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PubMed2006

Event-related potential correlates of the word length effect in working memory.

It has been proposed that a frontally distributed ERP negativity reflects rehearsal within the phonological loop component of working memory. This study investigated the relationship between phonological rehearsal and frontal negativity, by examining the effects of word length and articulatory suppression (continuously uttering an irrelevant word) on memory for auditorily presented words while ERPs were recorded. P2 amplitude, thought to reflect word identification, was increased for long compared to short words. However, this difference did not remain under conditions of suppression. A centrally maximum early negativity was larger in the short than long word silent conditions and this word length effect was reduced under suppression. The early negativity was interpreted as reflecting the transfer of the information from input to output buffers in the silent conditions that was prevented by the suppression. There was only a word length effect for the late frontally distributed negativity in the suppression conditions, suggesting that this component was not associated with phonological loop rehearsal but rather other working memory processes that operate under high load conditions.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2006

Effects of time pressure on verbal self-monitoring: an ERP study.

The Error-Related Negativity (ERN) is a component of the event-related brain potential (ERP) that is associated with action monitoring and error detection. The present study addressed the question whether or not an ERN occurs after verbal error detection, e.g., during phoneme monitoring. We obtained an ERN following verbal errors which showed a typical decrease in amplitude under severe time pressure. This result demonstrates that the functioning of the verbal self-monitoring system is comparable to other performance monitoring, such as action monitoring. Furthermore, we found that participants made more errors in phoneme monitoring under time pressure than in a control condition. This may suggest that time pressure decreases the amount of resources available to a capacity-limited self-monitor thereby leading to more errors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

ERP measures of auditory word repetition and translation priming in bilinguals.

Motivated by the demonstration of similarly localized adaptation of the hemodynamic response in a first (L1) and second (L2) language, this study examined event-related brain potentials (ERPs) to spoken words in L1 and L2 in 15 English-French bilinguals. We examined whether the temporal pattern of N400 adaptation due to within-language repetitions (i.e., repetition priming) was similar in L1 and L2 and whether the release from adaptation elicited by a within-language word change was similar. Furthermore, using word changes across language, we examined the phonological mismatch negativity (PMN) and N400 components to determine the kind of information activated during translation priming. In contrast to within-language repetition, we expected between-language repetition (i.e., translations) to be characterized by conceptual rather than lexical/phonological word form priming. Overall, the pattern of adaptation and release from adaptation was similar in L1 and L2, with evidence of delayed semantic analysis in L2 in the form of a later N400 effect. A change in language (L1 to L2) elicited a similar pattern of PMN and N400 activity compared to a within-language change in meaning in L1, suggesting that neither word form nor conceptual information was available on-line for the forward translation. In contrast, the presence of strong PMN but minimal N400 effects for L2-to-L1 translations suggests that conceptual but not phonological information is available on-line for backwards translation. L2 proficiency influenced the extent to which conceptual representations were activated by translations. These data are discussed in light of current models of bilingual word processing and suggest modality differences in the pattern of activation of lexical and conceptual information.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2006

Mismatch negativity to pitch contours is influenced by language experience.

A cross-language study utilizing the mismatch negativity (MMN) evoked response was conducted to explore the influence of language experience on the preattentive cortical processing of linguistically relevant pitch contours. Chinese and English subjects were presented with Mandarin Chinese tones while the mismatch negativity (MMN) response was elicited using a passive oddball paradigm. Two oddball conditions were constructed with a common deviant, a low falling rising contour tone (T3). One condition consisted of two tones that are acoustically similar to one another (T2/T3: T2, high rising contour=standard). The other condition consisted of two tones that are acoustically dissimilar to one another (T1/T3: T1, high level=standard). These tonal pairs enabled us to assess whether different degrees of similarity between pitch movements exert a differential influence on preattentive pitch processing. Results showed that the mean MMN amplitude of the Chinese group was larger than that of the English group for the T1/T3 condition. No group differences were found for the T2/T3 condition. The mean MMN amplitude was larger for the T1/T3 relative to the T2/T3 condition for the Chinese group only. By virtue of these language group differences, we infer that early cortical processing of pitch contours may be shaped by the relative saliency of acoustic dimensions underlying the pitch patterns of a particular language.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2007

Perceptual and cognitive task difficulty has differential effects on auditory distraction.

