and by HIV-1 isolation in a third laboratory. Samples were available as long as 66 months and at least 18 months before seroconversion for 24/41 subjects. An equal number of time-matched control specimens from persistently seronegative homosexual men and 103 samples from normal blood donors were also tested under code. Samples with discordant results were subjected to coded repeat analysis along with appropriate controls. All but one of the 41 first antibody-positive specimens (97.6%) were PCR positive and 65% were isolation positive. Two control specimens from seronegative homosexual men were PCR positive and one was culture positive, but HLA typing provided clear evidence of specimen mix-up in the specimen archive. For 37/41 seroconvertors, all available antibody negative specimens were negative by both PCR and virus isolation. In three cases, the specimen obtained 6 months before seroconversion was PCR and isolation positive. One specimen, obtained 12 months before SC, was PCR positive and isolation negative but was determined to be the result of sample contamination. Both PCR and isolation were negative in this subject 6 months before SC. In conclusion, we were unable to detect immunosilent infection > 6 months before seroconversion in high-risk homosexual men.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

[Demonstration of herpes simplex virus (HSV)-2 IgG and IgM using ELISA in transsexuals and homosexuals].

In this study, the sera of 12 cases of transsexual with vaginoplasty and 15 cases of homosexual have been investigated with ELISA from the view point of HSV-2 IgG and IgM antibodies. Twenty-five cases were within the 18-26 age groups and the other 2 transsexuals were 36 years old. Our studying group have no significant clinical pathology. In all the 27 cases of transsexual and homosexual have been found to be positive for HSV-2 IgG. In 7 cases, HSV-2 IgM have been found positive, the other 20 cases have been found negative results. In the one third of the transsexuals and one fifth of the transsexuals HSV-2 IgG have been found positive. Twenty-six per cent of seropositivity in transsexuals and homosexuals show that they form significant risk group from the point of view of HSV-2 infection.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

[Epidemiologic and clinical aspects of HIV infection in homosexual patients and intravenous drug addicts in a comparative study].

The clinical course of HIV-infection was analysed in a group of homosexual patients (n = 76, 72%) compared to intravenous drug abusers (IVDA, n = 30, 28%) in a retrospective cross-sectional study. The mean age of homosexual patients was 37.5 years compared to 28 years for IVDA. The following diseases are found significantly more frequently in homosexual patients compared to IVDA: Pneumocystis-carinii pneumonia (PCP) 17.1% vs. 0% (p < 0.05); Kaposi' sarcoma 16% vs. 0% (p < 0.05); diarrhoea 47.4% vs. 23.3% (p < 0.05); oral candidiasis 51.3% vs. 23.3% (p < 0.01); non-specific pneumonia of bacterial aetiology or due to unknown organisms 30% vs. 0% (p < 0.001) und seborrhoeic dermatitis 13.2% vs. 0% (p < 0.05). In contrast, viral hepatitis, non-specific abscesses and gonorrhoea were seen significantly more often in IVDA. The data show clearly that the spectra of HIV-associated diseases and HIV-unconnected diseases are significantly different in the two main groups. A risk-oriented preventive prophylaxis of HIV-related diseases and other infections is therefore required for each of these groups.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗

PubMed1995

Present controversies in the genetics of male homosexuality.

Homosexuality refers to exclusive or predominant sexual attractions for persons of the same sex with or without physical relationship. In 1993, researchers in America identified the region of the X chromosome related to sexual orientation in homosexual men. However, molecular research of homosexuality does present particular problems because of the intense stigmatization some societies accord to these individuals. This paper presents the evidence of a genetic contribution, evaluates the complexity of sexual behaviour, and discusses the implications and challenges ahead if indeed a "gay gene" exists. It is apparent that scientific discoveries do not resolve moral dilemmas. The author believes that it is through debates and discussions that some ethical code can be, and should be formulated to prevent possible abuses.

