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At least 919 records · Page 51Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Goal-driven selective attention in patients with right hemisphere lesions: how intact is the ipsilesional field?

Patients with right hemisphere (RH) lesions often display a spatial bias in attention towards the ipsilesional hemifield. The behavioural manifestations of this spatial bias are typically interpreted as reflecting increased or enhanced attention for stimuli within the 'intact' ipsilesional field, and impaired attentional functioning within the contralesional field. In the healthy brain, goal-driven and stimulus-driven attentional processes interact to determine which stimuli should be prioritized for selection. Although unilateral brain damage increases the relative attentional salience of stimuli within the ipsilesional field, it might also cause problems in filtering or attenuating task-irrelevant information. We examined whether goal-driven attention modulates the processing of ipsilesional and contralesional information in 6 patients with unilateral brain damage following RH stroke (5 male, 1 female; mean age 60.8 years) and a group of age and sex-matched controls. We used a flanker task in which participants made speeded judgements on a central target item (a coloured letter). On each trial the target was flanked by a coloured letter in the left and right hemifields. In separate blocks, participants were instructed to judge either the identity or the colour of the central target and to ignore the flankers. The flanker on one side could be congruent, incongruent or neutral with respect to the target, on either the letter or the colour dimension, whereas the flanker on the other side was always neutral on both dimensions. Healthy controls showed significant interference from incongruent flankers on either side. Crucially, however, this effect only occurred for the task-relevant dimension [F(2,10) = 24.60; P < 0.001]. For patients, however, both the task-relevant and task-irrelevant dimensions of ipsilesional flankers interfered with response times [task-relevant: F(2,10) = 7.50, P < 0.05; task-irrelevant: F(1,5) = 6.20, P < 0.05]. Conversely, contralesional flankers influenced response times only when the target and distractor were incongruent on the task-relevant dimension [F(2,10) = 4.85; P < 0.05]. Our findings demonstrate that following RH damage, goal-driven biases cannot constrain the processing of task-irrelevant features of ipsilesional stimuli. We speculate that a lateralized bias in spatial attention leads to unselective prioritization of all feature-based attributes of stimuli appearing within the ipsilesional hemifield, whether or not they are relevant to performance. Attentional selection for ipsilesional stimuli in disorders such as spatial neglect and extinction may not therefore be entirely normal, as previously assumed.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Evidence for the transient nature of a neural system supporting goal-directed action.

Disruption of a neural system supporting goal-directed action gives rise to lapses of intention in healthy individuals and disorganized behavior in patients with prefrontal lesions. Evidence from behavioral studies indicates that the occurrence of lapses in selective attention, working memory and prospective memory tasks is transient in nature. In the current study, we used event-related brain potentials to demonstrate that lapses are associated with a slow wave over the frontal region that begins well before stimulus onset and lasts for several hundred milliseconds. The magnitude of this slow wave was modulated by task demands, indicating that attentional processes can be flexibly allocated in the service of goal-directed action. Together the findings of these experiments indicate that lapses result from a transient inability to bring to bear the goals of the individual upon the action selection system.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Developing goals and objectives for handicapped children.

With the enactment of Public Law 94-142, the Education for All Handicapped Children Act, public school physical therapists were mandated to participate in the development of an individual education program for each recipient of therapy services. Because each individual education program requires a statement of annual goals, including short-term instructional objectives, school therapists must become familiar with the mechanics of writing appropriate therapy goals and objectives. The purpose of this article is to present techniques for developing both annual therapy goals and short-term, behaviorally written treatment objectives. The components of a behavioral objective are specified, and good and bad examples of pediatric therapy objectives are shown. The importance of collecting data to measure progress toward the achievement of short-term objectives is also discussed.

Child↗
PubMed1985

An appraisal of goals for residency training in internal medicine.

