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PubMedDate not supplied

Long-term effects of botulinum toxin type A (Botox) on facial lines: a comparison in identical twins.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the presence of imprinted facial lines in identical twin sisters, one of whom had received botulinum toxin type A (Botox) treatment in the forehead and glabellar region regularly for 13 years and one of whom had not. Crow's feet were also compared. METHODS: One twin received Botox in the forehead and glabellar region (approximately 2 to 3 times each year over the past 13 years) and in the crow's feet (twice in past 2 years). Her twin received Botox only twice (in the forehead and glabellar region, 3 and 7 years ago). RESULTS: Imprinted forehead and glabellar lines were not evident in the regularly treated twin but were evident in the minimally treated twin. Crow's feet were less noticeable when the regularly treated twin smiled (even at 7 months after treatment) than when the minimally treated twin smiled. Untreated facial areas (eg, nasolabial folds) showed comparable aging in both twins. Neither twin experienced adverse effects. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term treatment with Botox can prevent the development of imprinted facial lines that are visible at rest. Botox treatment can also reduce crow's feet. Treatment is well tolerated, with no adverse events reported during 13 years of regular treatment in this study.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Seasonal variations in hair pigmentation of white-tailed deer and their relationship to sexual activity and plasma testosterone.

Intensity of hair pigmentation of dorsal scrotum, nose, cheek and forehead areas of seven mature, male white-tailed deer were determined from close-up colour slides taken once a month during a 2-year period. Blood samples and skin biopsies from forehead areas were taken at the same time as the photographs. Plasma testosterone (T) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay and T in the skin was investigated by immunohistology. Seasonal variations of hair pigmentation are most pronounced in the forehead region followed by the cheek, scrotum, and nose area. Peak blood levels of T (15.4 ng/ml) were detected in November. The highest correlation between T levels and pigmentation of the forehead area (R = 93%; R2 = 0.87), was established when pigmentation values were shifted two months ahead. Immunohistologically detectable T was localized in hair follicles, hair sheets and apocrine glands but not in the sebaceous glands. It is hypothesized that pigmentation of head regions might serve as a visual cue indicating the sexual status of an individual.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed1987

Electrophoretic mobility of corneocytes measured by laser Doppler spectroscopy.

A new approach studying the characteristics of the stratum corneum is presented: the electrophoretic mobility of corneocytes by laser Doppler spectroscopy. The detergent scrub technique was used for harvesting corneocytes from three body regions (forehead, palm, and sole) of normal persons (n = 20) under casual conditions and after thorough defattening of the skin with 70% isopropyl alcohol or petrol. Similarly, cells from the forehead, shoulder, and palm were obtained from 22 acne patients treated with isotretinoin (13-cis retinoic acid) 0.5-0.7 mg/kg body weight (b.wt.)/day for 12-16 weeks, and in patients receiving arotinoid (Ro 15-0778) 192 mg (n = 5) or 500 mg (n = 5) per kg/b.wt./day for 6 weeks (forehead and shoulder). In another experiment, cell suspensions with a pH ranging from 5.0-7.3 were evaluated. Measurements were performed by dynamic laser light scattering. This laser application allows exact electrophoretic mobility measurements in a short time (3 min). When cells pass the laser beam, the scattered light is frequency-shifted due to the optical Doppler effect. These frequency shifts are analyzed by the heterodyne light beating technique. The analog signal of the photodetector is converted into a power spectrum by Fourier analysis. This power spectrum represents the spectrum of electrophoretic cell mobility distribution. Results showed different electrophoretic mobility values for corneocytes dependent on the topographic region: forehead 1.18 +/- 0.16, palm 1.10 +/- 0.14, and sole 0.83 +/- 0.10 (means +/- SEM) micron cm/Vs. Defattening with isopropyl alcohol decreased the mobility values to 0.90 +/- 0.09 (p less than or equal to 0.01), 0.95 +/- 0.10, and 0.77 +/- 0.10 micron cm/Vs respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMed2005

Association of a sylvian arachnoid cyst and trigonocephaly in a developing child: importance and management.

