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Sex determination, differentiation, and identity.
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Social control of identity by children of gay fathers.
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The importance of both sexual behavior and identity.
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[Sexual identity and sexual education of the adolescent].
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[Development of the sexual identity].
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[Clinical contribution to the crisis in female identity after loss of the uterus].
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Masculinity and its vicissitudes: reflections on some gaps in the psychoanalytic theory of male identity formation.
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Adolescent sex-role orientation and ego identity.
This study investigated the relationship between sex-role development and ego development in a sample of 9th-12th grade Anglo-American and Mexican-American students attending high school in a southwestern state. All students were administered: (a) the Extended Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status (Grotevant and Adams, 1984) as a measure of ego development (i.e., diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium, and identity achievement), and (b) the Personal Attributes Questionnaire Short Form (Spence, Helmreich and Stapp, 1975) as a measure of masculinity and femininity. Results indicated no ethnic differences in the relationship between ego identity and masculinity/femininity. Adolescents who were identity achieved on ideological identity formation had significantly higher levels of masculinity than did moratorium, foreclosed, and diffused individuals. For interpersonal identity, identity achieved adolescents had higher levels of both masculinity and femininity than did individuals who were foreclosed, diffused, or in moratorium. Discussion centered on these results in light of the additional finding that there was little shared variance (eta2) between masculinity, femininity and ego identity.
Lesbian identity development: an examination of differences across generations.
Lesbian identity is an achieved, not an ascribed, status. Family, social, and historical circumstances affect the timing, sequence, and outcome of this developmental process. The life stories of 31 women, identified within three eras of lesbian history, demonstrate the critical role of history in understanding lesbian identity and experience today.
Becoming homosexual: a model of gay identity acquisition.
How do male homosexuals who choose homosexuality as a way of life recall having acquired their gay identities? This question provided the impetus for the descriptive study presented here. Rather than concerning itself with the etiology of homosexuality, this report-- a synthesis of and elaboration on recent investigations of homosexual and/or gay identity--concerns itself with documenting the ways in which a man learns that he is homosexual, how he realizes or decides that he is gay, and how he integrates this affectional and sexual preference into his identity or self-conception.
Congenital micropenis: long-term medical, surgical and psychosexual follow-up of individuals raised male or female.
OBJECTIVES: To document long-term medical, surgical and psychosexual outcome of individuals with congenital micropenis (13 males, 5 females). METHODS: Physical measurements from childhood were collected retrospectively from medical records and at adulthood by physical examination. An adult psychosexual assessment was conducted with a written questionnaire and oral discussion. RESULTS: Adult penile length was below the normal mean in all men. Three women had vaginoplasty resulting in normal length. All men reported good or fair erections but 50% were dissatisfied with their genitalia. Dissatisfaction with body image resulted from having a small penis (66%), inadequate body hair (50%), gynecomastia (33%) and youthful appearance (33%). Ten men were heterosexual, 1 homosexual and 2 bisexual. Among women, 4 (80%) were dissatisfied with their genitalia. Three women reported average libido with orgasm and were also heterosexual. Two women had no sexual interest or experience. Finally, males were masculine and females feminine in their gender-role identity, and both groups were satisfied with their sex of rearing. CONCLUSIONS: Regarding choice of gender, male sex of rearing can result in satisfactory genito-sexual function. Female gender can also result in success, however it requires extensive feminizing surgery.
Analysis of femininity: a didactic group experience.
We present an analysis of femininity carried out by 6 female doctors who, following a 1-year didactic group experience, bring into question psychoanalytical hypotheses and theories, describing dreams and fantasies about castration, penis envy and the male/female opposition, finally establishing what can be currently considered to be 'feminine' and going on to ask themselves about the female identity in terms of its own internal structure without referring to questions of class or gender.
Maintaining identity in elderly couples with chronic illness.
With the onset of chronic illness, it has been necessary for these couples to evaluate and redefine their separate as well as merged identities. As each of these individuals sought to realize a mature identity, role adjustments were required. Although not every member of the two illustrated couples had been able to accept the effects and concurrent responsibilities of chronic illness, the nurse practitioner was in a unique position to provide guidance. By reinforcing the importance of healthy identity states, these clients were able to merge temporarily and respond to their partner's basic needs, exchanging a sense of mutual satisfaction, and then to separate into distinct individual identity states. A major task of the older adult is to re-evaluate identity in light of the roles currently being played in life. Through this process, a workable philosophy of life and death should evolve. Most older people engage in a life review of accomplishments and failures, seeking to integrate the diverse elements to obtain an acceptable view of their life's worth (Kaluger, 1984). Couples experiencing chronic illness must reconsider the consequences of this illness state to adequately formulate healthy individual and merged identities. The role of the nurse practitioner is essential in providing guidance for adapting to the life changes confronting elderly couples with chronic illness while maintaining healthy individual and merged identities.
Female identity development and self-reflection in late adolescence.
The primary aim of this study was to assess whether the capacity for self-reflection in late adolescent females is related to their level of identity development. It was hypothesized that females characterized by advanced identity status (either identity achievement or moratorium) would exhibit a greater capacity for self-reflection than those characterized by less advanced identity status (foreclosure or diffusion). Of 85 subjects who met the criteria for this study (female college students in the New York City area), 32 fit purely into one of four identity statuses; among this latter group, a t test revealed a significantly higher degree of self-reflection for the advanced identity status subjects. Implications for the psychology of identity are discussed.
A re-conceptualization of Erikson's identity stage.
This brief theoretical paper argues that Erikson's concept of identity was originally proposed as something constructed to a significant degree by the individual, i.e., an Instrumental Identity. With the decline in instrumentality in a consumer/service-oriented society, Erikson's original concept fits less well. A new conceptualization of identity, that of Existential Identity, is proposed. Thus, the earlier issue of success versus failure at achieving an Instrumental Identity has begun to give way to a new dimension--of being either a victim or a beneficiary in seeking an Existential Identity. Alternatively, the stage of "adolescence" can be viewed as a stage of seeking Instrumental Identity, and Keniston's new stage of "youth" as the locus of the new Existential Identity.
Homosexual identity: a concept in need of definition.
Despite the fact that the concept homosexual identity has been used extensively in the literature on homosexuality since the late 1960s, investigators have shown little concern for defining or discussing the manner in which it is used. As a result, the study of homosexual identity has been characterized by confusion, disarray, and ambiguity. A multiplicity of terminologies makes comparisons between studies difficult. There has been little attempt to place theoretical proposals or data within the framework of existing psychological literature on identity. A number of assumptions critical to an understanding of homosexual identity are commonly made, and several of these are discussed: The synonymity of homosexual identity and self-concept; homosexual identity as childhood identity; homosexual identity as sexual identity; and homosexuality as distinct essence. This review also considers the following issues: The distinction between identity and behavior; the utility of an identity construct as applied to the study of homosexuals; the definition of identity in developmental theories of homosexual identity; and homosexual group identity.
Sex role identity and depression in nurses.
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