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PubMed2005

Explicit and implicit facial affect recognition in manic and depressed States of bipolar disorder: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study.

BACKGROUND: The pathophysiology of abnormal mood states-mania and depression-in patients with bipolar disorder remains unclear. Facial affect processing paradigms are an effective way of studying behavioral and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) correlates of affective disorders. METHODS: We used a factorial design to measure the neural correlates of tasks, tapping explicit and implicit recognition of sad, fearful, and happy facial expressions using event-related fMRI paradigms in three groups of participants: eight bipolar depressed patients, eight bipolar manic patients, and eight control subjects. RESULTS: Depressed and manic patients exhibited overactivated responses to fearful faces, as well as to mood-incongruent facial expressions, with the depressed group exhibiting overactivity in fronto-striato-thalamic systems in response to happy faces and the manic group exhibiting overactivity in the fusiform gyrus in response to sad faces. For manic patients, task type also affected the neural response to sad faces, with the corticolimbic regions showing overactivation for implicit processing and underactivation for explicit processing. CONCLUSIONS: Depressed and manic patients exhibited abnormal neural responses to sad, fearful, and happy facial expressions. Additionally, the attentional level of sad facial affect processing has important consequences for abnormalities of amygdala and cingulate activation in manic patients.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Emotion recognition deficits in body dysmorphic disorder.

Patients with Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) are characterized by excessive concerns about imagined defects in their appearance, most commonly, facial features. In this study, we investigated (1) the ability to identify facial expressions of emotion, and (2) to discriminate single facial features in BDD patients, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) patients, and in healthy control participants. Specifically, their ability for general facial feature discrimination was assessed using the Short Form of the Benton Facial Recognition Test (Benton AL, Hamsher KdeS, Varney NR, Spreen O. Contributions to neuropsychological assessment: a clinical manual. New York: Oxford University Press; 1983). However, findings of the BFRT indicate no differences among the groups. Moreover, participants were presented with facial photographs from the Ekman and Friesen (Ekman P, Friesen W. Unmasking the face: a guide to recognizing emotions from facial cues. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall; 1975 and Ekman P, Friesen W. Pictures of facial affect. Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press, 1976) series and were asked to identify the corresponding emotion. The BDD group was less accurate than the control group, but not the OCD group, in identifying facial expressions of emotion. Relative to the control and OCD groups, the BDD group more often misidentified emotional expressions as angry. In contrast to the findings of Sprengelmeyer et al. [Proc. Royal Soc. London Series B: Biol. Sci. 264 (1997),1767], OCD patients did not show a disgust recognition deficit. Poor insight and ideas of reference, common in BDD, might partly result from an emotion recognition bias for angry expressions. Perceiving others as angry and rejecting might reinforce concerns about one's personal ugliness and social desirability.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Urofacial (ochoa) syndrome.

Between 1965 and 1986 we saw 36 children with enuresis and urinary tract infection in association with "inversion" of facial expression when laughing. Urologic work-up of these patients disclosed characteristic findings of mild neuropathic bladder in all cases, with severe urinary tract damage in most of them. The clear association of distortion in facial expression and neuropathic bladder with resultant damage to the genitourinary tract should prompt urological evaluation of individuals with "inversion" of facial expression. About two thirds of the patients also had moderate to severe constipation. We suggest the term urofacial syndrome for this disorder. The occurrence of the disorder in multiple sibs, normal parents, increased parental consanguinity, and equal sex ratio indicate autosomal recessive inheritance.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Subjective judgments of deception in pain expression: accuracy and errors.

Accuracy and errors in judges' attempts to differentiate facial expressions that displayed genuine pain, no pain or were dissimulated (i.e., masked and exaggerated) were examined. Judges were informed that misrepresentations in the facial expressions were present and were asked to rate their confidence in classifying these expressions. Detailed, objective coding of the patients' facial reactions (e.g., brow lowering, mouth opening) were related to judges' decisions. Judges' classification decisions were better than chance, but there were many errors. Extreme expressions (i.e., no pain, and exaggerated expressions) were identified more accurately than genuine and masked expressions. Judges level of confidence was consistent with their level of accuracy. Judges consistently used rules of thumb based on specific facial cues when making judgments. Certain cues were effectively discriminative. Systematic training in the use of specific cues or the use of articulated decision rules may be helpful in improving judges' accuracy.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Fetal behavior assessed in all three trimesters of normal pregnancy by four-dimensional ultrasonography.

