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At least 919 records · Page 51Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Organization of the basal ganglia: the importance of axonal collateralization.

Recent neuroanatomical data obtained with single-axon or single-cell labeling procedures in both rodents and primates have revealed the presence of various types of projection neurons with profusely collateralized axons within each of the major components of the basal ganglia. Such findings call for a reappraisal of current concepts of the anatomical and functional organization of the basal ganglia,which play such a crucial role in the control of motor behavior. The basal ganglia now stand as a widely distributed neuronal network, whose elements are endowed with a highly patterned set of axon collaterals. The elucidation of this finely tuned network is needed to understand the complex spatiotemporal sequence of neural events that ensures the flow of cortical information through the basal ganglia.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Distribution of cGMP in guinea pig autonomic ganglia after stimulation with sodium nitroprusside.

Nitric oxide (NO) is an intercellular messenger molecule in the nervous system and exerts its action in many regions by generating cyclic GMP (cGMP) via soluble guanylyl cyclase. In this study, on the male guinea pig, we have analyzed the localization of cGMP in some autonomic ganglia with immunohistochemistry after stimulation with sodium nitroprusside (SNP) as NO donor, and made correlations with the NO synthesizing enzyme NO synthase (NOS), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and some neuropeptides. The putative target neurons for NO were examined in the anterior pelvic ganglia (APGs), as well as some pre- and paravertebral sympathetic ganglia. The results show that cGMP-like immunoreactivity (LI) in the APG was in most cases observed in the TH-positive, NOS-negative neuron population after SNP stimulation, whereas the NOS-expressing cholinergic population mostly lacked detectable cGMP-LI. In the pre- and paravertebral ganglia, SNP stimulation increased cGMP levels to a much lesser extent than in the APGs. cGMP was also observed in blood vessels, in the ganglion capsule, and in some cases. possibly in satellite cells. We propose, as one alternative, that there is a functional, intraganglionic regulatory loop between the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the APG, using the NO/cGMP pathway.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Tyrosine hydroxylase and norepinephrine transporter in sympathetic ganglia of female rats vary with reproductive state.

In females, sympathetic activity varies with changes in reproductive status, but whether expression of proteins critical to the function of sympathetic neurons is also altered is unknown. Therefore, the present study tested the hypothesis that, in rat adrenal gland and superior cervical ganglia, the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and the norepinephrine transporter (NET), measured using Western analysis, are changed during pregnancy and the estrous cycle. Compared to diestrus, pregnancy increased TH levels in both superior cervical ganglia and adrenal gland. Pregnancy was also associated with decreased NET levels in the superior cervical ganglia, but increased levels in the adrenal gland. Relative to diestrus, the pattern of changes of TH and the NET in rats during proestrus was generally similar to changes observed during pregnancy. To assess whether gonadal hormones were involved, ovariectomized rats were also studied and changes in serum estrogen and progesterone were assayed in a subset of animals in all groups. Variations in TH and the NET among all groups did not correlate with changes in either estrogen or progesterone, suggesting that the steroids were not exclusively responsible. In conclusion, reproductive status alters the expression of TH and the NET in adrenal gland and superior cervical ganglia of female rats, which could significantly influence the function of the sympathetic nervous system. However, the mechanism for these changes does not depend solely on changes in estrogen or progesterone.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Metabolite profile in the basal ganglia of children with cerebral palsy: a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study.

This prospective study determined metabolite profile in the left and right basal ganglia of children with spastic cerebral palsy (CP) compared with children without disabilities, by using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1HMRS). Twenty-three patients with spastic CP (12 males, 11 females; mean age 11y 9mo [SD 4y 2mo], range 4-17y) were examined. Twenty children had spastic diplegia and three had quadriplegia. Twenty-four normally developing children (13 females, 11 males; mean age 10y 3mo [SD 4y 8mo], range 4-17y) served as a comparison group. The relative concentrations of N-acetylaspartate (NAA), choline (Cho), myo-inositol (mI), and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) were measured relative to creatine (Cr) and different combinations of metabolites within 8cm3 brain voxels. Children with CP showed reduced ratios of NAA:Cr, NAA:Cho, NAA:mI, and GABA:Cr in the basal ganglia relative to a matched comparison group. Patients demonstrated a significant age-dependent increase in NAA:Cr and NAA:Cho in the basal ganglia. No sex-dependent difference was shown in children with CP nor in the comparison group for all tested metabolite ratios. Significant correlation between Apgar score and ratio of mI:Cr in the group with CP was found. None of the tested metabolite ratios were correlated with the severity scale of CP in children with CP. NAA:Cr ratios were negatively correlated with learning disability in patients with CP. Results indicate the association of the metabolite ratios in basal ganglia with learning disability.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Physiology of basal ganglia disorders: an overview.

