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At least 919 records · Page 51Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Cholera--New York, 1991.

Through June 26, 1991, cholera has been reported from seven countries in the Western Hemisphere: Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, and the United States. In the United States, a total of 14 confirmed cases of epidemic-associated cholera have been reported among persons in Florida (one) (1), Georgia (one) (2), New Jersey (eight) (1), and New York (four). This report summarizes information regarding the four cases reported in New York and describes a new laboratory procedure used to confirm the vehicle of transmission in this outbreak.

Cholera↗
PubMed1990

Evaluation of Army field sanitation during Blazing Trails '87.

US medical personnel serving in Ecuador analyzed how the field sanitation procedures of troops employed in Blazing Trails '87 had impact on living conditions and overall health of the troops. Such a situation allowed evaluation of USAR troop training and preparedness in field sanitation. Results indicate that field sanitation training needs to be improved at the unit level.

Ecuador↗
PubMed1989

Calcium supplementation reduces the risk of pregnancy-induced hypertension in an Andes population.

Previous studies have suggested that increased dietary calcium is associated with a decreased occurrence of pregnancy-induced hypertension. In this study 106 young healthy nulliparous women, residing in Quito, Ecuador, were enrolled in a double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial. From 24 weeks gestation until delivery they received either 2 g of elemental calcium per day or a placebo. Calcium supplementation was associated with a significantly decreased risk of pregnancy-induced hypertension, with 4.1% developing pregnancy-induced hypertension in the treatment group versus 27.9% in the placebo group. Treatment was associated with a decrease in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure over the course of pregnancy. In addition, there was a small but significant increase in serum ionized calcium levels in the calcium-supplemented group during the treatment period.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[Abnormal hemoglobins in Negroid Ecuadorian populations].

The prevalence of hemoglobinopathies was determined in the black race located in two distinct geographical areas in Ecuador; in the coastal province of Esmeraldas, particularly the Santiago basin (Rio Cayapas and Rio Onzoles) and in the province of Imbabura, particularly in the intermoutain valley, Valle de Chota. A total of 2038 blood samples were analyzed, 1734 in Esmeraldas and 304 in Inbabura, of which 23.2% (473 individuals) were found to be carriers of abnormal hemoglobins, 25.4% (441) in Esmeraldas and 10.5% (32) in Imbabura. The abnormal hemoglobins found in Esmeraldas were Hb AS (19.2%), Hb AC (5.0%), Hb SS (0.6%) and Hb SC (0.5%) while in Imbabura only Hb AS (9.5%) and Hb AC (0.9%) were found. The factors that could influence the difference in prevalence found in the two geographical areas are discussed.

Black People↗
PubMed1989

Chloroquine and onchocerciasis.

My original elective proposal was to study the prevalence and nature of onchocerciasis or 'river blindness' along the Canandé River in Esmeraldas province of Ecuador (Cooper, 1986). However, unknown to me, this study was completed and published before I arrived (Guderian et al, 1987). Fortunately, on arrival I was able to join the same group on a study of the efficacy of chloroquine in the control of onchocerciasis.

Biopsy↗
PubMed1989

[Ecology fo the health and nutrition in Ecuadorian Amazonia (province of Napo). II. Colonists of the petroleum zone].

The amazonian region of Ecuador is the site of a powerful migratory influx for colonizing new lands. 1/3 of the settlers come from the coastal part of the country and 2/3 from the andean part (Sierra). To cope with their new situation, people carry out cash crop cultivations and adopt stereotyped food consumption patterns. Though they do not suffer from any important food shortages, the dietary quality of foods is poor and nutritional deficiencies are observed. Prevalence rate of parasitic infestation is high and infectious diseases are common. About 10% of the children are moderately undernourished and more than 50% denote growth retardation. The extent of growth retardations varies according to the geographical origin of families. Children from the coast having a faster growth than their andean counterparts. The differences could be explained by the fact that coastal families, coming from an area with ecological and climatic characteristics closed to those encountered in Amazonia, are less out of their element than the Sierra's. It seems that fortune of settlers improve with time, however the evolution of the colonization process and its consequences on the health status of populations is almost unknown. The magnitude of this phenomenon, the number of countries involved and people concerned emphasize the need for more substantial research on the scope.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

The reduction in microfilariae loads in the skin and eye after nodulectomy in Ecuadorian onchocerciasis.

This study is concerned with the relationship between palpable onchocercal nodules and Onchocerca volvulus microfilarial loads in the skin. The number of microfilariae in clinically normal skin decreases as the distance from the nodule increases. Surgical removal of nodules reduces the microfilarial loads in 40 of 46 patients studied over a period of five months, with an average reduction of 65.4% of the prenodulectomy microfilarial load at the iliac crest. Complete elimination of detectable parasites was seen in some patients. Five individuals had increased microfilarial loads, all of which had developed new palpable nodules. Also, nodulectomy had a significant effect on ocular tissue, reducing the levels of parasites in the cornea and anterior chamber in 10 of 15 patients observed with no new nodules developing during the observation period. Both dermal and ocular clinical manifestations of onchocerciasis were reduced in a proportion of the patients. These parasitological and clinical findings provide evidence that nodulectomy is a beneficial procedure to O. volvulus infected patients in Ecuador by reducing both microfilarial loads and the degree of pathology.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

The impact of origin community characteristics on rural-urban out-migration in a developing country.

