Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Development Policy”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 919 records · Page 51Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Selective risk group strategies in North America.

Policies for hepatitis B immunization in Canada and the USA evolved from 1982 and culminated in recommendations for universal vaccination in both countries in 1991. In policies developed between 1982 and 1985 there were clear national recommendations for the immunization of selected risk groups, e.g. healthcare workers, recipients of multiple blood products, infants of HBsAg-positive mothers and those at high risk for sexual transmission. By 1988, both countries had policies for prenatal screening. It is evident that most vaccine was delivered to healthcare workers and that the epidemiology of the disease did not change as a result of selective strategies. However it is very important, for the foreseeable future, to continue selective immunization programmes in addition to a universal strategy in order to protect those presently at risk.

Canada↗
PubMed2003

The impact on breastfeeding of labour market policy and practice in Ireland, Sweden, and the USA.

In recent decades there has been a marked rise in the labour market participation of women with infants in many countries. Partly in response to this trend, there are calls for greater emphasis on infant and child health in research and policy development on parental leave and other work-family balancing measures. Yet achieving high rates of breastfeeding as a health objective has thus far received relatively little attention in this context. Biomedical literature outlines the important health benefits conferred by breastfeeding, including upon infants and young children among middle class populations in developed countries. International recommendations now advise exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months. However, research indicates that the timing of the mother's resumption of employment is a key factor influencing the duration of exclusive breastfeeding. There would thus appear to be considerable potential for labour policy and practice, particularly maternity/parental leave provisions, to positively influence breastfeeding practice. Taking the case studies of Ireland, Sweden, and the United States, this paper explores the implications of labour market and early childhood policy for breastfeeding practice. The equity tensions posed by the breastfeeding-maternal employment intersection are also examined. The paper concludes that both socio-cultural support and labour market/health/early childhood policy are important if high rates of both breastfeeding and women's employment are to be achieved in industrialised countries.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed2000

Pregnancy intention: how PRAMS data can inform programs and policy. Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System.

BACKGROUND: In most states, the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) is the only source for state-specific, population-based data on the prevalence of unintended pregnancy among women having a live birth. These data can be used in a variety of ways to inform state policies and programs aimed at the prevention of unintended pregnancy. OBJECTIVES: This paper highlights the programmatic and policy development activities undertaken by three states in relation to unintended pregnancy as well as the role that PRAMS data played in those efforts. RESULTS: Georgia, Oklahoma, and Washington have used PRAMS data to gain support for program initiatives directed at unintended pregnancy, to promote policies aimed at either monitoring or reducing unintended pregnancy, and to acquire additional funds for related programs, such as family planning.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Discrimination of gays and lesbians: a social justice perspective.

The existence of discrimination against America's gay and lesbian citizens is widely supported in the research literature of many disciplines. This article provides a specific analysis of this discrimination and demonstrates the stark contrast between the discrimination of gays and lesbians in American society and the social justice concepts of equality and fairness. The works of Rawls, and later the works of Nussbaum, provide the theoretical framework highlighting the factors related to this discrimination and inequality. In the concluding section, specific implications for future policy development are presented that are designed to ensure that gays and lesbians are not further discriminated against. Areas examined include civil unions, gay marriages, adoptions, hate crime legislation and cessation of the U.S. military's "Don't Ask, Don't Tell, Don't Pursue" policy, advocating for inclusion of open gays and lesbians in military positions and commandership.

Female↗
PubMed1998

Participant protection with the use of records: ethical issues and recommendations.

This article explores the ethical concerns and protections that may be required when individually identifiable data originally collected solely for clinical or administrative purposes are used in research or evaluation. It asks the following broad question with respect to the interim policy developed by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) to protect the rights and welfare of participants in its programs: For those programs and projects not classified as research, are the protections and system for review adequate? Background information on SAMHSA's interim policy is provided, along with issues and questions related to the use of clinical and administrative records in research and evaluation. The article concludes with recommendations for modifying the existing participant protection guidelines, based on the preceding discussion of issues and questions.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed2001

Breast cancer policy as a paradigm for other health prevention issues: analysis of the Breast and Cervical Cancer Mortality Prevention Act of 1990.

The public policy response to breast cancer mortality is examined through an analysis of federal legislation. Departing from the federal government's traditional role in health policy, the legislation funds states to provide directly some health services related to breast and cervical cancer. The legislation establishing a national program for breast and cervical cancer screening is used as an analytic model for policy development for preventive services for other public health issues. Increased collaboration between the public health community and the social work profession is advocated.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed2005

[Vibrio parahaemolyticus infections and algal intoxications as emergent public health problems in Chile].