Genetic Linkage↗

PubMed1996

[Zidovudine-resistant HIV strains in intravenous drug users and homosexual men in Amsterdam].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the spread of HIV strains resistant to antiviral drugs prescribed in the Netherlands. DESIGN: Descriptive. SETTING: Amsterdam. METHOD: In several cohorts of homosexual men and intravenous drug users being followed in Amsterdam, in cases of newly acquired HIV infections in the period 1992-1995 HIV RNA was isolated from serum. The nucleic acid sequence encoding the first 250 amino acids of the HIV reverse transcriptase was determined in order to detect mutations conferring resistance to reverse transcriptase inhibitors. RESULTS: Among participants of the Amsterdam cohort studies, 12 new HIV infections of homosexual men and 23 of IV drug users were observed. In the group of homosexual men the first infection by a zidovudine-resistant HIV was observed in 1995. In the group of IV drug users the first infection by a zidovudine-resistant strain was noticed in 1993 with two more infections in 1995. The mutations regarded positions 41, 67, 70 and 215 of the HIV reverse transcriptase. No HIV strains resistant to didanosine, deoxycytidine, lamuvidine or nevirapine were found in untreated persons with an acute infection. CONCLUSION: As zidovudine is a vital part of the latest and most efficacious combination therapies of HIV infection, testing for zidovudine-resistance prior to treatment is recommended.

Cohort Studies↗

PubMed1996

[Subjective well-being in homosexually-oriented men].

We studied the influence of homosexual (egosynton) orientation towards the variables of subjective well-being by means of the 5 scales of the Berne Questionnaire of Subjective Well-Being on the sample of 104 men. The results prove that there is no difference between homosexually and heterosexually oriented men in the overall life satisfaction, the number of contemporary problems, the number of somatic complaints, in the rate of depressive mood and in the scale of self-esteem. This fact may be connected with the capability of coping with their homosexual orientation.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

[Seroprevalence of viral hepatitis A in France in homosexuals and intravenous drug users].

OBJECTIVES: In industrialized countries with a high level of sanitation, immunity against hepatitis A (HVA) is not acquired during childhood, and infection typically occurs in adults, mainly in travelers returning from developing countries where infection is endemic. However, the introduction of hepatitis A virus (HAV) among certain population groups, such as intravenous drug users (IVDU) or homosexual men, leads to a significant increase in the disease. We conducted a retrospective analysis of seroprevalence of anti-HAV antibodies. METHODS: The study group included 296 patients (174 homosexual men and 122 IVDU) for comparison with 76 control subjects (nurses in pediatric wards and workers in hospital kitchen). RESULTS: We found a significantly higher anti-HAV seroprevalence among less than 35-year old IVDU, HIV positive or negative, in comparison with control subjects but not among homosexual men, whatever their HIV status. CONCLUSION: Our experience illustrates that HVA is a health risk for IVDU in industrialized nations, and given its morbidity among adults population, IVDU should receive HVA vaccine.

Adult↗

PubMed1977

Male homosexual behavior and ego function strategies in the group encounter.

This paper analyzes characteristic patterns of interaction by male homosexuals in the group treatment context according to both psychodynamic and behavioral criteria. Extensive clinical observation has yielded an overview of high probability homosexual response in group settings to the masculine male, older male, feminine male, feminine female, older feminine female, and masculine female. The nature of self-exploration and expression of intimacy is affected deeply by certain key intrapsychic factors and subtle situational cues. The paper stresses the critical importance associated with group leaders acquiring an understanding of antecedents to personality deficits in male homosexuals.

Ego↗

PubMed1997

A case of homosexual murder: a victim with testicular regression syndrome.

A 25-year-old male was killed with a survival knife by his business and homosexual partner. In addition to 22 wounds on the extremities, 16 wounds were found on the neck, chest and abdomen. The heart and lungs were penetrated, and three wound tracks reached the back of the body. The cause of death was diagnosed as hemorrhage. The genitalia of the victim was anomalous: the pubic hair pattern was that of a female, the penis was small and no testes were identified in the scrotal sac. According to his medical records, micropenis and bilateral cryptorchidism were present at birth, and neither hormonal treatments nor bilateral orchidopexy could enlarge his penis size. At the age of 17, his condition had been diagnosed as hypergonadotropic hypogonadism. His genital anomalies were considered due to embryonic testicular regression syndrome, and his micropenis a possible cause of his homosexual orientation. Judging from the patulous anus with thickened margins, he was probably a passive homosexual. The motive of the murder was not monetary, but rather emotional entanglement. The court judged that the case was one of premeditated murder with a short-circuited motive, and sentenced the defendant to ten years imprisonment.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Some roots of persistent homosexual fantasy and the quest for father's love: conflicted parental identifications in a male patient: fragment of an analysis.