It is widely believed that structural variables such as inequitable land distribution, lack of rural employment opportunities, and rural-urban wage and amenity gaps influence population movements in developing countries. Yet quantitative evidence is scant. In this paper a multilevel model is used to investigate the effects of individual-, household-, and areal-level factors on rural-urban out-migration in the Ecuadorian Sierra. Data from a detailed survey carried out in 1977-1978 and from government macro-areal statistics are used to investigate factors affecting the out-migration of youths aged 12-25. Preliminary conclusions are presented on the usefulness of multilevel models in studying migration and policy implications for Ecuador.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Snake venom antibodies in Ecuadorian Indians.

Serum samples from 223 Waorani Indians, a tribe in eastern Ecuador, were investigated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for antibodies to snake venom. Seventy-eight per cent were positive, confirming the highest incidence and mortality from snake bite poisoning yet recorded in the world. Most samples were positive for more than one venom antibody. Antibodies were found to venoms of Bothrops viper in 60% of positive cases, of Micrurus coral snake in 21%, and of the bushmaster, Lachesis muta, in 18%. Further studies are needed to determine whether high venom-antibody levels afford protection against further snake envenoming.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

[The Ecuadorean experience: rural work as an axis for the provision of dental services].

This article discusses dental practice up to 1972 and the oral-dental epidemiologic profile in Ecuador. It is then proposed that the indices of oral-dental morbidity can be lowered by establishing a technical unit of national scope, shifting the orientation in the year of compulsory rural service required of dnetal school graduates, training and employing auxiliaries from the communities, adding research to the regular functions of the dentist, and centering the performance of dental services on rural work. Lastly, a detailed description is given of the national rural dentistry program and its operation from 1972 to 1976, and the gains made in the oral-dental care of population are reviewed.

Community Dentistry↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Using parity-progression ratios to estimate the effect of female sterilization on fertility.

In this article, a new methodology that employs parity-progression ratios to estimate the effect of female sterilization on fertility is described, and results using data from Ecuador are compared to those obtained using a previously existing approach that classifies women by marital duration. The methods differ in how they disaggregate marital fertility and in the assumption they make about what the subsequent fertility of sterilized women would have been if they had not been sterilized. The analysis of the Ecuadoran data shows that the estimate of births averted by sterilization has diminished over time, even as sterilization prevalence has been increasing. This situation is attributed to a decline in the fertility of nonsterilized women resulting from increased use of reversible methods of contraception.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Infection characteristics of an Ecuadorian Trypanosoma cruzi strain with reduced virulence.

A human isolate of Trypanosoma cruzi obtained from Guayaquil, Ecuador (Guayas strain) was examined for its infectivity of the resistant C57Bl/6 (B6) and the susceptible C3H (He) mouse strains and compared to infection with the known virulent Brazil strain. C3H mice were capable of surviving acute Guayas infection, whereas the Brazil infection was fatal for this mouse strain. Both C3H and B6 mice showed a greatly reduced (over 10-fold) parasitemia during Guayas infection compared to Brazil infection. Histologic examination of heart tissue from Guayas-infected B6 and C3H mice indicates little inflammation, unlike what is typically seen in B6 mice chronically infected with the Brazil strain. There appears to be no remarkable difference in the anti-parasite antibody responses (as measured by ELISA and western blot) in mice infected 100 days with Guayas or Brazil parasites. Western blot analysis of the anti-heart response indicates no response during Guayas infection to a 43-kDa heart tissue glycoprotein that is a target of antibodies from B6 mice infected with Brazil strain. The Guayas strain, therefore, provides an infection that generates a low parasitemia and strong anti-parasite responses in the absence of specific anti-heart autoimmunity and obvious myocarditis. In vitro infection characteristics of these 2 parasite strains were studied in cultures of macrophages, myocytes, and fibroblasts by microscopic examination of stained slide cultures. In both short-term (24 hr) and long-term (15 day) experiments, Brazil strain infection was shown to have a greater infection rate with a higher number of parasites per cell than Guayas infection for all host cell types.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Human subcutaneous Taenia solium cysticercosis in an Andean population with neurocysticercosis.

Subcutaneous involvement by the larval stages of the pork tapeworm Taenia solium in patients suffering from neurocysticercosis (neurocysticercosis) is well-described. It has been a clinical but undocumented impression that subcutaneous nodules are less common in cases of neurocysticercosis in Latin American than in Africa or Asia. We report on the absence of subcutaneous nodules found in a screened population of 2,891 residents of an Andean village in Ecuador with a prevalence rate for neurocysticercosis of 144 per thousand. Thirty-four patients with multiple intracranial calcifications and or cystic or encephalitic parenchymal lesions of neurocysticercosis were examined and questioned about subcutaneous nodules. Only one patient described nodules and this computed tomography plain films are presented. Several hypotheses are presented as to why nodules may be less common in this Andean community with a high prevalence of neurocysticercosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The need for quasi-experimental methodology to evaluate pricing effects.