When a task-irrelevant feature of an auditory stimulus varies at rare and unpredictable times, the processing of this change interferes with the processing of task-relevant stimulus information. The present study investigated whether this distraction effect is modulated by the difficulty of the auditory task. Event-related potentials (ERPs) and behavioral responses were recorded while subjects classified stimuli based on their temporal dimension. In one condition, the task was made more difficult by decreasing the perceptual discriminability (temporal distinctiveness) of the stimuli. In a second condition, the difficult task involved an increase in memory load: subjects were asked to assess the duration of the current compared to that of the previous stimulus. The occurrence of an infrequent task-irrelevant change in the pitch of the stimulus caused distraction in all task conditions. Following this change, performance deteriorated, and a distinct P3a component was visible in the ERP. Importantly, the extent of this distraction effect was significantly enhanced during the high memory load task, but not during the difficult perceptual task. It may be that the attentional resources afforded to the stimuli, rather than task difficulty, affected the extent of the distraction response. When the processing requirements of a task demand more highly focused attention for stimulus processing, the processing of the distracting information embedded within this stimulus may inadvertently also benefit from this attention.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2005

Changes in mismatch negativity across pre-hypnosis, hypnosis and post-hypnosis conditions distinguish high from low hypnotic susceptibility groups.

The role of alterations in mismatch negativity (MMN) in hypnosis was examined by recording MMN of the auditory ERP at frontal (F3, Fz, and F4) and mastoid (M1 and M2) placements. Frontal MMN is believed to reflect activity in right anterior cortical generators, whereas MMN at mastoid leads reflects generators located bilaterally in the temporal auditory cortex. MMN recordings were obtained in 11 low and 12 high hypnotically susceptible participants in three successive blocks; pre-hypnosis, hypnosis and post-hypnosis. Frontal (but not temporal) MMN showed a significant quadratic trend across testing conditions. It increased during hypnosis and then dropped post-hypnosis for both susceptibility groups. Linear trends for frontal and temporal MMN showed directly opposite patterns of change in the interaction between hypnotic susceptibility and testing blocks. Frontal MMN built up linearly over the test blocks in high relative to low susceptibility participants. Temporal MMN showed the reverse pattern and increased linearly across test conditions in those with low relative to high hypnotic susceptibility.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2004

BP and CNV.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Contingent Negative Variation↗
PubMed2004

Age-related differences in auditory event-related potentials during a cued attention task.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if aging is associated with differences in attentional regulation using behavioral and event-related potential (ERP) measures. METHODS: Younger (n=13;M=20 years) and older (n=12;M=76 years) subjects performed an auditory cued attention task. Verbal cues correctly (valid) or incorrectly (invalid) predicted the ear receiving a target tone 1.5 s later, or were uninformative (neutral). Targets were either 'high' (2000 Hz) or 'low' (1000 Hz) pitch monaural tones. Subjects pressed one of 4 buttons to indicate target ear and pitch. ERPs following cues and targets (P50, N100, P200, slow waves), and negative slow potentials (CNV) between cues and targets were assessed. RESULTS: Cue information had significant effects on reaction time for both groups (valid valid) but not older subjects. Target slow waves were also affected by cue information (invalid>valid), and the difference was larger and lasted longer in older subjects. Slow waves following cues were significantly larger in older subjects, but the subsequent CNV amplitudes were comparable among groups. CONCLUSIONS: When performing a cued attention task, age differences are present in transient ERPs following cues and targets. SIGNIFICANCE: Age differences in ERPs associated with attentional regulation support the hypothesis that attentional changes contribute to cognitive aging.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2005

Magnetic fields evoked by speech sounds in preschool children.

OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to study how well the auditory evoked magnetic fields (EF) reflect the behavioral discrimination of speech sounds in preschool children, and if they reveal the same information as simultaneously recorded evoked potentials (EP). METHODS: EFs and EPs were recorded in 11 preschool children (mean age 6 years 9 months) using an oddball paradigm with two sets of speech stimuli consisting both of one standard and two deviants. After the brain activity recording, children were tested on behavioural discrimination of the same stimuli presented in pairs. RESULTS: There was a mismatch negativity (MMN) calculated from difference curves and its magnetic counterpart MMNm measured from the original responses only to those deviants, which were behaviourally easiest to discriminate from the standards. In addition, EF revealed significant differences between the locations of the activation depending on the hemisphere and stimulus properties. CONCLUSIONS: EF, in addition to reflecting the sound-discrimination accuracy in a similar manner as EP, also reflected the spatial differences in activation of the temporal lobes. SIGNIFICANCE: These results suggest that both EPs and EFs are feasible for investigating the neural basis of sound discrimination in young children. The recording of EFs with its high spatial resolution reveals information on the location of the activated neural sources.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2005

Schizophrenic patients are impaired in memory reinstatement underlying mismatch negativity system.

