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PubMed1982

Neuroses and character disorders.

This paper emphasizes the importance of understanding and treating the aged with neuroses and character disorders. Although they are often neglected by mental health workers, the aged with these emotional problems form a far larger group than the psychotic aged who receive a greater share of attention. Stereotyped attitudes and commonly accepted myths regarding the aged encourage an attitude of therapeutic nihilism and pessimism. The unconscious motivation for ignoring the obvious distress of older people is discussed. Certain specific myths, such as the "rigidity" of the aged and the tendency to "wastebasket" and to view all pathology as organic or caused by aging alone, are discussed. The fear of the devouring older person is also explored, as well as the myth of "family rejection." A number of clinical examples are given of the types of emotional problems frequently seen among the noninstitutionalized older population. Each case is described from the standpoint of dynamic understanding and management. A trial of observation and psychotherapy is recommended in all situations, since even "organic" signs may be reversed. Generalizations concerning the aged as a group are avoided in the belief that they lead to further stereotyping and the discouragement of scientific investigation. Individual assessment and understanding are emphasized. The persistence of unconscious attitudes, fantasies, and wishes from childhood is pointed out, but it is emphasized that they may not always carry the same value and meaning throughout life. Certain patients achieve insight through treatment, along with a greater capacity to enjoy life than they had before. Others are comforted by the relationship with the therapist for both its "real" and unconscious meanings. Some require assistance in accepting and tolerating more regressive behavior, while others need help in accepting and assimilating their changing feelings about their goals, objects, and sexuality in old age. Reminiscences are emphasized as important sources of elevating self-esteem. Concerns about death and common countertransference problems in work with the aged are examined. The need to be flexible but not to "lean over backward" is emphasized. Patients understand a genuine offer of involvement and concern as the most precious gift.

Aged↗
PubMed1982

[Anomalies of character in the families of childhood schizophrenics].

The families of 124 children suffering from infantile schizophrenia were examined. The disease course was unfavourable (continuously or paroxysmally progressing schizophrenia) in 58, and relatively favourable (paroxysmal) in 66 children. In both groups 246 parents and 43 sibs were examined. On comparing the family backgrounds of these two forms of infantile schizophrenia it was found that secondary psychoses could be encountered only in the families of children with the paroxysmal (progressing and non-progressing) schizophrenia, and comprised 7.9% of the cases in the first, and 19.1% in the second group. "Effaced" forms of psychoses were also prevalent among the parents of the children of the second group (30.5% versus 14.0% in the first group). Some qualitative differences were discovered also in the anomalies of the parents' character: schizoid personalities of sthenic constitution were encountered twice as more frequently among the parents of the first-group, rather than the second-group children (25.2 versus 11.5%, respectively). "Defective" personalities and asthenic schizoids were found only among the parents of the first-group children, and comprised, respectively, 19.1 and 12.1%. Only among the parents of the second-group children there were hyperthymic personalities (16.8%). The risk of falling ill with schizophrenia appeared to be high also in the sibs of the second-group children (25.9%), as compared with those of the first-group children (12.5%).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

[A 57-year-old woman with gait disturbance, headache, character change, convulsion, and coma].

We report a 57-year-old woman with progressive gait disturbance, headache, character change, convulsion and coma. She was well until 55 years of age, when she noted an onset of unsteady gait. At times she experienced transient weakness in her right hand, which was followed some difficulty in articulation. She was admitted to our service for the work up on April 6, 1992. Neurologic examination at that time revealed an alert Japanese lady in no acute distress. She was oriented to all spheres, however, she was somewhat bradyphrenic and had some disturbance in recent memory. Higher cerebral functions appeared intact. The visual acuity and visual fields were normal as were the optic fundi. Pupils were round and isocoric reacting promptly to light. Ocular movement was full, however, horizontal nystagmus was noted upon right lateral gaze. The sensation of the face was intact. She showed right facial paresis of the central type. Hearing was intact. She showed slurred speech and some difficulty in swallowing. The tongue was deviated to the right. Her gait was wide based and unsteady; tandem gait was difficult, however, walking on toes and on heels were performed well. No cerebellar ataxia was noted, but she showed some clumsiness in her right hand. Deep reflexes were symmetric and normally reactive; plantar response was extensor bilaterally. Sensation was intact; no meningeal sign was elicited. Routine laboratory work up was unremarkable; the CSF was under a borderline pressure (180 mmH2O) and contained 39 mg/dl of protein and 59 mg/dl of sugar. Cranial CT scan revealed diffuse low density areas involving bilateral cerebral white matter as well as the brain stem; MRI revealed high signal intensity lesions in those areas; gadolinium enhancement was negative; cortical sulci were effaced and the anterior part of the left lateral ventricle was compressed without deviation of the midline structure. The patient was treated with steroid pulse therapy without effect. She was discharged for out patient follow up, however, she developed a convulsion which was followed by loss of consciousness, and was admitted again to our service. She had never gained consciousness after this episode, and remained in the state of akinetic mutism. Follow-up CT and MRI did not show much change, although the area of high signal density lesions slightly enlarged on June 1, 1993. Her clinical course was complicated by drug induced bone marrow suppression and nephrotic syndrome. She expired on September 8, 1993 after developing sudden drop of blood pressure and bradycardia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Brain Neoplasms↗
PubMed1997

[The color preferences of adolescents with character traits].

