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PubMedDate not supplied

The incidence of Salmonella bacteria in wild-living animals from Denmark and in imported animals.

In a 6 year examination (1975-80) of 3036 game mammals and 3004 game birds from Denmark, and of 684 warm-blooded animals of foreign origin, Salmonella was found in 0.2% of Danish mammals, 0.8% of danish game birds, and 0.1% of the animals of foreign origin. Furthermore, Salmonella was isolated from 16% of 605 mute swans which died from starvation during the winter 1978-79, and from 2.4% of 296 faeces samples from hooded crows. Even though the occurrence of Salmonella among Danish cattle has been increasing during recent years, this does not seem to be the case among game, mallards excepted. Mallards raised in breeding units are often treated with antibiotics as a routine; in this way the mortality due to Salmonella is reduced, but some birds will still carry Salmonella bacteria when released. The high salmonella frequency among the mute swans that died during the winter of 1978-79 was probably a result of large numbers of birds gathering in harbours or in small stretches of open water near sew outlets.

Animal Population Groups↗

PubMed1980

Early results of simplified proximal high selective transgastric vagotomy without drainage.

The technique of preservation of the antral vagal nerve supply of the stomach and division of the transverse gastric branches of the nerves of Latarjet remains unchanged. However, if the evidence suggests that there is an ascending branch of the vagus crow's foot extending to the gastric body, this branch should be transmurally divided at the level in which it reaches the acid secreting boundary. Transection of the hiatal cardioesophageal vagus nerve branches as well as of the nerve branches accompanying the arteries entering the fundus of the stomach is replaced by transgastric intramural transection and excision of all nerve fibers entering the fundus of the stomach. Six months to one year results after the application of proximal transgastric vagotomy in 51 patients with uncomplicated duodenal ulcers have shown no mortality and insignificant morbidity. The previous ulcer symptoms disappeared. Dumping syndrome, recurrent ulcer and other signigicant complications have not been observed.

Adult↗

PubMed1980

Nucleic acid sequence bank.

In the report by T. Kakunaga and J. D. Crow (25 July, p. 505), Fig. 1 on page 506 should have been printed as follows: [See figure in the PDF file]

Base Sequence↗

PubMed1978

Seasonal fluctuations in the testicular asymmetry of birds.

A comparative study has been made of the seasonal fluctuations in the testicular asymmetry of the house crow, the common mina, the bank mina, the house sparrow and the roseringed parakeet. Their left testis usually attains a larger size and higher weight than the right one. These differences are more pronounced during the breeding seasons.

Animals↗

PubMed1980

The occurrence of salmonellae in free-flying-avifauna: isolation and antibiogram.

The occurrence of salmonellae in a variety of free-flying birds was investigated. Of 790 intestinal-content-samples examined, 20 yielded different Salmonella serotypes, which included 10 strains of S. saint-paul, 4 of S. bareilly, 3 of S. weltevreden, 2 of S. typhimurium and 1 of Salmonella E1 group. Common Mynah, house-sparrow, swallow, grey-partridge, parrot and crow were found positive for the presence of salmonellae. Antibiogram of the isolates was studied against 14 common chemotherapeutic agents.

Animals↗

PubMed1980

Bone marrow chromosomes in Corvus species (Corvidae: Passeriformes: Aves).

The diploid number of 80 +/- chromosomes has been established for two species of Indian crows, viz. Corvus splendens splendens Viellot, and Corvus macrorhynchus culminatus Sykes. In addition to the usual macro- and microchromosomes, there exist certain elements in both cases, falling in between the two different size categories of chromosomes. The number of these medium-sized, and of the macrochromosomes, was found to be 6 and 14, respectively, in both species. All chromosomes included in these two categories depict the clear position of their centromeres, while in the microchromosomes the centromeric position is not distinct. The sex-chromosome mechanism which has been studied only in Corvus splendens splendens, is of the ZZ and ZW type in the male and female, respectively.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Experimental oral inoculations in birds to evaluate potential definitive hosts of Neospora caninum.

Experimental oral inoculations to evaluate potential definitive hosts of Neospora caninum were conducted by feeding infected rodent tissues to 9 carnivorous birds of 4 species. Birds included 2 red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis), 2 turkey vultures (Cathartes aura), 2 barn owls (Tyto alba), and 3 American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchus). The rodents (mice or rats) had been inoculated with 100,000 culture-derived tachyzoites of N. caninum 1-6 mo before feeding to the birds. Fecal samples were collected from each bird daily for 1 mo after feeding rodents and examined for oocysts by fecal flotation. In addition, processed aliquots from all avian fecal samples were fed to BALB/c mice. Five weeks after feeding, mice were bled and sera were tested for antibodies against N. caninum. One to two months later, mice were killed and brain tissue was examined microscopically for protozoal cysts. While occasional oocysts were found in avian fecal samples, these were likely not N. caninum because they were not infective to BALB/c mice. It was concluded that the bird species tested are not likely to be definitive hosts of N. caninum.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Orbicularis muscleplasty and face lift: a better orbital contour.