The goals for residency training in internal medicine were assessed by faculty and house staff members at one university-based program using a 38-item questionnaire based largely upon American Board of Internal Medicine criteria. The respondents rated each item according to its ideal importance, its actual emphasis in training, and the respondents' degree of satisfaction with their own level of accomplishment for that item. Faculty and house staff members shared similar perceptions of ideal goals and actual emphases of training, with both groups rating clinical judgment, gathering data, and formulating problems as the most important. Both groups also tended to rate highly as ideal goals those items that they considered to be their own professional strengths and that reflected their current respective roles in medical training. This trend was the most apparent for faculty members in ratings of academic skills and for house staff members in ratings of technical proficiency and patient management skills. The tendency to idealize one's own professional role and strengths may inhibit needed changes in residency training.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed1993

Ethical considerations of goal setting for patient care in rehabilitation medicine.

This article examines the process of setting goals for patient treatment in rehabilitation. It explores ethical considerations and moral conflict inherent to the formulation of patient goals, and it provides a framework to help resolve such conflicts. Goal setting is also considered within the larger context of justice in the use of medical resources.

Beneficence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Understanding patient experiences with goal setting for diabetes self-management after diabetes education.

Diabetes educators need to understand self-care experiences of patients with diabetes in the early stage after diagnosis and education. A survey assessed patient-generated measures of experiences with goals (self-care behaviors) after diabetes education among patients with type 2 diabetes (N = 97) between 6 months and 1.5 years since diagnosis. Most patients set goals during diabetes education and thought that the goals were useful. There is evidence suggesting that patients experiencing difficulty with traditional self-care behaviors may use approaches to evaluate their diabetes control that are not encouraged in diabetes education, such as monitoring their physical and emotional feelings. Implications for diabetes education and counseling practices are suggested.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Goals and teaching methods of the urologic core curriculum at the University of Missouri, Columbia.

Urology is a highly specialized surgical subspecialty, but most urologic patients present to the primary physician with variable signs and symptoms. As medical school educators, we are obligated to furnish the students with the knowledge and skills required to handle the patient's initial problem, and refer the patient to a urologic specialist at the optimal time. The Section of Urology, University of Missouri, Columbia, has developed a core urologic curriculum for junior and senior medical students. The goals and methods used to accomplish these goals are presented in conjunction with the goals for the Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia.

Curriculum↗
PubMed2005

Controlling racial prejudice: social-cognitive goals affect amygdala and stereotype activation.

The malleability of stereotyping matters in social psychology and in society. Previous work indicates rapid amygdala and cognitive responses to racial out-groups, leading some researchers to view these responses as inevitable. In this study, the methods of social-cognitive neuroscience were used to investigate how social goals control prejudiced responses. Participants viewed photographs of unfamiliar Black and White faces, under each of three social goals: social categorization (by age), social individuation (vegetable preference), and simple visual inspection (detecting a dot). One study recorded brain activity in the amygdala using functional magnetic resonance imaging, and another measured cognitive activation of stereotypes by lexical priming. Neither response to photos of the racial out-group was inevitable; instead, both responses depended on perceivers' current social-cognitive goal.

Amygdala↗
PubMed2004

Infants' attribution of a goal to a morphologically unfamiliar agent.

How do infants identify the psychological actors in their environments? Three groups of 12-month-old infants were tested for their willingness to encode a simple approach behavior as goal-directed as a function of whether it was performed by (1) a human hand, (2) a morphologically unfamiliar green object that interacted with a confederate and behaved intentionally, or (3) the same unfamiliar green object that behaved in a matched, but apparently random manner. Using a visual habituation technique, only infants in the first two conditions were found to encode the approach behavior as goal-directed Thus infants appear able to attribute goals to non-human, even unfamiliar agents. These results imply that by the end of the first year of life infants have a broad notion of what counts as an agent that cannot easily be reduced to humans, objects that are perceptually similar to humans, or objects that display self-propulsion.

Attention↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Children's strategies and goals in response to help-giving and help-seeking tasks within a friendship.