An experimental study has been conducted of validity of Lusher's "Clinical Colour Test" concerning the types of accentuations of characters according to classification of A. E. Lichko. The new informational indices were suggested, namely: "the sum of the main colours" (sigma n) and "the coefficient of the correlation of the sums of the main colours" (K(m)). These indices were absent in a classical variation of the test. The results of investigation showed the validity of Lusher's test for evaluation of the majority of accentuations types as well as of deliquency and organic basis of pathocharacterological deviations. It was also emphasized that the diagnosis of accentuations types by means of Lucher's test was possible only with consideration of correlation of preferences of "main colours". The conclusion was made about perspectivity of application of Lusher's test for both group and individual diagnosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Changes on the Temperament and Character Inventory after paroxetine treatment in volunteers with generalized anxiety disorder.

Previously untreated symptomatic volunteers with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) performed the Temperament and Character Inventory at baseline and after 4 to 6 months of paroxetine treatment. Scores from 29 volunteers were analyzed with paired t-tests. A marked reduction was noted in Harm Avoidance and a marked increase was noted in Self-Directedness. Smaller changes were noted in Cooperativeness and Novelty Seeking. Overall, treatment was associated with a reduction in maladaptive personality traits.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Codes and character: the pillars of professional ethics.

Historically, the ethics of a professional were the ethics of a gentleman. The social changes in the 1960s, where citizens asked for a greater voice in all affairs that affected them gave rise to formal approaches to ethics in the health fields. Principle-based and case-based reasoning have been dominant. Neither codes nor approaches based on virtue (the character of the professional) are perfect solutions in all cases, but professions are strengthened through the development and discussion of statements about ethical conduct.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1980

Characterological depressions. Clinical and sleep EEG findings separating 'subaffective dysthymias' from 'character spectrum disorders'.

Early-onset characterological depressions are distinguished from late-onset chronic depressions that complicate the long-term course of unipolar and nonaffective illnesses. In turn, characterological depressions are divisible into at least two subtypes: (1) "Subaffective dysthymias" have even sex distribution, are often complicated by superimposed depressive episodes, rapid eye movement latency is shortened, and they tend to respond to tricyclics of lithium carbonate. In brief, they share many features of primary affective illness. (2) "Character spectrum disorders," by contrast, represent a heterogeneous mixture of personality disorders with inconstant depressive features, are more common in women, are often complicated by alcohol and drug abuse, and outcome tends to be unfavorable.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

The Transmission of the Electronic Character of Guanin-9-yl Drives the Sugar-Phosphate Backbone Torsions in Guanosine 3',5'-Bisphosphate.

The intrinsic flexibility of the pentoses in RNA allows dynamic transmission of information on the electronic character of the nucleobase to modulate the sugar conformation by an interplay of gauche and anomeric effects. This modulation in turn steers the phosphate backbone conformation by tuning the 3'-O-P-O(ester) anomeric effect, as shown by conformational analysis of EtpGpMe as a function of pD. This tunable transmission is stereoelectronic in nature, and operates by appropriate overlap between donor and acceptor orbitals (see scheme), which causes single-stranded RNA to behave as a molecular wire.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

Induction of antibody responses to new B cell epitopes indicates vaccination character of allergen immunotherapy.

Whether the modulation of antibody responses can contribute to the improvement of clinical symptoms in patients receiving allergen immunotherapy represents a controversial issue. We have used purified [seven recombinant (r) and one natural] timothy grass pollen allergens as well as recombinant B cell epitope-containing fragments of the major timothy grass pollen allergen, Phl p 1, to investigate humoral immune responses in eight allergic patients receiving grass pollen-specific immunotherapy. We found that the administration of aluminium hydroxide-adsorbed grass pollen extract induced complex changes in allergen/epitope-specific antibody responses: increases in IgG subclass (IgG1, IgG2, IgG4) responses against allergens recognized before the therapy were observed. All eight patients started to mount IgE and IgG4 responses to continuous Phl p 1 epitopes not recognized before the therapy and a de novo induction of IgE antibodies against new allergens was found in one patient. Evidence for a protective role of IgG antibodies specific for continuous Phl p 1 epitopes was provided by the demonstration that preincubation of rPhl p 1 with human serum containing therapy-induced Phl p 1-specific IgG inhibited rPhl p 1-induced histamine release from basophils of a grass pollen-allergic patient. Our finding that immunotherapy induced antibody responses against previously not recognized B cell epitopes indicates the vaccination character of this treatment. The fact that patients started to mount de novo IgE as well as protective IgG responses against epitopes may explain the unpredictability of specific immunotherapy performed with allergen extracts and emphasizes the need for novel forms of component-resolved immunotherapy.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Epigenetic mechanisms of character origination.