In the course of aging, the jugopalpebral tegumentary continuity disappears, and the orbital rim becomes more visible with the appearance of the palpebrojugal fold and the wrinkles of crow's feet. The deepening crease just above the sulcus cannot be well assessed because of the palpebral bags and the depression below the cheek due to ptosis of the premalar fat pad that comes down into the nasolabial fold. Repositioning of these volumes can be ensured by raising the cutaneous muscular and fat structures en bloc. Following an anatomic study of the aging process, I propose to section the fibers of the orbicularis muscle and to include them in the large cheek flap. This manipulation of the orbicularis will consolidate a weakened orbital septum. Resectioning of the fat pads under these conditions may not be necessary or at least may be more moderate because the deserted zones will be filled, which is what is desired. The cutaneous and capillary incisions adapted to the requirements of this technique are described. The results obtained with 123 patients over a period of 3 years by the same surgeon appear to be more complete and more natural because the transitional zones between the closed techniques of face lift on the one hand and of lower blepharoplasty on the other cease to exist.

Aging↗

PubMed1995

[Neuropsychological analysis of schizophrenia-induced attention deficits--attempt at an overview].

In this review schizophrenic attention disorders are described from a neuropsychological perspective. After a historical excursion to Wundt, James and Kraepelin, the experimental psychology attention research of the last decades is presented, with special regard to Joseph Zubin's model of attention. After describing the symptomatology and course of schizophrenic psychosis, the concept of positive and negative symptoms according to Crow and Andreasen is set out as well. In describing the cognitive disorders it is on the one hand tried to elucidate the concept of "Basisstörung", and, on the other, to deal with attention disorders as potential vulnerability markers. After setting out various models re. the origin of attention disorders in both acute and chronic psychoses, implications for diagnosis and treatment are offered for the clinical psychologist in conclusion.

Attention↗

PubMed1995

[Genetic-demographic study of mountain populations from Dagestan and their migrants to the lowlands. Comparison of basic parameters of fitness].

Results of a total genetic demography study of females of postreproductive age from both parts of "splits" highland isolates of Dagestan, highlanders, and migrants to lowlands are described. The components of natural selection that were related to differential mortality and differential fertility were estimated in the highlanders and the migrants using Crow indices. Offsprings of female migrants were characterized by a higher prenatal (spontaneous abortions and still-births) and a lower prereproductive mortality. These differences may be accounted for by two mechanisms: (1) the effects of changing marital structure (female migrants are more exogamous) and (2) better medical care for the children of migrants compared to those living in highland auls (settlements), which are still difficult to access. It was demonstrated that mortality of probands' children before reproductive age, as well as the proportion of their close genetic relatives that died within five years after resettling, increased with an increase in the level of individual inbreeding in women examined (probands). These data allow us to suggest that the drastic increase revealed in mortality of the highlanders during the first years after resettling may be partially attributed to high levels of inbreeding and heterozygosity; these, in turn, decrease the individual's nonspecific resistance to new ecological factors. Fertility and prenatal mortality appeared to increase and decrease, respectively, with an increase in the inbreeding level.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed1994

Activation of keratin 19 gene expression by a 3' enhancer containing an AP1 site.

We previously reported that the human keratin 19 (K19) gene was expressed in nonkeratinizing oral epithelial subtypes, and that the steady state K19 mRNA levels in different normal epithelial subtypes correlated with the levels of the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) beta-mRNA (Hu, L., Crowe, D. L., Rheinwald, J. G., Chambon, P., and Gudas, L. J. (1991) Cancer Res. 51, 3972-3981). To elucidate the mechanisms by which the K19 gene is differentially expressed in various epithelial subtypes, we isolated phage containing human K19 genomic DNA from a human placental library. Through transient transfection assays with various K19/CAT constructs that contain different portions of K19 genomic DNA, an enhancer sequence has been identified in the K19 3'-flanking region. In normal human epithelial cell strains, the activity of this enhancer correlates with K19 mRNA abundance. This enhancer activates both the K19 and TK basal promoters in HeLa cells. A high level of K19/CAT fusion mRNA was detected when this K19 3' enhancer sequence was present at the 3' end of the fusion gene whereas no K19/CAT fusion transcript was detected if this 3' K19 enhancer sequence was absent, suggesting that the 3' K19 enhancer is crucial for the positive regulation of K19 expression. Deletion analysis has permitted the localization of the enhancer to a 19-base pair sequence which contains an AP1 binding site (AGTCATCT). Point mutations within this AP1 site completely abolished K19 enhancer activity in HeLa cells. Co-transfections of a c-jun expression vector with K19/CAT reporter constructs demonstrated that c-jun was able to activate the K19 promoter via the 3' K19 enhancer. Collectively, these data indicate that a cis-acting AP1 element and its associated trans-acting effector proteins regulate expression of lineage-specific genes in epithelial cells.