The pathophysiology of the movement disorders arising from basal ganglia disorders has been uncertain, in part because of a lack of a good theory of how the basal ganglia contribute to normal voluntary movement. An hypothesis for basal ganglia function is proposed here based on recent advances in anatomy and physiology. Briefly, the model proposes that the purpose of the basal ganglia circuits is to select and inhibit specific motor synergies to carry out a desired action. The direct pathway is to select and the indirect pathway is to inhibit these synergies. The clinical and physiological features of Parkinson's disease, L-DOPA dyskinesias. Huntington's disease, dystonia and tic are reviewed. An explanation of these features is put forward based upon the model.

Basal Ganglia Diseases↗
PubMed2004

Metabolite alterations in basal ganglia associated with psychiatric symptoms of abstinent toluene users: a proton MRS study.

Long-term toluene abuse causes a variety of psychiatric symptoms. However, little is known about abnormalities at the neurochemical level in the living human brain after long-term exposure to toluene. To detect neurochemical changes in the basal ganglia of subjects with a history of long-term toluene use, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) was performed in 12 abstinent toluene users and 13 healthy comparisons with no history of drug abuse. N-acetylaspartate (NAA), creatine plus phosphocreatine (Cr + PCr), choline-containing compounds (Cho), and myo-inositol (MI) levels were measured in the left and right basal ganglia. The Cho/Cr + PCr ratio, a marker of membrane metabolism, was significantly increased in the basal ganglia of toluene users in comparison to that of the control subjects. Furthermore, the increase in the Cho/Cr + PCr ratio was significantly correlated with the severity of residual psychiatric symptoms. These findings suggest that long-term toluene use causes membrane disturbance in the basal ganglia, which is associated with residual psychiatric symptoms that persist even after long-term abstinence from toluene use.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

The roles of the cerebellum and basal ganglia in timing and error prediction.

Recent evidence that the cerebellum and the basal ganglia are activated during the performance of cognitive and attention tasks challenges the prevailing view of their primary function in motor control. The specific roles of the basal ganglia and the cerebellum in cognition, however, have been difficult to identify. At least three functional hypotheses regarding their roles have been proposed. The first hypothesis suggests that their main function is to switch attentional set. The second hypothesis states that they provide error signals regarding stimuli or rewards. The third hypothesis is that they operate as an internal timing system, providing a precise representation of temporal information. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we tested these three hypotheses using a task-switching experiment with a 2 x 2 factorial design varying timing (random relative to fixed) and task order (unpredictable relative to predictable). This design allowed us to test whether switching between tasks, timing irregularity and/or task order unpredictability activate the basal ganglia and/or the cerebellum. We show that the cerebellum is primarily activated with timing irregularity while the anterior striatum is activated with task order unpredictability, supporting their distinctive roles in two forms of readjustment. Task order unpredictability alone, independent of reward delivery, is sufficient to induce striatal activation. In addition, activation of the cerebellum and basal ganglia were not specific to switching attention because these regions were both activated during switching between tasks and during the simultaneous maintenance of two tasks without switching between them.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2000

NMDA receptors in the basal ganglia.

The basal ganglia consist of several interconnected nuclei located in the telecephalon, diencephalon and mesencephalon that are involved in a variety of motor and non-motor behavioural functions. Glutamate receptors play a major role in neurotransmission within the basal ganglia and are present in all nuclei of the basal ganglia. This review focuses on the contribution of the NMDA class of glutamatergic receptors to various movement disorders whose primary pathology lies within the basal ganglia and discusses how pharmacological manipulation of such receptors may be therapeutically useful.