INTRODUCTION: Trigonocephaly and arachnoid cysts are two different entities that may cause intracerebral pressure elevation: one by space occupying and the other by space restriction. The true incidence of association of trigonocephaly and sylvian arachnoid cyst is not known. We present a rare case of trigonocephaly associated with a sylvian arachnoid cyst in a patient that underwent forehead reconstruction and fenestration of the arachnoid cyst in the same operation. CASE REPORT: Investigation of an 11-month-old girl suffering from triangular appearance of the forehead since birth revealed metopic suture synostosis and type II sylvian arachnoid cyst. Neurological examination was normal. There were no seizure history and no other systemic malformation that could be a part of any syndromes associated with cranial synostosis. Forehead reconstruction with forehead advancement for trigonocephaly and fenestration of the arachnoid cyst to the basal cisterns were performed in the same operation. Satisfactory outcome was achieved. CONCLUSION: The coexistence of craniosynostosis and arachnoid cyst is rare. They can be treated surgically in a single session.

Arachnoid Cysts↗
PubMed1991

Response of adrenal sympathetic efferent nerve activity to mechanical and thermal stimulations of the facial skin area in anesthetized rats.

The effect of mechanical and thermal stimulations to the forehead or cheek innervated by the trigeminal nerve on adrenal sympathetic efferent nerve activity was studied in alpha-chloralose-urethane anesthetized rats. Innoxious mechanical stimulations to the forehead or cheek caused a reflex decrease of nerve activity, while noxious mechanical stimulations to the forehead or cheek caused a reflex increase in activity. Thermal stimulation of the forehead and bilateral cheeks at below 15 degrees C or above 45 degrees C increased activity though it failed to do so between 20 and 40 degrees C. These excitatory responses lasted only as long as the period of the stimulation. These results suggest that excitatory reflex responses mediated by supraspinal circuit to adrenal nerve activity are not, characteristically, of an enduring nature.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed2001

Quantitative evaluation of skin condition in an epidemiological survey of females living in northern versus southern Japan.

Image analysis and biophysical methods were used to compare the skin condition of a group of females ranging in age from 5 to 65 years who had lived all of their lives in either Kagoshima (n=300), located in southern Japan, or Akita (n=302), located in northern Japan. Kagoshima annually receives approximately 1.5 times more solar UVB radiation than Akita. The methods used and corresponding skin parameters reported in this survey were: high resolution digital imaging followed by computer analysis of facial images for facial skin wrinkling and hyperpigmentation; silicone skin replicas followed by Moiré interferometry for facial skin surface roughness (texture); the Minolta Chromameter for skin color (L*a*b*) on sun-exposed (forehead) and sun-protected (upper inner arm) skin sites; the Corneometer for skin capacitance (hydration) on the cheek and ventral forearm; the Sebumeter for sebum excretion rate on the forehead; and the Minolta Spot Thermometer for skin temperature on the upper cheek. Compared with Japanese women living in Akita, Japanese women living in Kagoshima had significantly longer facial wrinkles, higher number of wrinkles, larger hyperpigmented spots, higher number of spots, rougher facial skin texture, more yellow foreheads and upper inner arms, darker foreheads, and less stratum corneum hydration in the cheeks and arms. When compared on an age-for-age basis, the average 40-year-old Kagoshima women has the same level of facial wrinkling as a 48-year-old Akita women, a delay of 8 years for living in the northern latitude. For facial hyperpigmentation, the delay is 16 years; the average 40-year-old Kagoshima women has the same level of facial hyperpigmentation as a 56-year-old Akita women. The results further testify to the skin damaging effects of sun exposure and may be useful in public health education to promote everyday sun protection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Comparison of blood pressure measured by oscillometry from the supraorbital artery and invasively from the radial artery.

In previous studies, oscillometric blood pressure measured from the supraorbital artery has been shown to agree quite well with pressure measured from the brachial artery in normal subjects. In this study, surgical patients whose conditions warranted the use of invasive blood pressure monitoring during the surgery were chosen. We compared systolic and diastolic blood pressure measured oscillometrically from the supraorbital artery with intraarterial blood pressures, measured invasively from the radial artery. A pressure bladder was attached to the forehead of each patient. The bladder was connected to a forehead blood pressure monitor. A catheter was inserted in a radial artery, and connected to a pressure monitor. Forehead blood pressure was measured every 5 min. Radial arterial pressure was averaged over the same period during which the forehead measurement was made. Blood pressures measured with the two methods were compared. For the systolic pressure, the difference between the two methods was -9.9 +/- 17.9 mm Hg (mean +/- SD). For diastolic pressure, the difference was -8.0 +/- 10.9 mm Hg. There was a significant difference between the two methods in the patient population chosen in this study.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Qualitative and (semi)quantitative characterization of nasal and skin methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriage of hospitalized patients.