This is a clinical paper, which includes material from sessions, presenting the process of the analysis of a young adult male whose narcissistic character patterns, related to and evolved from failed attempts to integrate conflicting parental identifications. These unintegrated mother and father identifications contributed to life-long latent homosexual fantasies. Rodney's analysis indicates that for a boy/man, even a mother who has the qualities of a good enough parent, is not good enough to enable him to reach a nonconflicted manhood. A mother cannot provide for the boy the male model he needs and is searching for, the male who would affirm him in his maleness. Rodney wanted a father on whose shoulders he could stand to become a man. Rodney's persistent homosexual fantasy life, his quest for father's love, and his search for a masculine object to identify with stem from a combination of several factors. Rodney's regression to the negative oedipal phase was probably stimulated when father left the family. Rodney was eleven at the time. He felt overwhelmed experiencing himself as the oedipal victor. Unconsciously, Rodney feared his exacerbated incestuous wishes. He projected them upon his mother and subsequently incorporated them in his fantasies. His regression to more infantile dependency feelings was defensive. Rodney's father was an unsuitable object for identification. He was disinterested in Rodney and emotionally unavailable. Rodney, however, sought his father, whose lack of loving acknowledgement resulted in a lack of affirmation of Rodney's masculinity. Mother provided for Rodney the loving acknowledgement he lacked in his relationship with father. She was emotionally sustaining, an energetic, vibrant personality, who was seen by Rodney as a "superior human being." Rodney consciously idealized his mother toward whom he unconsciously also had ambivalent feelings. Rodney's identification with mother was not counterbalanced by the presence of a strong, loving father figure whom he could have used as a suitable model. This led to the development in Rodney of a strong sense of effeminization. Rodney in his homosexual fantasies assumed the so-called "feminine victimized" role. The regression to the negative oedipal phase contributed to an exacerbation of erotic, father-directed feelings, intensified by the identification with mother. Rodney was fixated in his quest for father's love. In addition, Rodney's unconscious guilt related to father and mother directed incestuous impulses, and his intense aggressivesadistic feelings contributed to the masochistic cast of his masturbation fantasies. Rodney's narcissistic aims and the quality of his narcissism changed during the analysis. His grandiosity almost disappeared. Rodney's goals became realistic and he acquired the skills necessary to achieve them. Inhibitions related to the "fear of success" were worked through. This enabled Rodney to compete successfully. His healthy narcissism derives from the success of his many achievements. Though Rodney remained a basically narcissistic personality, he did derive great pleasure from being a giving person. This was one of the many ways in which he identified with his mother. At the present, Rodney's identifications are selective and do not evoke intrapsychic conflict.

Adult↗

PubMed1976

Homosexuality: behaviours and attitudes.

To assess the incidence of homosexual experiences, heterosexual experiences, associated attitudes, and related demographic characteristics, a sexual behaviour and attitudes questionaire was administered to 4251 university students. The rate of homosexual experiences was found to be appreciably lower than that commonly reported in the literature and was not significantly related to race, religion, or region of residence. Individuals with homosexual experiences, compared to those without, tended to be more liberal in their views toward socially deviant sexual behavior in general, did not demonstrate fewer heterosexual contacts, and did not report significantly more guilt or anxiety about their sexual behavior.

Attitude↗

PubMed1997

[HIV infection and risky sexual behavior in a new cohort of young homosexual men in Amsterdam, 1995-1996].