Family planning program managers may be easily misled by conclusions about the effects of price increases on the demand for services when the findings are based on pre-experiments such as the single-group pretest-posttest study, generally believed to be practical. This report presents financial and service data from clinics of the Asociación Pro-Bienestar de la Familia Ecuatoriana (APROFE) in Ecuador, which, analyzed according to the single-group pretest-posttest design, would suggest that the demand for intrauterine device services is inelastic. However, considerable demand elasticity is detected when data are analyzed according to more rigorous quasi-experimental designs. Using the single-group pretest-posttest design for pricing studies is too flawed to be considered practical. Wherever possible, strong designs should be used in operations research, especially in pricing studies.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Effects of short-term zinc supplementation on cellular immunity, respiratory symptoms, and growth of malnourished Equadorian children.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of zinc supplementation on respiratory tract disease, immunity and growth in malnourished children. DESIGN: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. SETTING: A day-care center in Quito, Ecuador. SUBJECTS: Fifty children (12-59 months old) recruited by height-for-age and weight-for-age deficit. INTERVENTIONS: Twenty-five children (supplemented, S group) received 10 mg/day of zinc as zinc sulfate, and 25 (nonsupplemented, NS group) received a placebo during 60 days. All were also observed during a 60-day postsupplementation period. Two children of the S group dropped out. Daily the clinical presence of cough, respiratory tract secretions, and fever, was recorded. On days 0,60 and 120, the cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to multiple antigens, and anthropometric parameters were assessed. On days 0 and 60 serum zinc levels were also measured. RESULTS: On day 60, DTH was significantly larger (20.8 +/- 7.1 vs 16.1 +/- 9.7 mm), and serum zinc levels were significantly higher (118.6 +/- 47.1 vs 83.1 +/- 24.5 micrograms/dl) in the S group than in the NS group (P <0.05 for each). The incidence of fever [relative risk (RR): 0.30, c.i. = 0.08- 0.95, P =0.02], cough (RR): 0.52, c.i. = 0.32-0.84, P = 0.004) and upper respiratory tract secretions (RR):0.72, c.i. = 0.59-0.88, P = 0.001) was lower in the S group than in the NS group at day 60. At the end of the postsupplementation observation period (day 120), the incidence of fever and upper respiratory tract secretions was the same in both the S and NS groups. The incidence of cough was higher at day 120 in the S group than in the NS group (RR): 2.28, c.i. = 1.37-3.83, P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study supports a role for zinc in immunity, and immunity to respiratory infections, while pointing out the need for larger studies.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1996

Limited education as a risk factor in cervical cancer.

The study reported here analyzes the influence of formal education on the behavior and age at onset of carcinoma of the cervix in 2204 women in Quito, Ecuador, between 1985 and 1994. The results indicate that education had a considerable degree of influence on the behavior of this neoplasia. That is, women with primary education or less were found to have almost twice the cervical cancer incidence of those with secondary or higher education, while those who were illiterate had almost six times the incidence found among university-educated women. Overall, it seems reasonable to consider women's education a key factor in defining risk groups for cervical cancer-so much so that grouping by instructional level would make it possible to improve the effectiveness of cervical cytology-based preventive measures.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

First record and morphology of Myialges caulotoon (Acari: Epidermoptidae) from Galapagos hosts.

Hippoboscid flies were collected from wild birds on Santiago and Fernandina Islands, Galapagos, Ecuador in August 1985. An epidermoptid mite, identified as Myialges caulotoon, was found on Icosta nigra from Galapagos Hawks and on Olfersia sordida from Brown Pelicans and a Flightless Cormorant. This report is the first record of Myialges from the 2 birds endemic to Galapagos. It is also the first report to provide an identity of a species of Myialges from Galapagos hosts.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

[High altitude pulmonary edema. Study of 21 cases].

BACKGROUND: The effect of altitude on subjects between 8 to 22 and 23 to 51 years, that resided at sea level, or in the highlands, and developed altitude lung edema, is presented in series of 21 prospective registered patients at 4,800 to 5,000 m altitude in the Andes mountains of Ecuador. PATIENTS MATERIAL AND METHODS: The 21 sick patients were evaluated at 2 h and at 8 hr after exposition to the high altitude. They were immediately evacuated from the high altitudes. Clinical and radiological methods were used. The statistical analysis was performed with chi(2) test with Yates correction and relative risk. RESULTS: The younger patients tended to develop illness with a higher frequency (p < 0.01). The place of residence influenced the development of the illness only for the group of persons between the ages of 23 to 51 years (p < 0.03); and also in comparing all of the subjects from the coast with those from the highlands. CONCLUSIONS: A inverse relationship was found between the age and the possibility of the development of altitude pulmonary edema, possibly due t a basic incrementation of the pressure of the pulmonary artery, or because of a relative immaturity of the adaptative mechanisms. The place of residence was significantly associated with a higher frequency of pulmonary edema in persons between the ages of 23 to 51 years.

Adolescent↗