The objective of this study was to systematically investigate the carriage pattern and load of newly identified methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonized or infected patients before any decolonization took place. Cultures of wounds (38%), of sputum (16%) or throat (10%) and of urine (10%) most frequently gave the initial positive MRSA result. Samples from nose, forehead, neck, axilla, and groin were obtained to determine the extent of nasal and extranasal colonization. Fifty-six (69%) of the screened patients proved to be MRSA positive at one or more of these sample sites, and 53 (65%) were extranasal carriers. The proportions positive for cultures of the nares, forehead, groin, neck and axilla were 54%, 51%, 38%, 35%, and 28%, respectively. The most sensitive screening method (96% sensitivity) was to take a combination of cultures from the nares, forehead and groin. Out of the 56 patients (100% sensitivity) this combination revealed 10 more MRSA-carriers than testing the nose alone (79% sensitivity). But the number of study patients was relative small. Therefore we cannot give general recommendations for MRSA screening on the basis of these results. For our hospital we concluded to take a combination of three screening samples to detect MRSA-carriers. Beside the MRSA-carriage pattern we report about the quantitative whole-body colonization. Out of 41 patients colonized on the forehead, a median of 20 MRSA/24 cm2 was obtained on contact agar plates. On the neck (n = 28), an identical value was found. The median MRSA levels for the nose (n = 44), the groin (n = 31), and the axilla (n = 23) were 80, 50 and 50 cfu/swab streak. The MRSA load varied widely from 1 to more than 100 colonies per culture. Further studies must show whether the individual number of MRSA cultured from different body sites is relevant for transmission, for acquiring infections or for decolonization efficacy.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1993

Tripartite frontalis muscle flap transposition for blepharoptosis.

Transposition of frontalis muscle to the tarsus is an effective technique for correction of blepharoptosis with poor levator function. This is refined by division of the frontalis muscle flap into three strips, which are sutured separately to the upper tarsal border. Thirty-six patients with blepharoptosis (54 eyelids) had tripartite frontalis muscle flap procedures. The ptosis was congenital in 33 patients. Forty-eight eyelids had poor levator function. Six had fair levator function. The frontalis action ranged from 8 to 14 mm. The average of follow-up evaluation was 32 months. The postoperative results were evaluated by Berke's criteria, various sensation tests of the forehead, and presence of forehead wrinkles. The tripartite frontalis muscle flap provided an even distribution of upward pull on the tarsus without tenting the lid margin. Ptosis on superior and primary gaze, an intrinsic complication of maximal levator resection or frontalis suspension, was not observed after this procedure. Lagophthalmos was transitory, usually disappearing within 3 months. Lid lag was mild-to-moderate. Mild hypesthesia of the forehead returned completely to normal in all patients, followed more than 24 months. Slight lowering of the medial portion of the eyebrow and incomplete wrinkling of the forehead on upward gaze were mild cosmetic defects after correction in 4 patients with unilateral ptosis. The tripartite frontalis flap technique is recommended for patients with bilateral congenital ptosis and fair-to-poor levator function, and for unilateral ptosis, if either contralateral brow lift or bilateral frontalis transposition is appropriate.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Pseudoaneurysm of the anterior superficial temporal artery.

Pseudoaneurysm of the superficial temporal artery must be considered in the differential diagnosis of masses of the lateral forehead and temporal fossa. While the first reported case of a temporal artery aneurysm was reported by Thomas Bartholin in 1740, there is scant mention of this lesion in the plastic and maxillofacial surgical literature. Pseudoaneurysms can arise in the forehead and scalp as a result of blunt traumatic impingement of the superficial temporal artery against the calvarium. The anterior branch of the artery is most vulnerable, because in the lateral forehead it courses over the frontal osseous ridge in the galea aponeurotica formed by the fusion line of the deep and superficial temporalis muscle fascia. This dense fascial investment has a tethering effect in the gap between the temporalis and frontalis muscles and prevents the artery from displacing laterally in response to traumatic forces. A history of recent blunt trauma or surgery to the forehead, combined with a pulsatile bruit, should direct the physician to the diagnosis of pseudoaneurysm of the superficial temporal artery. Treatment is surgical resection of the involved segment without the need for reconstruction. This report includes a review of the literature and presents the first documented case of a bicycle helmet as the cause of a superficial temporal artery pseudoaneurysm.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Nasal reconstruction based on aesthetic subunits in Orientals.