Basal Ganglia↗
PubMed1997

Differential regulation of fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 and FGF receptor 1 mRNAs and FGF-2 isoforms in spinal ganglia and sciatic nerve after peripheral nerve lesion.

To study the functional role of endogenous basic fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) during degeneration and regeneration of the sensory system, we have determined the expression and regulation of FGF-2 and FGF receptor (FGFR)-1 mRNAs in spinal ganglia and sciatic nerve during experimental transection and crush injury of the sciatic nerve. In contrast to levels of the FGFR-1 transcript, which is not altered, the level of FGF-2 mRNA is dramatically up-regulated in spinal ganglia after injury. In the proximal and distal nerve stumps both transcript levels are significantly elevated, albeit at different time points. The FGF-2 isoforms are differently up-regulated in spinal ganglia and sciatic nerve following peripheral nerve lesion. The differential response of FGF-2 mRNA and protein and of FGFR-1 mRNA in spinal ganglia and sciatic nerve after lesion is suggestive of different physiological functions: a local reaction at the lesion site where axonal regrowth occurs and a trophic reaction for the degenerating/regenerating sensory neurons.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Distinct responses of basal ganglia substance P systems to low and high doses of methamphetamine.

Substance P (SP) is a neuropeptide closely associated with basal ganglia dopaminergic neurons. Because some neuropeptide systems in the basal ganglia (i.e. neurotensin and metenkephalin) are differentially affected by treatment with low or high doses of methamphetamine, we determined if basal ganglia SP pathways were also differentially influenced in a dose-dependent manner by this psychostimulant. Employing in vivo microdialysis, it was observed that the low dose (0.5 mg/kg) of methamphetamine increased the extracellular concentration of SP in the substantia nigra, but not in globus pallidus or striatum. In contrast, the high dose (10 mg/kg) of methamphetamine did not increase extracellular SP content in any of these structures. The effect of the low-dose methamphetamine treatment on nigral extracellular SP levels was blocked by pre-treatment with either a D1 or D2 antagonist. In addition, 12 h after similar methamphetamine treatments, a dose-dependent differential response in SP tissue levels occurred in some of the regions examined. When these changes occurred, the low dose of methamphetamine usually reduced, whereas the high dose increased, SP tissue content. This study demonstrated opposite responses of the basal ganglia SP system to low and high doses of methamphetamine and suggested that a combination of dopamine D1 and D2 receptor activity contributed to these effects.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Incidence and clinical significance of echogenic vasculature in the basal ganglia of newborns.

Cranial sonography has become the main modality of the investigation and diagnosis of a wide variety of neonatal intracranial abnormalities. Occasionally, cranial sonograms reveal basal ganglia and thalami bright echoes. It is believed that these lesions are indicative of vasculitis due to intrauterine infections, in particular with cytomegalovirus (CMV). We hypothesized that the incidence of proven neonatal intrauterine TORCH infection is low and that screening of all asymptomatic infants with bright lenticulostriate echodensities would not be cost-effective. We reviewed brain sonograms of 3700 infants, performed over a period of 3 1/2 years. Echogenic basal ganglia vasculature were observed in 75 patients (2%). Chart review performed for clinical presentation and TORCH studies showed that only one infant had confirmed intrauterine congenital infection, which was by CMV. This infant had no signs or symptoms of CMV. In addition, there were 4 patients with chromosomal anomalies among the 75 patients (5%), of these one had trisomy 13 and another-trisomy 21. Our results indicate that echogenic basal ganglia blood vessels are not an exceptional finding on cranial sonograms, and are seldom associated with intrauterine infection. We conclude that it is not cost-effective to screen infants with echogenic basal ganglia blood vessels for intrauterine infection, unless clinical suspicion exists.

Basal Ganglia↗
PubMed1989

Encephalopathy with calcifications of the basal ganglia in children. A reappraisal of Fahr's syndrome with respect to 14 new cases.