The present research tested whether children's responses to help-giving and help-seeking friendship tasks predicted how many friends they had and the quality of their best friendship. Fifth-grade children (N=511; typically 10 or 11 years old) responded to vignettes in which they could either give help to a friend or seek help from a friend. Children's strategies and goals in both contexts were significantly correlated with the number of friends children had. Responses in the help-giving context but not in the help-seeking context were significantly associated with friendship quality. Although gender differences in strategies and goals were found, strategies and goals were related to the number of friends and friendship quality for both boys and girls.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Infant emotional and cortisol responses to goal blockage.

This study examined the relation of infant emotional responses of anger and sadness to cortisol response in 2 goal blockage situations. One goal blockage with 4-month-old infants (N = 56) involved a contingency learning procedure where infants' learned response was no longer effective in reinstating an event. The other goal blockage with 6-month-old infants (N = 84) involved the still face procedure where infants' reactions to their mothers' lack of responsivity were not effective in reestablishing interaction. For both blockages, sadness was related to cortisol response, though anger was not--the greater the sadness, the higher the cortisol response. This differential relation is consistent with other evidence indicating the more positive role of anger as opposed to sadness in overcoming an obstacle.

Affect↗
PubMed2004

Experience of parenthood, couple relationship, social support, and child-rearing goals in planned lesbian mother families.

BACKGROUND: The phenomenon of planned lesbian families (i.e., two-mother families in which the child was born to the lesbian relationship) is relatively new and very little research has been conducted among those families. The overall aim of this research was to examine whether planned lesbian mother families differ from heterosexual families on factors that are assumed to influence the parent-child relationship, such as experience of parenthood, child-rearing goals, couple relationship, and social support. METHOD: A hundred lesbian two-mother families were compared with 100 heterosexual families having naturally conceived children. A variety of measures were used to collect the data, including questionnaires and a diary of activities kept by the parents. RESULTS: Lesbian parents are no less competent or more burdened than heterosexual parents. Both lesbian and heterosexual parents consider it important to develop qualities of independence in their child. However, 'conformity' as a child-rearing goal is less important to lesbian mothers. Furthermore, lesbian social mothers feel more often than fathers in heterosexual families that they must justify the quality of their parenthood. CONCLUSION: There are few differences between lesbian couples and heterosexual couples, except that lesbian mothers appear less attuned to traditional child-rearing goals and lesbian social mothers appear more to defend their position as mother.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Treatment goals in geropsychiatry.

Each geriatric patient has observable problems which can generate treatment goals implemented by a treatment plan. Extensive record keeping would be required to document this tripartite scheme. In practice, either problem-oriented or goal-oriented records are used. Problem records tend to drift toward a goal concept, since problems are usually stated in only sufficient detail to serve as a guide to treatment. The results of a problem-oriented format are described for 143 state hospital patients whose mean age was 74 years. The most common number of problems was 5 per patient. Physical problems were the most frequent (N equals 456), followed by behavioral (N equals 203), thought-related (N equals 156), administrative (N equals 99), affective (N equals 69), and attitudinal (N equals 10). The author's experience with both systems leaves them with preference for the problem-oriented system with geriatric patients since physical problems are so numerous.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Effect of goal orientation on achievement beliefs, cognition and strategies in team sport.

Nicholls' motivation conceptual framework pertaining to achievement goals was used to study the relationship between two implicit goal orientations (task and ego) and achievement cognitions and beliefs about the competitive team sport experience. The study examined the relationship between the goal orientations and purposes of team sport, motivational climate, satisfaction, sources of satisfaction, achievement strategies, and perception of ability in team sport. The subjects were 148 students experienced in team sport at a Norwegian university. The scales were translated specifically for the study and factor analyses used to determine the factor structure of the scales. Seventeen factors along the 6 dimensions emerged, and canonical analysis determined that predominantly task-oriented subjects focused on health-related activities within purposes, preferred mastery climates and focused on mastery-oriented criteria to determine satisfaction and other achievement-related beliefs. In contrast, predominantly ego-oriented subjects focused on status enhancement for purpose, preferred performance-oriented climates and focused on ego-oriented criteria to determine satisfaction and other achievement beliefs.