OBJECTIVE: We modified the paradigm used in the report of Cowan et al. [J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 19 (1993) 909] to investigate how the silent intervals influence the memory trace underlying mismatch negativity (MMN) generation in schizophrenic patients. METHODS: Experiment 1 was designed to explore how long an inter-train interval would be needed for the memory to become dormant. Experiment 2 was designed to elucidate how many standard stimuli would be needed to reinstate the memory. RESULTS: In Experiment 1, schizophrenic patients showed a significant reduction in MMN amplitude after the longer inter-train intervals compared to the shorter ones, although little difference was observed in controls. Specifically, the memory trace underlying the MMN system in the schizophrenic patients easily became dormant after the extended silent intervals. In Experiment 2, we could not conclude that schizophrenic patients needed more reminders than did controls in order to reinstate the memory once the memory trace became dormant. The patients might be little impaired with respect to forming the memory trace. CONCLUSIONS: In schizophrenic patients, the memory trace in MMN generation might easily become out of context after silent intervals. Patients could not effectively reinstate the memory that was put out of context by the extended silent interval. SIGNIFICANCE: This article provides some suggestions in terms of patients' difficulty encoding episodes and retrieving them within distinct contexts in preconscious processes.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2005

Long-term exposure to occupational noise alters the cortical organization of sound processing.

OBJECTIVE: Long-term exposure to noise may cause an altered hemispheric lateralization of speech processing even in silent conditions. We examined whether this lateralization shift is speech specific or occurs also for other sounds. METHODS: Brain responses from 10 healthy noise-exposed workers (>5 years) and 10 matched controls were recorded with a 32-channel electroencephalogram in two conditions, one including standard and deviant speech sounds, the other non-speech sounds, with novel sounds in both. RESULTS: The deviant-sound elicited mismatch negativity (MMN) was larger to non-speech than speech sounds in control subjects, while it did not differ between the sound types in the noise-exposed subjects. Moreover, the MMN to speech sounds was lateralized to the right hemisphere in exposed workers, while it was left-hemisphere predominant in control subjects. No group topography difference was found for non-speech sounds. The deviant sounds that were close in formant space to the standards elicited a longer MMN latency in both speech and non-speech conditions in exposed subjects than controls. No group differences were found for cortical responses to novel sounds. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term noise exposure altered the strength and the hemispheric organization of speech-sound discrimination and decreased the speed of sound-change processing. SIGNIFICANCE: Subpathological changes in cortical responses to sounds may occur even in subjects without a peripheral damage but continuously exposed to noisy auditory environments.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Differential conditioning of alpha amplitude: a fresh look at an old phenomenon.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the latency and development of conditional suppression of alpha amplitude and its relationship to behaviour, alpha amplitude (8-13 Hz) was measured in a differential conditioning procedure. METHODS: The CS+/- were tones and the US was a photic checkerboard. Alpha amplitude, CNV, RT and verbal responses were recorded from 12 participants. RESULTS: The CS+/- difference in acquisition was greatest from 250 ms before the US. It was greatest from the trial where RT declined and participants could report the CS+/US relationship. There was an amplitude increase in lower band activity 230 ms after the US. This looked like a VEP but was produced by phase-locked activity starting before the US. CONCLUSIONS: Predicting the US led to cortical priming. Amplitude change in acquisition is congruent with CNV, RT and verbal performance. SIGNIFICANCE: Prediction, expectancy and motor preparation are reflected in changes in alpha activity. These results provide converging evidence for the functional role of 8-10 Hz activity. They complement the emerging picture of the role of alpha activity in cognition, indicating that it extends to the acquisition of predictive knowledge.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2005

Electrophysiological and speech perception measures of auditory processing in experienced adult cochlear implant users.