Calcifications of the basal ganglia are described under the heading of "Fahr's syndrome". The clinical pattern is variable and the syndrome may be sporadic or familial. This study describes a personal series of 14 cases of encephalopathy with calcification of the basal ganglia and reviews the literature cases. A four-group classification is proposed. The first group includes encephalopathy, microcephaly, dwarfism, retinal degeneration or optic atrophy, symmetrical patchy demyelination with calcifications and probable autosomal recessive inheritance. Some cases have an early onset, a rapid evolution. Others have a later onset, longer course and retinal degeneration. In the second group, the children suffer from a congenital encephalopathy or a cerebral palsy without clear deterioration, without short stature, ocular impairment or persistent CSF abnormalities. This group has not been reported in the literature. The cases do not seem to be genetic. The precise cause in unknown but a sporadic non progressive anoxo-ischemic, or viral prenatal disease is suggested. In the third group, the association of encephalopathy, microcephaly, and persistent CSF lymphocytosis, has a high recurrence rate. The pathogenesis is still a matter of dispute. The fourth group is characterized by autosomal dominant calcifications of the basal ganglia with or without neurological abnormalities. Finally calcium metabolism disorders and mitochondrial encephalomyopathy may be associated with calcifications of the basal ganglia.

Basal Ganglia Diseases↗
PubMed2005

Herpes keratitis in the absence of anterograde transport of virus from sensory ganglia to the cornea.

Herpes stromal keratitis is an immunopathologic disease in the corneal stroma leading to scarring, opacity, and blindness, and it is an important problem in common corneal surgeries. Paradoxically, virus antigens are largely focused in the epithelial layer of the cornea and not in the stromal layer, and viral antigens are eliminated before stromal inflammation develops. It is not clear what drives inflammation, whether viral antigens are necessary, or how viral antigens reach the stroma. It has been proposed that herpes simplex virus (HSV) travels from the corneal epithelium to sensory ganglia then returns to the stroma to cause disease. However, there is also evidence of HSV DNA and infectious virus persistent in corneas, and HSV can be transmitted to transplant recipients. To determine whether HSV resident in the cornea could cause herpes stromal keratitis, we constructed an HSV US9- mutant that had diminished capacity to move in neuronal axons. US9- HSV replicated and spread normally in the mouse corneal epithelium and to the trigeminal ganglia. However, US9- HSV was unable to return from ganglia to the cornea and failed to cause periocular skin disease, which requires zosteriform spread from neurons. Nevertheless, US9- HSV caused keratitis. Therefore, herpes keratitis can occur without anterograde transport from ganglia to the cornea, probably mediated by virus persistent in the cornea.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

A peptide as a possible transmitter in sympathetic ganglia of the frog.

A search was made in sympathetic ganglia of the bullfrog for a noncholinergic, nonaminergic transmitter that is released by a distinct group of preganglionic axons. These initiate a late slow excitatory postsynaptic potential which lasts for many minutes. The most promising candidate for the role of transmitter is a peptide that resembles luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH; luliberin). The reasons are: (i) LHRH (1 muM) and some of its analogs cause a slow depolarization of ganglion cells. (ii) Radioimmunoassays established that 100-800 pg of a LHRH-like substance is contained in the lumbar chain of sympathetic ganglia. (iii) The LHRH-like material is specifically distributed in those spinal nerves that contain axons that initiate the slow noncholinergic synaptic responses. (iv) Five days after ipsilateral preganglionic axons are cut, 95% of the LHRH-like substance disappears from ganglia, while the LHRH immunoreactivity triples in the spinal nerves proximal to the cut region. (v) About 0.6% of the LHRH-like material within ganglia can be collected from the perfusate after 30 min of incubation in isotonic KC1; this release is Ca dependent. (vi) The candidate for transmitter has several chemical characteristics of a peptide and has a Mr near 1000.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Detection by complementation of defective or uninducible (herpes simplex type 1) virus genomes latent in human ganglia.