There is interest in the paradigm that relates environmental sea changes to the emergence of diseases that affect both aquatic organisms in the sea and human beings. The emergence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus as an important cause of epidemic summer diarrhea in 2004 and 2005, confined mainly to the tenth region in Chile, could be a manifestation of this trend. This and other areas of the country have also experienced several outbreaks of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), diarrheal shellfish poisoning (DSP) and amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) caused by harmful algal blooms (HAB) of Alexandrium catenella, Dinophysis acuta and Pseudonitzchia species, respectively. The short historical record of these pathological phenomena in Chile suggests that they are increasing in frequency and expanding their geographical range. The V parahaemolyticus isolates responsible for the Chilean outbreaks correspond mainly to the pandemic strain O3:K6. HAB found in Chile and the intoxications caused by them have similar biological characteristics to those described in other areas of the world. The tenth region, the area where these problems are emerging, produces approximately 80-90% of the shellfish consumed in Chile and a large proportion of the shellfish that is exported. Prevention of these public health problems can be attained by developing policies that increase environmental surveillance for Vibrios and toxic algae, improve the epidemiological surveillance of acute diarrhea and algal intoxications after the ingestion of raw bivalves, and educate the population on the mode of transmission of these diseases. Scientific capacity and laboratories need to be developed to widen the limited knowledge of the biology of Vibrio and toxic algae and the environmental factors that favor their emergence as public health and economic problems in Chile.

Bacterial Toxins↗
PubMed2005

Modelling nitrate losses from agricultural activities on a national scale.

The Nitrogen Risk Assessment Model for Scotland (NIRAMS) has been developed as a screening tool for prediction of streamwater N concentrations draining from agricultural land in Scotland. The objective of the model is to be able to predict N concentrations for ungauged catchments, to fill gaps in monitoring data and provide guidance in relation to policy development. The model uses national land use, soils and meteorology data sets and has been developed within an ArcView GIS user interface. The model includes modules to calculate N inputs to the land, residual N remaining at the end of the growing season, weekly time-series of leached N and transport of N at the catchment scale. The N leaching and transport are. controlled by hydrological modules, including a national water balance model and a catchment scale transport model. Preliminary testing of NIRAMS has been carried out on eight Scottish catchments, diverse in terms of geographic location as well as land use. The model is capable of predicting the correct mean level of stream N concentrations, as well as the basic characteristics of seasonal variation. As such the model can be of value for providing estimates of N concentrations in ungauged areas.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1979

Need to shape public policy challenges health professionals.

Health care professionals can and should participate in the government's decision-making process process regarding health policy development. They can do so in a variety of ways ranging from writing to legislators, to supporting their professional associations' lobbying activities, to working within government through fellowship and personnel exchange programs between government and the private sector. This article describes some techniques that health care professionals can apply and some attitudes that they can develop in order to interact effectively with government and public officials.

Decision Making↗
PubMed1997

Substance abuse in nursing. Forming policies.

A written policy addressing impaired practice increases the likelihood that all nurses will be treated similarly. It also protects the organization legally. One large Midwestern medical center's approach to policy development, completed after 1 year of task force work, is described.

Decision Trees↗
PubMed2000

Benchmarks of fairness for health care reform: a policy tool for developing countries.

Teams of collaborators from Colombia, Mexico, Pakistan, and Thailand have adapted a policy tool originally developed for evaluating health insurance reforms in the United States into "benchmarks of fairness" for assessing health system reform in developing countries. We describe briefly the history of the benchmark approach, the tool itself, and the uses to which it may be put. Fairness is a wide term that includes exposure to risk factors, access to all forms of care, and to financing. It also includes efficiency of management and resource allocation, accountability, and patient and provider autonomy. The benchmarks standardize the criteria for fairness. Reforms are then evaluated by scoring according to the degree to which they improve the situation, i.e. on a scale of -5 to 5, with zero representing the status quo. The object is to promote discussion about fairness across the disciplinary divisions that keep policy analysts and the public from understanding how trade-offs between different effects of reforms can affect the overall fairness of the reform. The benchmarks can be used at both national and provincial or district levels, and we describe plans for such uses in the collaborating sites. A striking feature of the adaptation process is that there was wide agreement on this ethical framework among the collaborating sites despite their large historical, political and cultural differences.