AIM: To assess fetal behavior in all three trimesters of normal pregnancy and to investigate the continuation of behavior from fetal to neonatal period. METHODS: One hundred out of 130 pregnant women in all trimesters with singleton pregnancy were assigned for the investigation. All recordings were performed in the morning, after two hours of fasting. Video recordings of newborns were made while the newborns were in bed, separated from other infants in the nursery, dressed, and lying on their backs in a supine position with unrestrained hands. Recording was not performed during prolonged episodes of fussing and crying, during drowsiness, and episodes of hiccupping. All observed facial expressions and movement patterns were presented collectively with maximum, minimum, and median frequencies during 30-minute observation period. RESULTS: We noted a tendency towards decreased frequency of facial expressions and movement patterns with increasing gestational age. In the first trimester, we observed the highest incidence of general movements ranging between 5 and 147, and with a median value of 47. In the second trimester, the number of head and hand movements decreased gradually, compared with the first trimester. The highest range was registered for head retroflexion pattern, ranging from 15 to 42 with a median of 25. The most frequent facial pattern in the second trimester was sucking (3 and 30 movements per infant with a median value of 9). Wilcoxon rank-sum test showed statistically significant differences between the fetuses in the third trimester and the newborns (P<0.05) in hand to head, hand to mouth, hand to eye, hand to ear movement), tongue expulsion, and smiling, whereas the differences between the rest of the movements were not statistically significant. Spearman rank order correlation reached statistical significance (P<0.05) in isolated eye blinking, smiling, grimacing, hand to head, hand to mouth, hand to eye, hand to face, and in hand to ear movement, whereas the differences between the rest of the facial expressions were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Fetal behavioral patterns directly reflect the developmental and maturational processes of the central nervous system. 4D observation of fetal and early neonatal period may add to better understanding of the neurological development of the fetus.

Echocardiography, Four-Dimensional↗
PubMed1995

Induction of depressed and elated mood by music influences the perception of facial emotional expressions in healthy subjects.

The judgement of healthy subject rating the emotional expressions of a set of schematic drawn faces is validated (study 1) to examine the relationship between mood (depressed/elated) and judgement of emotional expressions of these faces (study 2). Study 1: 30 healthy subjects judged 12 faces with respect to the emotions they express (fear, happiness, anger, sadness, disgust, surprise, rejection and invitation). It was found that a particular face could reflect various emotions. All eight emotions were reflected in the set of faces and the emotions were consensually judged. Moreover, gender differences in judgement could be established. Study 2: In a cross-over design, 24 healthy subjects judged the faces after listening to depressing or elating music. The faces were subdivided in six 'ambiguous' faces (i.e., expressing similar amounts of positive and negative emotions) and six 'clear' faces (i.e., faces showing a preponderance of positive or negative emotions). In addition, these two types of faces were distinguished with respect to the intensity of emotions they express. 11 subjects who showed substantial differences in experienced depression after listening to the music were selected for further analysis. It was found that, when feeling more depressed, the subjects perceived more rejection/sadness in ambiguous faces (displaying less intensive emotions) and less invitation/happiness in clear faces. In addition, subjects saw more fear in clear faces that express less intensive emotions. Hence, results show a depression-related negative bias in the perception of facial displays.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1979

Left-handers' smiles: asymmetries in the projection of a posed expression.

Asymmetries in the expression of a posed smile and in a relaxed facial expression were observed in 24 left-handers. Neither writing position nor familial sinistrality predicted the variance of the results. Left-handers were found to smile more with their left than right side of face; an asymmetry which had previously been observed in right-handers. If anything, left-handers' smiles were more asymmetric, though in the same direction, than right-handers. When relaxed, however, the left-handers' face was judged more unhappy on its right than left side--a reversal of the direction of asymmetry previously noted in right-handers' relaxed expressions. No single neurological or psychological theory accounts for these results; it is suggested that hand preference may exert a myotonic effect which is reflected in judgements of relaxed facial expressions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Personality, emotions and the temporolimbic system: a neuropsychological approach.

Over the past decade a view has emerged that there is both a lateralization of control of certain emotional processes, the right hemisphere being dominant, and a localization of control to the limbic system, the frontal and temporal lobes. Many changes in personality, social behaviour and emotions can be seen in patients with temporal lobe lesions. Examples of these changes are a deficit in the interpretation of emotional components of language, a reduction in the frequency and intensity of facial expressions, an impairment of the judgement of mood, facial expressions and emotional situations. Buried within the depths of the brain is the limbic system which represents the most primitive features of our emotional system and contains several nuclei. Of special interest are the hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus and septal nuclei, the social-emotional functions they mediate and the neural circuit that supports their activity.

Affect↗
PubMed2004

Anatomy- and physics-based facial animation for craniofacial surgery simulations.