OBJECTIVE: The surveillance of HIV prevalence and incidence and of sexual risk behaviour among young homosexual men. DESIGN: Cohort study, cross-sectional data presentation. SETTING: Municipal Health Service of the City of Amsterdam, the Netherlands. METHODS: At entry into the study participants were questioned about their sexual behaviour and blood or saliva samples were collected for laboratory determination of antibodies against HIV, hepatitis B and syphilis. RESULTS: In June 1995-October 1996, 429 men with a mean age of 25 years were enrolled in the cohort study. Of these 22 (5%) were positive for antibodies against HIV. Based on the duration of homosexual activity of the participants the HIV incidence in this group was estimated at 1% per year. Furthermore, 10% of the participants had experienced hepatitis B infection and 1% had serological evidence of syphilis. Of those under investigation 38% had practised unprotected anogenital intercourse with steady or non-steady partners in the last six months. CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that HIV is spreading among young homosexual men. Given the high levels of risk behaviour continued prevention activities in this group are necessary.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗

PubMed1998

High prevalence of GB virus C/hepatitis G virus infection among homosexual men infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1: evidence for sexual transmission.

GB virus C/hepatitis G virus (GBV-C/HGV), a recently discovered orphan flavivirus, is distantly related to hepatitis C virus (HCV). Although both GBV-C/HGV and HCV can be transmitted by the parenteral route, their principal modes of transmission and associated risk behaviors may differ. Using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, the 5'-noncoding regions of GBV-C/HGV and HCV were amplified from plasma or sera of 209 individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). As verified by Southern blot analysis, GBV-C/HGV and HCV infection were detected in 37 (17.7%) and 22 (10.5%) of 209 HIV-1-infected individuals, respectively. GBV-C/HGV infection was significantly associated with homosexual sex (P = 0.044) and was more common than HCV infection among HIV-1-infected homosexual men (P = 0.006). The prevalence of GBV-C/HGV infection was nearly equal in women infected with HIV-1 via high-risk heterosexual sex (14.0%) or injection drug use (IDU) (17.5%). By contrast, HCV infection was associated significantly with women reporting IDU when compared to women reporting high-risk heterosexual sex (P < 0.0001). Alanine aminotransferase levels were elevated in HIV-1-infected individuals who were co-infected with HCV (P = 0.009), but not with GBV-C/HGV (P = 0.9). The high prevalence of GBV-C/HGV infection in HIV-1-infected nondrug-injecting homosexual men and among women engaging in high-risk heterosexual sex is consistent with transmission by the mucosal route and with acquisition of infection by the receptive rather than insertive partner.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Attitudes of military personnel toward homosexuals.

The purpose of this study was to assess attitudes of enlisted military personnel with regard to homosexuality. Seventy-two male members of the Marine Corps Reserve responded to a questionnaire exploring attitudes toward lesbians and gay men and attitudes toward homosexuals in the military. Results showed that attitudes with respect to these topics were mildly unfavorable. In addition, several predictor variables employed in similar studies with civilians were examined. Correlational evidence showed that participants expressing more negative attitudes tended to have more conservative political ideology, reported more religious attendance, and were more likely to have had no contact with a gay or lesbian person than those expressing less negative attitudes. These findings suggest that the attitudes held by enlisted personnel are similar to those of their civilian counterparts.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

Homosexual and heterosexual partner preference in ovariectomized female rats: effects of testosterone, estradiol and mating experience.

Ovariectomized female rats, longterm treated with estradiol benzoate (EB, 20 micrograms, 3 x/week) or testosterone propionate (TP, 0.4 mg, 3 X/week), were tested for homo- or heterosexual partner preference behavior with either tethered animals (sexually active male vs. estrous female) or animals behind a wire mesh. A preference score was calculated by subtracting the time spent in the vicinity of the stimulus female from the time spent in the vicinity of the stimulus male. Thus, a positive score indicates preference for the male (heterosexual preference), a negative score preference for the female (homosexual preference). Two weeks of EB treatment caused a clearcut preference for the male incentive. This heterosexual preference was significantly different from the indistinct preference of the TP-treated females. Sexual interaction with a freely moving active male (with or without a vaginal mask which prevented intromissions) did not alter the preference for the male of the EB-treated females. It did affect, however, the preference behavior of the TP-treated females significantly: it changed in the direction of the sexually active estrous incentive female, i.e., a homosexual preference. This change in preference could not be attributed to the experience of penile intromissions, it occurred despite the presence of a vaginal mask. Apparently, being mounted by a sexually active male had a negative reinforcing value in the TP-treated female rats and provoked a homosexual partner preference.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Homosexual homicides.