Benchmarking↗
PubMed1990

Roles for Texas physicians in the implementation of Education of Handicapped Act Amendments.

As a result of Public Law 99-457, there are increasing state efforts to provide special education services to handicapped students ages 3 and older, and to develop early intervention for those from birth to age 3 years. Physicians can make significant contributions to these efforts. This paper presents information about PL99-457 and discusses the potential roles for Texas physicians in the implementation of the law and in meeting the needs of developmentally at-risk infants, young children, and their families. Roles are described in the areas of clinical care, research, graduate and continuing education, and policy development.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Integrating conventional science and aboriginal perspectives on diabetes using fuzzy cognitive maps.

There is concern among Aboriginal communities in Canada that conventional approaches to the treatment of diabetes are ineffective in part because they fail to recognize the local Aboriginal perspective on the causal determinants of diabetes. While this shortcoming has been recognized, there have been no explicit attempts to practically define these perspectives and prescribe how conventional health management might be altered to incorporate them. In part, this may be due to difficulties in communicating Aboriginal perspectives in a manner which permits incorporation into conventional science-based frameworks. Here we use fuzzy cognitive mapping (FCM) as a technique to represent and compare Canadian Aboriginal and conventional science perspectives on the determinants of diabetes as contained in published articles drawn from a search of Medline and PubMed (1966-2005). The FCM allows for a detailed description of the complex system of culture, spirituality and balance at the root of the Aboriginal view. It also highlights how, for these less tangible factors, it is possible to identify more concrete stressors and outcomes which are amenable to management and monitoring. This preliminary comparison of conventional and Aboriginal views also demonstrates the potential for FCM as a technique to extract, compare and integrate perspectives of different knowledge systems into health management and policy development.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Policy and psychosocial considerations associated with non-physician assisted suicide: a commentary on Ogden.

The report by Russel Ogden (2001) on a conference where devices designed to facilitate death were displayed and discussed highlights how far some individuals will go if they are committed to helping suffering people die. In this commentary, the author discusses the federal policy developments that have contributed to this movement and then expresses his concerns about using lay people to provide assistance with hastening death.

Asphyxia↗
PubMed2005

Applying a basic development needs approach for sustainable and integrated community development in less-developed areas: report of ongoing Iranian experience.

INTRODUCTION: Despite considerable achievements in the provision of basic developmental facilities in terms of drinking water, access to primary healthcare services, high-quality and nutritious food, social services, and proper housing facilities, there are many rural and slum communities in Iran where these essential needs remain unfulfilled. Lack of equity is prominent, as large differences exist in underprivileged provinces. New policies developed in the past two decades have resulted in substantial achievements in meeting population needs and reducing the socio-economic gap; nevertheless, poverty levels, unemployment due to a large increase in the birth rate in the early 1980s, and lack of community participation are matters yet to be addressed. To overcome these deficiencies, a basic development needs approach was adopted to promote the concept of community self-help and self-reliance through intersectoral collaboration, creating an environment where people could take an active part in the development process, with the Iranian government providing the necessary support to achieve the desired level of development. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT: Following firm commitment from the Iranian government and technical support from the World Health Organization Regional Office, basic development needs was assigned a high priority in health and health-related sectors, reflected in the third National Masterplan (2001-2005). A comprehensive intersectoral plan was designed, and pilot projects were commenced in three villages. Each village elected a representative, and committee clusters were formed to run and monitor projects identified by a process of local needs assessment and priority assignment. In each region, a variety of needs were elicited from these assessments, which were actively supported by local authorities. LESSON LEARNED: A basic development needs approach was found to be a reliable discipline to improve community participation, needs-led resource allocation and intersectoral co-operation in community development, particularly in underprivileged areas. Iran's initial experience of basic development needs has gained widespread public support but will require periodical evaluation as it is introduced into other rural and urban regions across the country.

Community Participation↗
PubMed2002

Promoting health in the construction industry?

The construction industry has long been regarded as a high-risk industry in relation to health and safety issues. The purpose of this research was to investigate the extent of occupational health and safety provision within the residential development sector of the construction industry in Britain. An additional aim was to gauge the sectors' attitudes toward health promotion. Data were collected using a self-completed questionnaire that was sent to 200 residential developers; a 46% response rate was achieved. The results revealed a high level of knowledge of health and safety legislation; occupational health provision in the sector is low, but a strong appreciation was demonstrated of the value of such services. There was a low level of health promotion policy development in relation to the areas of alcohol, smoking, and skin cancer.

Accidents, Occupational↗