A modelling approach for the realistic simulation of facial expressions of emotion in craniofacial surgery planning is presented. The method is different from conventional, non-physical techniques for character animation in computer graphics. A consistent physiological mechanism for facial expressions was assumed, which was the effect of contracting muscles on soft tissues. For the numerical solution of the linear elastic boundary values, the finite element method on tetrahedral grids was used. The approach was validated on a geometrical model of a human head derived from tomographic data. Using this model, individual facial expressions of emotion were estimated by the superpositioning of precomputed single muscle actions.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed1986

Face recognition in children.

The human face provides important cues for recognition of both individuals and emotions. A card-sorting test was devised for assessing which aspects of a face are attended to primarily. The subjects were 21 5-year-old children and 18 psychology students. The task required a choice between person identity and an irrelevant aspect (hairstyle); person identity and facial expression (emotions); and as a control condition, complex visual stimuli without social meaning (form and colour). No group differences emerged with the non-social stimuli, ruling out differences between children and adults in general sorting strategies. The two groups processed non-emotional facial stimuli differently, with the children showing "mixed" sorting behaviour, and the students usually making choices based on person identity. This can be explained by different processing strategies. However, when person identity and facial expressions were the competing dimensions in the card-sorting task, both groups showed a preference for the facial expression. It is argued that this reflects the great importance of emotional signals for both children and adults. The relevance of this finding for disturbed development is discussed.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Age and IQ as predictors of emotion identification in adults with mental retardation.

The effects of age and IQ on the identification of six emotions were assessed for adults with mental retardation. Emotion perception was tested in three paradigms: a short vignette was read, and the individual was asked to choose a pictorial representation of a facial expression which corresponded to the vignette; a short vignette was read, and the individual was asked to choose a word that corresponded to the vignette; and a word was read, and the individual was asked to choose a pictorial representation of a facial expression that corresponded to the word. Age correlated negatively with performance in the two conditions in which choosing a facial expression was used as a response. IQ significantly predicted performance in all three conditions. A decrease in right hemisphere processing abilities with age was suggested as one possible explanation for the findings.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Salience of emotional displays of danger and contagion in faces is enhanced when progesterone levels are raised.

Findings from previous studies of hormone-mediated behavior in women suggest that raised progesterone level increases the probability of behaviors that will reduce the likelihood of disruption to fetal development during pregnancy (e.g. increased avoidance of sources of contagion). Here, we tested women's (N=52) sensitivity to potential cues to nearby sources of contagion (disgusted facial expressions with averted gaze) and nearby physical threat (fearful facial expressions with averted gaze) at two points in the menstrual cycle differing in progesterone level. Women demonstrated a greater tendency to perceive fearful and disgusted expressions with averted gaze as more intense than those with direct gaze when their progesterone level was relatively high. By contrast, change in progesterone level was not associated with any change in perceptions of happy expressions with direct and averted gaze, indicating that our findings for disgusted and fearful expressions were not due to a general response bias. Collectively, our findings suggest women are more sensitive to facial cues signalling nearby contagion and physical threat when raised progesterone level prepares the body for pregnancy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Neural responses to facial and vocal expressions of fear and disgust.

Neuropsychological studies report more impaired responses to facial expressions of fear than disgust in people with amygdala lesions, and vice versa in people with Huntington's disease. Experiments using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have confirmed the role of the amygdala in the response to fearful faces and have implicated the anterior insula in the response to facial expressions of disgust. We used fMRI to extend these studies to the perception of fear and disgust from both facial and vocal expressions. Consistent with neuropsychological findings, both types of fearful stimuli activated the amygdala. Facial expressions of disgust activated the anterior insula and the caudate-putamen; vocal expressions of disgust did not significantly activate either of these regions. All four types of stimuli activated the superior temporal gyrus. Our findings therefore (i) support the differential localization of the neural substrates of fear and disgust; (ii) confirm the involvement of the amygdala in the emotion of fear, whether evoked by facial or vocal expressions; (iii) confirm the involvement of the anterior insula and the striatum in reactions to facial expressions of disgust; and (iv) suggest a possible general role for the perception of emotional expressions for the superior temporal gyrus.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Adult attachment and the perception of emotional expressions: probing the hyperactivating strategies underlying anxious attachment.

According to adult attachment theory, individual differences in attachment-related anxiety reflect variation in individuals' vigilance to cues relevant to appraising and monitoring the availability and responsiveness of significant others. To investigate this assumption, the authors adopted a morph movie paradigm in which participants were shown movies of faces in which an emotional facial expression changed gradually to a neutral one (Study 1) or a neutral expression changed to an emotional one (Studies 2-4). Participants were asked to judge the point at which the emotional expression had disappeared or emerged, respectively. Individuals who were highly anxious with respect to attachment were more likely to perceive the offset (Study 1) as well as the onset (Studies 2 and 3) of the facial expressions of emotion earlier than other people. Moreover, this heightened state of vigilance may have led to poorer accuracy in judging facial expressions of emotion (Study 3), an effect that was reversed when anxious individuals were required to watch the movies for the same length of time as less anxious participants (Study 4). The results indicate that variation in attachment anxiety reflects, in part, differences in vigilance to cues of social and emotional significance.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Real-time assessment of pain behavior during clinical assessment of low back pain patients.