Base Sequence↗

PubMed1994

Negative symptoms in schizophrenia: assessment of the effect of risperidone.

This article reviews the definitions of negative symptoms and the deficit syndrome of schizophrenia, rating scale criteria (the Scale for Assessment of Negative Symptoms and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale), Crow's Type II syndrome, and Carpenter's deficit syndrome in relation to the DSM-IV. The effectiveness of conventional neuroleptics against negative symptoms is still in question. Improvement in negative symptoms may occur in tandem with improvement in the florid symptoms of schizophrenia, but negative symptoms may be difficult to discriminate from the extrapyramidal side effects that are caused by conventional neuroleptics. In a multicenter trial comparing the novel antipsychotic risperidone with haloperidol and placebo in symptomatic schizophrenia, negative symptoms (assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale) were reduced more by risperidone at a dose of 6, 10, and 16 mg/day than by placebo. Haloperidol at a dose of 20 mg/day was not significantly better than placebo. Risperidone 6 mg was the lowest dose that produced substantial change in negative symptoms and no increase in extrapyramidal symptoms and antiparkinsonian medication use.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Schizophrenia: one or two psychoses? Positive and negative symptoms].

In this paper are presented conceptions of the twofold idea of schizophrenia as disease of two types dependent on positive or negative symptoms. Actual examination of fundamental research about the fluctuating of brain turnover of neurotransmitters confirm Crow's theory of selected two types of schizophrenic patients. In conclusion the results suggest that, depending on the course of schizophrenia, individual and multiplex forms of treatment including pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy and psychosocial effects are required.

Antidepressive Agents↗

PubMed1995

Bipolar hip arthroplasty without acetabular bone-grafting for dysplastic osteoarthritis. Results after 6-9 years.

The authors report the clinical and radiographic results of 36 bipolar hip arthroplasties after performing excavation of the steep and shallow acetabulum without acetabular bone-grafting for dysplastic osteoarthritis. The procedures were carried out between 1981 and 1985. Survivorship analysis showed that 84.6 of the bipolar hip arthroplasties were retained for 8 years. Twenty-nine patients, which were followed for 6-9 years after surgery, were reviewed. Severity of acetabular dysplasia was classified according to the method of Crowe. Class 1 included 17 hips and class 2 included 12 hips. The average preoperative clinical score was 49 points. The average postoperative clinical hip score improved to 87 points after 6 years. Twenty-seven of the 29 hips assessed were classified as either excellent or good by Charnley's function score. Stress fracture, due to excessive acetabular excavation at the time of surgery, and femoral component loosening were major symptomatic complications. The cessation of radiographic evidence of migration of the bipolar socket was recognized in 25 of 29 procedures at 6 years after surgery (86.2%). Cineradiographic study demonstrated that the abduction motion under standing position for 20 of 24 hip joints functioned dominantly at the inner-bearing and metallic-stem interface.

Acetabulum↗

PubMed1995

The anatomy of the lower serratus anterior muscle: a fresh cadaver study.

Forty fresh cadaver dissections were studied to determine variations in the anatomy of the lower portion of the serratus anterior muscle. In all cases, the lower three to five slips of the serratus anterior muscle were supplied by one to three branches from the thoracodorsal artery, the so-called serratus branches. Three vascular patterns were identified: type I with one branch (40 percent), type II with two branches (50 percent), and type III with three branches (10 percent). The mean dimensions of the lower serratus anterior flap were 18.0 x 9.0 cm (range 12.0 x 8.0 cm to 21.0 x 15.0 cm). The mean pedicle length was 11.3 +/- 2.8 cm (range 7.3 to 13.3 cm). A crow's foot landmark has been identified to facilitate flap dissection. This landmark marks the juncture of the long thoracic nerve and the dominant serratus branch. This juncture can be found at the superior border of the sixth or seventh rib. The lower serratus anterior flap is ideal for reconstruction of small to moderate-sized defects because of its flat, broad dimensions and its long vascular pedicle.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Schizophrenia models: a review of the hypothetical pathologic processes underlying phenomenological manifestations].