Reconstruction based on the aesthetic subunit principle has yielded good aesthetic outcomes in patients with moderate to severe nasal defects caused by trauma or tumor resection. However, the topographic subunits previously proposed are often unsuitable for Orientals. Compared with the nose in white patients, the nose in Orientals is low, lacks nasal muscle, and has a flat glabella; the structural features of the underlying cartilage and bone are not distinctly reflected in outward appearance. The authors devised aesthetic subunits suitable for Orientals, and they used these units to reconstruct various parts of the nose. The major difference between these units and those presented previously is the lack of soft triangles and the addition of the glabella as an independent unit. The authors divided the nose into the following five topographic units: the glabella, the nasal dorsum, the nasal tip, and the two alae. The border of the nasal dorsum unit was extended to above the maxillonasal suture. The basic reconstruction techniques use a V-Y advancement flap from the forehead to reconstruct the glabella, an island flap from the forehead to reconstruct the nasal dorsum and nasal tip, a nasolabial flap to reconstruct an ala, and a malar flap to reconstruct the cheek. A combination of flaps was used when the defect involved more than one unit. This concept was used for nasal reconstruction in 24 patients. In one patient undergoing reconstruction of the nasal dorsum and in one undergoing reconstruction of the nasal tip, the texture of the forearm flap did not match well, which resulted in a slightly unsatisfactory aesthetic outcome. In one patient in whom the glabella, nasal dorsum, and part of the cheek were reconstructed simultaneously, a web was formed at the medial ocular angle, and a secondary operation was subsequently performed using Z-plasty. In one patient undergoing reconstruction with a forehead flap, defatting was required to reduce the bulk of the subcutaneous flap pedicle at the glabella. However, suture lines were placed in the most inconspicuous sites in all patients, and the use of a trapdoor contraction emphasized the three-dimensional appearance of the nose. The use of these aesthetic subunits for reconstruction offers several advantages, particularly in Oriental patients. Because the nasal dorsum is reconstructed together with the side walls, tenting of the nasal dorsum is avoided, which prevents a flat appearance of the nose. A forehead flap is useful in the repair of complex defects. Defects of the alae should be separately reconstructed with a nasolabial flap to enhance the effect of the trapdoor contraction and to highlight the three-dimensional appearance of the nose. Candidates for reconstruction should be selected on the basis of nasal structure. The results suggest that these units can also be used in some white patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Reproducibility of cerebral oxygenation measurement in neonates and infants in the clinical setting using the NIRO 300 oximeter.

OBJECTIVE: To study reproducibility of cerebral tissue oxygenation index (cTOI) values in neonates and infants in a clinical setting using the NIRO 300 oximeter (Hamamatsu Photonics, Hamamatsu City, Japan). DESIGN: Clinical, observational study. SETTING: University hospital, pediatric intensive care unit. PATIENTS: Twenty neonatal and pediatric intensive care patients (age 0-190 days; median 4.5 days). INTERVENTIONS: Reproducibility of cTOI was measured at the lateral forehead of the patients. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Sensor exchange experiments were performed by removing the sensor and reapplying another sensor (sensor 1 vs. sensor 2) at the same position. Simultaneous measurements, comparing cTOI values from the right and left forehead, were performed using both sensors. Corresponding sensor exchange experiments were performed within 10 mins. All tests were done under stable, steady-state cardiorespiratory conditions. Data were compared using Bland-Altman bias analysis and paired, two-sided Student's t-test (p < .05). Sensor exchange experiments and simultaneous left-to-right forehead measurements revealed only small mean differences (<5%) and no significant differences between corresponding values (p = .953/.164). However, Bland-Altman bias analysis revealed poor agreement with large 95% limits of agreement in particular for sensor exchange experiments (-17.8% to 17.6%) and less for simultaneous left and right measurements (-14.4% to 10.4%). CONCLUSIONS: The present study shows that cTOI measurements using the NIRO 300 oximeter at the lateral forehead of neonates and infants are not well reproducible under clinical conditions. This raises the question whether generally valid normal values can be defined with the used approach and makes it difficult to determine a normal range of cerebral oxygenation.

Brain↗
PubMed2006

Infrared tympanic thermometry in comparison with other temperature measurement techniques in febrile children.