This report describes four cases of male homosexual homicide committed in Split County, Croatia, in 1991 and 1995. The homosexual orientation of the victims was determined by police investigation. Three middle-aged to elderly person were killed by an unknown offender or offenders, in very similar ways within a few months of end other in 1991. The bodies were found in their houses with multiple blunt force injuries to the head. One victim also had marks of manual strangulation, and was choked with a handkerchief which had been put in his mouth. The last victim was a 45-year-old man, found in the bathroom with 33 stab wounds, mostly in the neck and back, and with two shots in the head from an underwater gun. He was killed by two adolescent males at the beginning of sexual intercourse. The presented cases show a high level of violence with multiple injuries may be associated with male homosexual homicide.

Journal Article↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Prevalence of cytomegalovirus antibody in hemophiliacs and homosexuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1.

We determined the prevalence of antibody to cytomegalovirus (CMV) in the sera of non-homosexual hemophilia patients and homosexual men infected with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). CMV antibody testing by latex agglutination revealed 33 of 58 HIV-1 infected hemophiliacs (57%) were antibody-positive compared with 54 of 54 HIV-1 infected asymptomatic non-hemophiliac homosexuals (100%) (p less than .001). Nine of 15 hemophiliacs (60%) with symptomatic HIV-1 infection were CMV antibody-positive. We also tested 22 HIV-1 antibody-negative hemophiliacs who had received non-heat treated factor concentrates. 14 of these 22 (64%) were CMV antibody-positive compared with 57% of HIV-1 antibody-positive hemophiliacs. We conclude 1) there is little correlation between transmission of HIV-1 and CMV by factor concentrates, 2) the presence of CMV antibody does not appear to be associated with clinical stage of HIV-1 infection in hemophiliacs, and 3) there may be a significant number of CMV antibody-negative hemophiliacs with HIV-1 infection at risk for primary infection and subsequent disease if CMV seronegative blood products are not provided for future transfusions.

Antibodies, Viral↗

PubMed1997

The analysis of a pre-homosexual child with a twelve-year developmental follow-up.

This paper presents clinical material from the three-year psychoanalysis of an eight-year-old boy and his fight to assume his normal gender-defined self-identity. It also outlines a twelve-year follow-up when the patient returned for consultation during crucial periods in his life. The analysis illustrates the psychodynamics underlying the anxieties that led to gender-defined self-identity confusion. The child's attempts to appease an engulfing mother resulted in severe separation anxiety and a tendency toward a resolution of his intrapsychic conflicts by engaging in homosexual acts. Mother presented significant obstacles to the treatment, which continued even as the child began to adopt masculine interests. Father, who was dominated by his wife, was distant, unavailable, and ashamed of his son's effeminate tendencies. He could not express pride in the boy's considerable intellectual abilities and was unable to provide a strong male identity figure. The parents refused to seek psychotherapy for themselves which would have benefited their son. Despite these obstacles, the child's progress in analysis was seen in (1) his ability to function at school, (2) the disappearance of his transvestism, (3) the decrease and near-obliteration of feminine behavior, (4) improvement in aggression control, and (5) a lessening of narcissistic overinvestment in the self. Also, his fears of death and his most prominent anxieties were overcome. What remained was a search for the father, which manifested itself, in his middle to late adolescence, in an attraction toward men. The men he chose to pursue, however, were not homosexuals, and this revealed the patient's ambivalence about embarking on homosexual relationships. At the twelve-year follow-up I encouraged the patient to pursue referrals to an adult analyst. My experience is in child analysis, and he did not seem ready to modify the good child/adult therapeutic imago that was sustaining him. In the subsequent four years, there has been no further contact with the patient.

Anxiety Disorders↗