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XML structured clinical information: a practical example.

At Giessen university, a drug formulary comprising drug data and treatment guidelines is supplied to clinical users who can access the drug information by an index of drug substances and drug substance groups. The guideline itself is a textual description with related information such as drug substances and drug brand names. Since clinical users also want to access the information by drug names, we had to extract this information from the textual descriptions. The extraction however caused some effort. In order to not repeat this effort in the future, we used the eXtensible Markup Language (XML) to restructure the information sources. This paper describes our experiences with this kind of legacy to XML conversion and outlines a possible migration path towards the XML technology.

Drug Information Services↗

Effective strategies for managing pharmacy benefits.

Prescription drug costs are among the fastest-growing healthcare costs. Effective plan design and benefit management strategies can help pharmacy benefit plans manage costs while maintaining quality and customer satisfaction. These strategies include using formulary management, intervention techniques, and cost sharing to encourage the use of generic drugs; employing a mail-service pharmacy benefit for maintenance medications; and implementing concurrent and retrospective review programs to ensure eligibility and plan compliance, identify practice patterns, and encourage appropriate drug selection.

Cost Sharing↗

Managing prescription drug costs.

This article reviews prescription drug cost trends, touching on issues such as cost versus value, demographic changes, direct-to-consumer advertising, effects of the Internet and disease management. The author also discusses pharmacy benefit managers, as well as various utilization management strategies like benefit plan design and the use of formularies.

Cost Control↗

The use of essential drugs.

This report presents the recommendations of a WHO Expert Committee responsible for updating and revising the Model List of Essential Drugs. The first part describes the criteria for the selection of essential drugs and pharmaceutical dosage forms, and includes discussion of quality assurance, pharmacovigilance, drug utilization studies, drug information and educational activities, and future developments of the model list. In the light of increasing resistance to antimicrobials, particular attention is drawn to the need for and use of reserve antimicrobials. The second part presents the eleventh revised model list, together with details of the changes that have been made, a glossary of terms and an alphabetical index of all the drugs included.

Drug Utilization Review↗

Access in crisis.

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Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

Assuring the quality of medications stored in patient care areas.

A program designed to improve patient care by assuring the quality of medications stored in patient care areas is described. A questionnaire covering six major areas--medication room, controlled substances, refrigerator, emergency medication kit, other storage areas and miscellaneous--designed to assist in gathering information during medication quality assurance rounds was developed. Rounds are conducted every four months by a pharmacist and a nurse. To ensure that any deficiencies are corrected, copies of the findings are sent to the appropriate pharmacy and nursing personnel.

Drug Stability↗