OBJECTIVE: : To determine whether infrared tympanic thermometry (ITT) measurements more accurately reflect core body temperatures than axillary, forehead, or rectal measurements during fever cycles in children. DESIGN: : Prospective cohort study. SETTING: : Pediatric and cardiac intensive care units at a tertiary care children's hospital. PATIENTS: : Critically ill children <7 yrs of age with indwelling bladder catheters. INTERVENTIONS: : Simultaneous temperatures were recorded during both febrile and nonfebrile periods using ITT, indwelling bladder (core), axillary, forehead, and indwelling rectal measurements in 36 children. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: : Overall ITT measurements were 0.03 +/- 1.43 degrees F less than core temperature measurements. In comparison, rectal, forehead, and axillary measurements averaged 0.62 +/- 1.44, 0.56 +/- 1.81, and 1.25 +/- 1.73 degrees F less than core temperature measurements. ITT measurements had better agreement with core measurements during increasing and decreasing temperature cycles. Receiver operating characteristic analysis performed on increasing and decreasing temperature cycle data revealed that ITT measurements performed well, with an area under the curve of 0.855 (95% confidence interval, 0.797-0.913) in comparison with rectal measurement area under the curve of 0.777 (95% confidence interval, 0.701-0.853), forehead measurement area under the curve of 0.710 (95% confidence interval, 0.715-0.888), and axillary measurement area under the curve of 0.664 (95% confidence interval, 0.579-0.750). CONCLUSIONS: : ITT measurements more accurately reflect core temperatures than any other measurement site during febrile and nonfebrile periods in children. ITT measurements are a reproducible and relatively noninvasive substitute for bladder or rectal measurements in febrile children.

Body Temperature↗
PubMed2006

Comparison of new generation motion-resistant pulse oximeters.

AIM: To compare the performance of pulse oximeters during movement and brachial artery occlusion. METHODS: Three machines (MasimoSET, using MasimoSET LNOP Pdt paediatric sensor, Mars 2001 using Novametrix paediatric sensor no. 6455 and Nellcor 595 using Nellcor 595 Oximax-P paediatric sensor and Nellcor 595 MAX-FAST adhesive forehead reflectance sensor) were used simultaneously on the left hand and forehead. The subjects were 18 healthy children aged 6-10 years. Interventions were 20 sequential 90 degrees body turns from mimicking normal movements while asleep followed by step increases in brachial artery occlusion. Mean heart rate (HR) from the four machines was compared with ECG HR. Haemoglobin O(2) saturation was compared with a baseline saturation and the proportion of epochs with false (low) saturation values. RESULTS: The mean difference from ECG HR was not clinically significantly different for any machine but the limits of agreement were such that the Mars Model 2001 and Nellcor 595 (forehead) could have clinically important differences from ECG-derived HR (-20.04-15.00 and -14.95-14.04, respectively). Only the Nellcor 595 with finger probe had limits of agreement within the a priori set value of 4%. The prevalence of epochs with an haemoglobin O2 saturation of greater than 4% below baseline values was lowest for the Nellcor 595 finger probe (1.59%) and highest for the Nellcor forehead probe (20.45%). During brachial artery occlusion, all machines performed well up to within 20 mmHg of total occlusion. CONCLUSION: Current motion-resistant pulse oximeters performed well but only the Nellcor 595 with finger probe achieved our a priori set standards.

Blood Pressure↗
PubMed1976

Differential quantitation of surface and subsurface bacteria of normal skin by the combined use of the cotton swab and the scrub methods.