Reconstruction experiments have shown that temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)(Glasgow strain 17) grow, complement, and recombine with similar efficiency in human nerve ganglion cells, human brain cells, normal human fibroblasts (WI38), and baby hamster kidney (BHK) 21/C13 hamster cells. Cultures of human trigeminal, superior cervical, and vagus ganglia that had failed to release herpes simplex virus spontaneously were superinfected with a range of ts mutants of HSV-1 and incubated at both permissive (31 degrees C) and nonpermissive (38.5 degrees C) temperatures. Progeny virus was assayed at both temperatures to determine if complementation of or recombination with the input genomes had occurred. The results showed that the ganglia from 8 of 14 individuals, which had been consistently negative for spontaneous release of virus, contained information that could be detected or rescued following superinfection with ts mutants of herpes simplex virus. In two additional cases, positive results were obtained after the superinfection of negative ganglia explants, but in each of these herpes simplex virus had previously been spontaneously released from one of six ganglia explanted.

DNA, Viral↗
PubMed1981

Immunoreactive dynorphin in mammalian spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia.

The distribution of immunoreactive dynorphin (ir-dynorphin) has been determined in dorsal and ventral aspects of spinal cord and in dorsal root ganglia of rabbit and rat. Concentrations are highest in dorsal root, with intermediate levels in ventral cord and low levels in dorsal root ganglia of both species. Levels of ir-dynorphin are relatively uniform over examined segments (vertebrae C2-S3) of rabbit spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia. Gel permeation chromatography of extracts from rabbit dorsal and ventral spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia revealed at least three immunoreactive components of differing molecular size in all three structures. Multiple unilateral or bilateral dorsal rhizotomy (vertebrae C5-T1) in rat did not affect levels of ir-dynorphin in spinal cord. As reported [Goldstein, A. & Ghazarossian, V. E. (1980) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77, 6207-6210], midthoracic spinal transection was without effect. Within the spinal cord, the neuropeptide appears, most probably, to be contained in short-axoned neurons. We surmise that this potent opioid peptide may participate in the processing of sensory information in spinal cord.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Immunohistochemical demonstration of choline acetyltransferase-immunoreactive preganglionic nerve fibers in guinea pig autonomic ganglia.

The distribution of choline acetyltransferase (ChoAcTase)-like immunoreactivity in the superior cervical ganglion and the stellate ganglion was analyzed with immunohistochemistry. A dense network of ChoAcTase-immunoreactive nerve fibers was observed in both ganglia studied. The ChoAcTase-positive fibers were found in all parts of the ganglia but had a differential distribution, giving rise to a patchy staining pattern. After preganglionic denervation of the superior cervical ganglia, all ChoAcTase-positive fibers disappeared. For comparison, the distributions of enkephalin- and neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity were analyzed. In the stellate ganglion, the enkephalin-positive fibers had a marked regional distribution. Areas with the highest enkephalin-fiber density seemed to contain low numbers of ChoAcTase-positive fibers and vice versa. The findings give evidence for occurrence of acetylcholine synthesis in preganglionic fibers in paravertebral sympathetic ganglia.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1989

Endothelin 1, an endothelium-derived peptide, is expressed in neurons of the human spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia.

The localization of endothelin 1 mRNA and endothelin-like immunoreactivity was investigated in samples of neurologically normal nervous system tissue from 10 adults by using in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry. Tissue sections of spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia were hybridized with an 35S-radiolabeled endothelin 1 complementary RNA probe. Autoradiograms showed labeled neurons in the spinal cord (laminae IV-VI and many motoneurons) and numerous small and large neurons in the dorsal root ganglia. Endothelin 1 transcripts were also found in association with the endothelial layer of some blood vessels in the white matter of the spinal cord. A similar distribution of immunoreactivity was seen using three antisera to endothelin 1, but fewer cells were immunostained than were labeled after the hybridization. Two other endothelin 1 antisera immunostained the endothelial lining of blood vessels in the spinal cord white matter but not neurons. In the ganglia, endothelin 1 transcripts were localized to all cells expressing beta-preprotachykinin and most expressing calcitonin gene-related peptide mRNAs; in the majority of the motoneurons, coexistence of endothelin 1 and calcitonin gene-related peptide mRNAs was noted. There was a similar pattern of coexistence for respective peptide immunoreactivities in the ganglia and spinal cord. The expression of endothelin 1 mRNA in distinct neuronal cell types suggests that this peptide plays a part in neural transmission/modulation and adds a further dimension to the known vascular-related actions of endothelin 1.

Endothelins↗