OBJECTIVE: This study determined the relationship between auditory evoked potential measures and speech perception in experienced adult cochlear implant (CI) users and compared the CI evoked potential results to those of a group of age- and sex-matched control subjects. METHODS: CI subjects all used the Nucleus CI-22 implant. Middle latency response (MLR), obligatory cortical potentials (CAEP), mismatch negativity (MMN) and P3a auditory evoked potentials were recorded. Speech perception was evaluated using word and sentence tests. RESULTS: Duration of deafness correlated with speech scores with poor scores reflecting greater years of deafness. Na amplitude correlated negatively with duration of deafness, with small amplitudes reflecting greater duration of deafness. Overall, N1 amplitude was smaller in CI than control subjects. Earlier P2 latencies were associated with shorter durations of deafness and higher speech scores. In general, MMN was absent or degraded in CI subjects with poor speech scores. CONCLUSIONS: Auditory evoked potentials are related to speech perception ability and provide objective evidence of central auditory processing differences across experienced CI users. SIGNIFICANCE: Since auditory evoked potentials relate to CI performance, they may be a useful tool for objectively evaluating the efficacy of speech processing strategies and/or auditory training approaches in both adults and children with cochlear implants.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2005

Mismatch negativity (MMN) in multiple sclerosis: an event-related potentials study in 46 patients.

OBJECTIVE: To assess pre-attentive detection mechanisms indexed by MMN component of auditory Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients. METHODS: 46 MS patients (mean age 43.7 years, mean disease duration 10.1 years, mean EDSS 4.6) and 46 matched controls were assessed with ERPs elicited by a passive oddball paradigm using duration deviants. Auditory P50, N1, P2 components were recorded. MMN and P3a components were calculated as the difference potential between deviants and standard stimuli. Eighteen of these 46 patients underwent also global psychometrical assessment and were sorted in cognitively normal and impaired patients. ERPs of these two groups of patients were compared. RESULTS: MS patients showed reduced MMN and P3a areas as compared to controls, besides exogenous N1-P2 complex amplitude reduction. Among the 18 patients investigated with neuropsychological testings, six were cognitively impaired and 12 cognitively unimpaired. Patients with a global cognitive impairment had reduced MMN as compared to cognitively unimpaired patients. CONCLUSIONS: Auditory MMN and P3a components of auditory ERPs are altered in MS patients. MMN alterations are more pronounced in cognitively impaired patients. SIGNIFICANCE: MMN and P3a areas reduction suggests that MS patients are prone to pre-attentive auditory information processing deficits, besides previously described controlled information processing difficulties. Moreover, MMN alterations may represent an objective index of cognitive disturbances in MS patients.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2006

Electrophysiological and behavioral evidence of auditory processing deficits in children with reading disorder.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the research was to investigate auditory processing abilities in children with reading disorders using electrophysiological and behavioral tasks. METHODS: Differences in auditory processing between control, compensated (age appropriate reading skills with a history of reading disorder), and reading disordered groups were systematically investigated. RESULTS: The reading disorder group had significantly lower results than control and compensated reader groups for most tests in the reading and auditory processing test battery. All children with a reading disorder did not pass at least one behavioral test of auditory processing, and hence would be diagnosed clinically as having an auditory processing disorder (APD). The reading disorder group also had significantly smaller /ga/-evoked mismatch negativity (MMN) area than the control group. Compensated and control groups had similar results for the electrophysiological and behavioral auditory processing tests. Correlation analyses showed that reading fluency and accuracy and nonword scores (measured using Castle and Coltheart's word/nonword test) correlated significantly with most APD measures. CONCLUSIONS: The general profile of auditory processing deficits in children with reading disorder was a combination of deficits on frequency patterns (i.e. frequency pattern test) and absent or small /ga/-evoked MMN. Significant results from the correlation analyses support the co-morbidity of reading and auditory processing disorders. SIGNIFICANCE: Children with reading disorders are likely to have auditory processing disorders.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2006

Measurement of extensive auditory discrimination profiles using the mismatch negativity (MMN) of the auditory event-related potential (ERP).