The development of procedures for assessing factors that contribute to pain and disability is crucial for clinical and epidemiologic studies. The present paper describes a system for in vivo, real-time assessment of pain behaviors integrated with a standardized physical examination for low back pain patients. The principles for measuring five categories of pain behavior--guarding, touching/rubbing, words, sounds and facial expressions--and for parsing the physical examination are described. The system was learned by five observers who then applied it during the physical examinations of 176 patients classified as suffering from sub-acute or chronic pain. The system was also applied to 77 patients in a test-retest consistency study. Measures of guarding, words, sounds and facial expression showed adequate psychometric properties. The test-retest consistency of guarding, sounds and facial expression was moderate-to-good, suggesting that these behaviors were consistent over the test-retest interval and promising for future study. The advantages and limitations of the technique are discussed and ways of modifying it to simplify coding and enhance the accuracy and reliability of its application are suggested. Overall, the technique shows promise for clinical and epidemiologic research.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Visual scanpaths to threat-related faces in deluded schizophrenia.

This study examined visuo-cognitive processing of threat-related (anger, fear) and non-threat faces (happy, sad, neutral) in deluded schizophrenia (n=11), non-deluded schizophrenia (n=8), and healthy control (n=22) participants. Focal analyses examined scanpath aberrations for particular facial expressions in sub-groups of schizophrenia patients determined by the presence or absence of overt delusions. Deluded schizophrenia subjects exhibited significantly fewer fixations of shorter duration for all faces, and fewer fixations of reduced duration to the feature areas of negative facial expressions (anger, sad), compared with healthy controls. Compared with non-deluded schizophrenia subjects, deluded subjects exhibited fewer fixations to fear expressions and more fixations to the feature areas of happy expressions. These findings were revealed in the context of restricted scanning (reduced number and duration of fixations, shorter scanpath length and shorter duration of fixations to facial features) in the entire schizophrenia group (n=19) compared with healthy controls. The findings suggest a controlled attentional bias away from the feature areas of negative facial expressions in deluded schizophrenia, that is, specific to threat-related expressions compared with non-deluded schizophrenia subjects. This controlled bias away from negative social stimuli in deluded schizophrenia is discussed in terms of an attentional style of 'vigilance-avoidance' operating across early and late stages of information processing.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Testosterone administration reduces empathetic behavior: a facial mimicry study.

Although high baseline testosterone levels correlate with low empathy, there is no causal evidence for this association in humans. The present study tested the causality of this relationship by manipulating testosterone levels in a double-blind placebo controlled crossover design. 20 healthy female participants received either a sublingual administration of a single dose of testosterone or placebo on 2 days and were tested 4 h after administration. Because research has shown that facial expression mimicry is a non-obtrusive index of empathy, facial electromyography was measured in response to dynamic facial expressions of happy and angry faces. Results showed that testosterone generally decreased facial mimicry. These findings are consistent with models that assign a critical role to mimicry in the ability to develop and communicate empathy towards conspecifics, and provide a potential causal mechanism of effects of testosterone on empathy.

Administration, Sublingual↗
PubMed2006

Social acceptance and facial behavior in children with oral clefts.

OBJECTIVE: To examine and compare social acceptance, social behavior, and facial movements of children with and without oral clefts in an experimental setting. DESIGN: Two groups of children (with and without oral clefts) were videotaped in a structured social interaction with a peer confederate, when listening to emotional stories, and when told to pose specific facial expressions. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-four children and adolescents ages 7 to 16(1)/(2) years with oral clefts were group matched for gender, grade, and socioeconomic status with 25 noncleft controls. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Specific social and facial behaviors coded from videotapes; Harter Self-Perception Profile, Social Acceptance subscale. RESULTS: Significant between-group differences were obtained. Children in the cleft group more often displayed "Tongue Out," "Eye Contact," "Mimicry," and "Initiates Conversation." For the cleft group, "Gaze Avoidance" was significantly negatively correlated with social acceptance scores. The groups were comparable in their ability to pose and spontaneously express facial emotion. CONCLUSIONS: When comparing children with and without oral clefts in an experimental setting, with a relatively small sample size, behavior analysis identified some significant differences in patterns of social behavior but not in the ability to express facial emotion. Results suggest that many children with oral clefts may have relatively typical social development. However, for those who do have social competence deficits, systematic behavioral observation of atypical social responses may help individualize social skills interventions.

Adolescent↗