Achievement↗
PubMed1998

The relationship between achievement goal profile groups and perceptions of motivational climates in sport.

The purpose of the present study was to expand on previous research that has found compatibility between individuals' views on achievement and the type of achievement that was promoted in the sport environment they belonged to. However, this line of research has ignored the fact that the two main goal orientations are largely independent and that their impact in combination is often different from their effects examined separately. The present study, therefore, examined which combinations of goal orientations are compatible with perceptions of mastery and performance climates in a sample of 146 British university students. With regard to mastery climate, the analysis showed that the critical factor was the degree of task orientation since those with high scores in this factor (irrespective of the degree of their ego orientation) perceived the climate as more mastery-oriented than those with low scores in task orientation. This was substantiated by the large differences in effect sizes between the high- and low-task groups. As far as performance climate was concerned, the most negative perceptions of climate were held by those who were rated both low in task orientation and high in ego orientation. A general inference from these results is that high task orientation is motivationally adaptive, whereas high ego orientation is not motivationally detrimental as long as it is accompanied by a high task orientation. These findings are in contrast with previous suggestions that have called for the enhancement of task orientation with the concurrent suppression of ego orientation. Our results are, however, consonant with studies which have employed a goal profiles analysis in sport and in physical education, and with empirical evidence from real sport settings.

Achievement↗
PubMed1999

Goal orientations, beliefs about success, and performance improvement among young elite Dutch soccer players.

Extending past work testing goal perspective theory in sport, one purpose of this study was to examine, via a longitudinal design, the relationship of goal orientations to the beliefs about the causes of success in the case of elite male Dutch soccer players. A second purpose was to determine the relationship of goals and beliefs to ratings of performance. Seventy-five male pupils representing five teams from an internationally renowned soccer school in The Netherlands completed the TEOSQ and a measure of their perceptions of the determinants of success in soccer at the onset and conclusion of one season. Assessments of the coaches' appraisal and athletes' self-reported performance in soccer were carried out at the same time. In line with other studies, a positive association between ego orientation and the belief that ability or innate talent are determinants of success was revealed. Task orientation was linked to the beliefs that effort, team play, and parental support contribute to achievement in soccer. An increase in skilled performance over the season (as appraised by the coach) corresponded to a stronger task orientation and the beliefs that soccer success stems from hard work and having supportive parents.

Achievement↗
PubMed1997

Processing goal as moderator of in-group-serving illusory correlations.

This study tested the hypothesis that the effect of in-group-serving expectancy biases on memory and judgement is moderated by processing goal. In-group-serving biases in both recall and judgements (estimated frequencies of desirable and undesirable in-group and out-group behaviour, evaluative ratings) were hypothesized to be stronger when processing goal interfered with online impression formation compared with when attention is focused on the formation of group impressions. This hypothesis was tested in an illusory correlation experiment in which in-group-serving expectancy bias and infrequency bias (Hamilton & Gifford, 1976) could be studied simultaneously. Participants read statements describing desirable and undesirable behaviour of members of the in-group and out-group, while the in-group held either minority or majority status, while participants were instructed either to form group impressions or to memorize the information. As predicted, memorizing compared with impression formation resulted in in-group-serving illusory correlations in recall and frequency estimates and in in-group bias in group evaluations. Infrequency of occurrence affected recall and judgments irrespective of processing goal. The implications of these results for social stereotyping are discussed.

Female↗
PubMed1991

A questionnaire designed to assess roles and goals: a preliminary study.

Social-cognitive theories of depression predict that an individual is at more risk of becoming depressed if the individual's only dominant role or goal is disrupted by a life-event. This paper reports the development of an instrument which assesses the individual's important roles and goals; preliminary data are presented from two samples (sample 1 of elderly people, sample 2 of younger adults) taken from the age-sex registers of GP practices. The overall reliability of the questionnaire is good, and evidence was obtained for the predicted pattern of an overvalued role or goal being more likely to be correlated with depressive symptomatology.

Activities of Daily Living↗