OBJECTIVE: Mismatch negativity (MMN), a change-specific component of the auditory event-related potential (ERP), is sensitive to deficits in central auditory processing associated with many clinical conditions. The aim of this study was to obtain a comprehensive multi-dimensional profile of central auditory processing by extending the recently developed fast multi-feature MMN paradigm [Näätänen R, Pakarinen S, Rinne T, Takegata R. The mismatch negativity (MMN): towards the optimal paradigm. Clin Neurophysiol 2004;115:140-144]. METHODS: MMN responses to changes in sound duration, frequency, intensity, and perceived sound-source location at six different magnitudes of deviation were recorded from healthy young adults by using the multi-feature MMN paradigm. In addition, behavioural discrimination accuracy and speed were measured to examine the relationship between MMN and behavioural performance. RESULTS: All the 24 sound changes elicited significant MMNs. MMN amplitude increased and latency decreased with increasing magnitude of sound change. Furthermore, the MMN amplitude and latency predicted the subjects' accuracy and speed in detecting these deviations. CONCLUSIONS: This new paradigm provides an extensive auditory discrimination profile for several auditory attributes at different deviation magnitudes in a minimal recording time. SIGNIFICANCE: The auditory discrimination profiles can offer a comprehensive view of the development, plasticity, and deficits of central auditory processing.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2007

Theta EEG dynamics of the error-related negativity.

OBJECTIVE: The error-related negativity (ERN) is a response-locked brain potential (ERP) occurring 80-100ms following response errors. This report contrasts three views of the genesis of the ERN, testing the classic view that time-locked phasic bursts give rise to the ERN against the view that the ERN arises from a pure phase-resetting of ongoing theta (4-7Hz) EEG activity and the view that the ERN is generated - at least in part - by a phase-resetting and amplitude enhancement of ongoing theta EEG activity. METHODS: Time-domain ERP analyses were augmented with time-frequency investigations of phase-locked and non-phase-locked spectral power, and inter-trial phase coherence (ITPC) computed from individual EEG trials, examining time courses and scalp topographies. Simulations based on the assumptions of the classic, pure phase-resetting, and phase-resetting plus enhancement views, using parameters from each subject's empirical data, were used to contrast the time-frequency findings that could be expected if one or more of these hypotheses adequately modeled the data. RESULTS: Error responses produced larger amplitude activity than correct responses in time-domain ERPs immediately following responses, as expected. Time-frequency analyses revealed that significant error-related post-response increases in total spectral power (phase- and non-phase-locked), phase-locked power, and ITPC were primarily restricted to the theta range, with this effect located over midfrontocentral sites, with a temporal distribution from approximately 150-200ms prior to the button press and persisting up to 400ms post-button press. The increase in non-phase-locked power (total power minus phase-locked power) was larger than phase-locked power, indicating that the bulk of the theta event-related dynamics were not phase-locked to response. Results of the simulations revealed a good fit for data simulated according to the phase-locking with amplitude enhancement perspective, and a poor fit for data simulated according to the classic view and the pure phase-resetting view. CONCLUSIONS: Error responses produce not only phase-locked increases in theta EEG activity, but also increases in non-phase-locked theta, both of which share a similar topography. SIGNIFICANCE: The findings are thus consistent with the notion advanced by Luu et al. [Luu P, Tucker DM, Makeig S. Frontal midline theta and the error-related negativity; neurophysiological mechanisms of action regulation. Clin Neurophysiol 2004;115:1821-35] that the ERN emerges, at least in part, from a phase-resetting and phase-locking of ongoing theta-band activity, in the context of a general increase in theta power following errors.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed2007

Event-related potentials in idiopathic rapid eye movements sleep behaviour disorder.

OBJECTIVE: To assess psychophysiological parameters in idiopathic rapid eye movements sleep behaviour disorder (RBD), in order to identify possible markers for pre or sub-clinical cognitive abnormalities. METHODS: Sixteen consecutive unmedicated patients with idiopathic RBD and 16 age- and sex-matched controls performed active and passive auditory oddball paradigms and an attentional test. RESULTS: There were no significant between-group latency and amplitude differences. The two groups showed a difference in the inter-peak interval between N100 and P200 in the active condition. A significant correlation between attentional matrices scores and N100 amplitude at Fz and Cz to standard stimuli in the passive condition was found in controls but not in patients. CONCLUSIONS: In RBD there are minimal event-related potentials (ERPs) abnormalities involving the early stages of information processing. SIGNIFICANCE: ERPs are not sensitive to pre or sub-clinical cognitive abnormalities in RBD. In alternative, these findings might support the existence of a truly idiopathic RBD syndrome.

Aged↗