By testing adjacent sites on the hypothenar eminence of the palm, enriched with bacteria by massaging the forehead, we found that the numbers of bacteria recovered from the skin surface by a wet cotton swab in 30 s were not significantly different from the numbers obtained by a brisk scrubbing with a blunted Teflon policeman for 120 s. This was true of aerobes (gram-positive cocci) and anaerobes (propionibacteria). If the same site on the palm was swabbed two times for 15 s each time, 67 to 94% of the total recovered bacteria were obtained on the first swab. Differential localization of bacteria into surface and subsurface populations was accomplished by first swabbing a test skin site to assay the surface flora and then scrubbing the same site to test for subsurface organisms. On the palm the swab yielded more aerobes and anaerobes than did the subsequent scrub. On the forehead the scrub yielded three to eight times as many anaerobes as the preceding swab. In some tests gram-positive cocci were distributed on the forehead like propionibacteria (large excess in scrub specimen); in other tests their numbers were similar in the swab and scrub specimens or there was a large excess in the swab specimen. These results indicate that there was no substantial subsurface flora on the palm. On the forehead propionibacteria were predominantly in deeper locations in all tests; gram-positive cocci were variable: in some test sites they were largely at the surface, whereas at other sites a predominance of cocci was in subsurface locations.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Pain increases during sympathetic arousal in patients with complex regional pain syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of sympathetic arousal on pain and vasomotor responses in healthy control subjects and patients with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), and to determine whether pain increases in patients with particular symptoms. METHODS: In experiments 1 and 2, capsaicin was applied to the forearm of 24 healthy subjects to induce thermal hyperalgesia. Vascular responses were monitored and subjects rated thermal hyperalgesia before and after being startled (experiment 1), and before, during, and after mental arithmetic, breath holding, forehead cooling, the Valsalva maneuver, and a cold pressor test in experiment 2. In a third experiment, sensitivity to heat, cold, and mechanical stimulation was investigated in 61 patients with CRPS. Pain ratings and vascular and electrodermal responses were recorded after patients were startled and during forehead cooling. RESULTS: In experiment 1, thermal hyperalgesia decreased in healthy control subjects after they were startled, and digital blood vessels constricted symmetrically. In experiment 2, thermal hyperalgesia decreased during and after other forms of sympathetic arousal. However, in experiment 3, ratings of clinical pain increased during forehead cooling or after being startled in over 70% of patients with CRPS. Pain increased most consistently during forehead cooling in patients with cold allodynia or punctate allodynia. Digital blood vessels constricted more intensely on the symptomatic than the nonsymptomatic side in patients with CRPS during sympathetic arousal. CONCLUSIONS: Normal inhibitory influences on pain during sympathetic arousal are compromised in the majority of patients with CRPS. The augmented vasoconstrictor response in the symptomatic limb during sympathetic arousal is consistent with adrenergic supersensitivity. An adrenergic sensitivity in nociceptive afferents might contribute to pain and hyperalgesia during sympathetic arousal in certain patients with CRPS.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Correlation of phasic and tonic skin-conductance responses with severity of motion sickness induced by viewing an optokinetic rotating drum.

50 subjects viewed an optokinetic rotating drum for 12 min. Subjective ratings of motion sickness were obtained during the development of motion sickness. The tonic and phasic skin-conductance responses were recorded from the sites of finger, palm, and forehead during the baseline and drum-rotation periods. Analysis showed subjects' subjective ratings of motion sickness gradually increased during the 12 min. of the drum-rotation period. Both phasic and tonic skin conductance also gradually increased during drum rotation for all subjects. Pearson correlations for 50 subjects showed their ratings of motion sickness during the drum-rotation period were significantly correlated with ratios of phasic skin conductance recorded at the forehead between drum rotation and baseline periods (r = .62), followed by ratios of tonic skin conductance recorded at the finger palmar site (r = .48), ratios of phasic skin conductance recorded at the finger palmar site (r = .43), and ratios of tonic skin conductance recorded at the forehead site (r = .39). In conclusion, the phasic skin-conductance responses recorded at the forehead site were most sensitive physiological correlates of motion sickness induced by viewing an optokinetic rotating drum.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[Assessment of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia using a transcutaneous bilirubinometry].

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study is to investigate the relationship between total serum bilirubin(TSB) and transcutaneous bilirubinometry(TcB) in neonates with jaundice. METHOD: TcB from various sites(forehead, sternum, abdomen, buttock, hand, dorsalis-pedia) was measured using a JM-102 in a total of 102 neonate, 42 female and 60 male, with the mean 37.5 gestational week and the mean 2,903 gram of birth weight, as well as TSB from capillary punctures. RESULT: The mean bilirubin was 11.73 in serum, 20.55 on the forehead, 17.23 on the sternum, 16.19 on the abdomen, 18.22 on the buttock, 15.83 on the hand and 15.49 on the dorsalis-pedia. The relationship between TSB and TcBs were formulated by simple regression with 0.406 < r < 0.668(p <.000). A higher relationship was revealed between TSB and TCB at the forehead in infants of full-term, ABO incompatibility, and Hb greater than 16 mg/dl(r = 0.725, 0.790, and 0.717, retrospectively). Phototherapy altered the measurement of TcB per site. CONCLUSION: TcB on the forehead is a reliable, noninvasive and convenient measurement of TSB in normal infants(Institutions need to establish quantitative equations representing the specific relationship between TSB and TCB according to the hemodynamic problems of infants such as ABO incompatibility, or low Hb).

English Abstract↗