Since Kraepelin and Bleuler consolidated the concepts of dementia preacox and schizophrenia almost a century ago, the heterogeneity of the disorder has been recognized as a problem. Since the germinal contribution of Crow, two different processes underlying positive and negative symptoms have been intensively studied. However, there are data that suggest the existence of four underlaying pathological processes to schizophrenic phenomenology: positive, negative, disorganisation and relational, the former three processes being of physiopathological nature and the disorders of relating having a psychological character. Other symptomatological dimensions such as subjective cognitive disorders and catatonic phenomena deserve further research.

Humans↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Schedule for evaluation of the deficit syndrome in schizophrenia: Schedule for Deficit Syndrome (SDS) (Kirkpatrick et al.). Importance pertinence of the SDS. Introduction of the French version].

The negative symptoms of schizophrenia have generated a great interest leading some authors (Crow, Andreasen, Kay) to delineate schizophrenic subtypes based on their presence or absence. Carpenter et al. have recently proposed another subtype, the deficit syndrome, based on Kraepelin's clinical description. This differs from other proposed negative subtypes and refers to the presence or absence of prominent, enduring and primary negative symptoms. Primary negative symptoms have to be due to psychophrenia itself, in other words, independent of factors such as depression, anxiety, akinesia... Kirkpatrick et al. have proposed the Schedule for the Deficit Syndrome (SDS) to reliably identify this deficit syndrome. Some studies using this instrument have supported the validity of the deficit syndrome concept. Particularly, deficit patients have clinical, neuropsychological, neurological, eye-tracking and brain imaging impairments compared to nondeficit patients. We realized a french translation of SDS and used it to study a biological index (plasma homovanillic acid, pHVA) among deficit and nondeficit schizophrenic patients. Our data suggest a specific biochemical basis for the deficit syndrome, ie, significant lower mean pHVA levels with a lack of diurnal variation for deficit patients. The french version of SDS was validated by Kirkpatrick after english back translation. We present here our psychometric data regarding reliability (assessed by weighted and unweighted kappa coefficients) and cohesiveness of the construct (assessed by rank-order correlations of each negative symptoms with the other five, using Spearman's rho). These data are quite significant and in agreement with the SDS authors.

Arousal↗

PubMed1994

[POEMS syndrome].

POEMS syndrome has been defined as an association of plasma cell dyscrasia with polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, M protein and skin changes. Although certain authors do not distinguish this syndrome from osteosclerosing myeloma, syndromes comparable to POEMS have been observed without bone lesions. Others have described the clinical features involved under the terms of Crow-Fukase's syndrome, PEP syndrome (pigmentation, oedema, plasma cell dyscrasia, or Takatsuki's syndrome. Seen in men twice as often as in women, usually between the ages of 40-50 years, all five clinical features are not always present or may be accompanied by other signs. The first sign of the peripheral polyneuropathy is usually sensorial impairment followed by distal then proximal motor deficit. The deficit is usually severe and 50% of the patients become unable to walk. Cranial nerves are rarely involved. Liver, spleen and lymph node enlargement are observed. The most frequent signs of an endocrinopathy are gynaecomastia, atrophy of the testicules, impotence and amenorrhoea. Testosterone levels are low and oestrogen levels are increased in men together with luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone and prolactin. Hypothyroidism is frequent and diabetes mellitus is observed in 50% of the patients. Protein M is a monoclonal immunoglobulin (IgG or IgA), almost always with a light lambda chain. Skin changes include hyperpigmentation, hypertrichosis, hyperhidrosis, thickening of the skin suggestive of sclerodermia and papillary angiomas. Other signs, especially peripheral oedema often occur early in the disease course and may precede the peripheral neuropathy. POEMS syndrome is often associated with a myeloma (up to 50% of the cases in certain series). Although immunoglobulin deposit on myelin sheaths, anti-endocrine antibodies and receptors of lambda chains have been proposed as playing a role, no mechanism of pathogenesis has been determined. The natural history of the disease leads to a severe polyneuropathy. The patients become totally bedridden and death results from complications of decubitus rather from the direct effect of the underlying dyscrasia. When bone lesions are minor, radiotherapy or surgery can improve the neuropathy and resection of a solitary plasmocytoma can lead to total remission. Chemotherapy or corticosteroids may improve the polyneuropathy in certain cases. Plasma exchange has not been successful.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