The close mapping between genotype and morphological phenotype in many contemporary metazoans has led to the general notion that the evolution of organismal form is a direct consequence of evolving genetic programs. In contrast to this view, we propose that the present relationship between genes and form is a highly derived condition, a product of evolution rather than its precondition. Prior to the biochemical canalization of developmental pathways, and the stabilization of phenotypes, interaction of multicellular organisms with their physicochemical environments dictated a many-to-many mapping between genomes and forms. These forms would have been generated by epigenetic mechanisms: initially physical processes characteristic of condensed, chemically active materials, and later conditional, inductive interactions among the organism's constituent tissues. This concept, that epigenetic mechanisms are the generative agents of morphological character origination, helps to explain findings that are difficult to reconcile with the standard neo-Darwinian model, e.g., the burst of body plans in the early Cambrian, the origins of morphological innovation, homology, and rapid change of form. Our concept entails a new interpretation of the relationship between genes and biological form.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Heterotransplantation of small cell lung carcinoma into nude mice. Stability of the phenotypic characters.

In order to validate xenografted small cell lung carcinomas (SCLC) for biological studies, the authors established 12 lung neuroendocrine (NE) tumors (eight typical SCLC and four atypical NE tumors [ANE]) by heterotransplantation onto nude mice. Their characterization was performed using serial ultrastructural, enzymatic, and immunohistochemical methods on primary tumors and after xenografts. These were subclassified into epithelial (one), neuroendocrine (three), and multidifferenciated (eight) types. The phenotypic characters (cytokeratins, neurofilaments, neurone-specific enolase) and the proliferative rate (Ki 67 labelling) of original tumor were maintained until the last passage studied. Although further acquisition of subsets of cytokeratin or neurofilaments was observed in some cases, the authors could not detect any morphologic and/or biological spontaneous change comparable to those described in in vitro cell lines. In addition, ANE are not quite identical to variant subclasses described in vitro. The authors conclude that the stability of heterotransplanted SCLC is an advantage in further biological studies.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Dimensions of moral character and drug use among rural high school students.

Related major parameters of moral character (socialization and empathy) identified by Hogan (1973) to self-reported drug use in a sample of 88 rural high school students. As expected, level of socialization correlated significantly with total drugs used, frequency of marijuana use, and number of drug-related social complications. However, at variance with past research of college students, empathy did not relate to any of the drug-use variables examined. It was speculated that the implications of characterological factors for drug use may vary with age of the user.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) as predictors of depression among Japanese college students.

To examine the predictive power of Cloninger's psychobiology model of depression, 167 Japanese college students were studied on two occasions, with an interval of approximately three months. At Time 1 (T1), the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) and Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS) were distributed. At Time 2 (T2), the SDS was distributed again. The T2 SDS score was positively correlated with Harm Avoidance and negatively correlated with Reward Dependence and Self-directedness at T1. However, after controlling for the T1 SDS score, the T2 SDS score was predicted only by T1 Self-directedness. These data suggest that lower Self-directedness can be predictive of depression, whereas higher Harm Avoidance and lower Reward Dependence are state-dependent.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Character impact odorants of the apple cultivars Elstar and Cox Orange.

Extracts obtained from Elstar and Cox-Orange apples (Malus var. domestica Borkh.) were screened for potent odorants by aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA). (E)-beta-Damascenone (I), (E)-beta-damascone (II), hexanal (III), (Z)-3-hexenal (IV), (Z)-2-nonenal (V), linalool (VI), butyl acetate (VII), 2-methylbutyl acetate (VIII) and hexyl acetate (IX) were identified in Elstar and I, III-V, ethyl butanoate (X), ethyl 2-methylbutanoate (XI), 1-octen-3-one (XII), (E)-2-octenal (XIII), methional (XIV), (E)-2-nonenal (XV), eugenol (XVI) and wine lactone (XVII) in Cox Orange. The release of odorants by the cultivars was analysed by gas chromatography-olfactometry of headspace samples. Esters X and XI showed the highest odour activities in the air above Elstar apples and ester X, acetaldehyde (XVIII), 2-methylbutanol (XIX) and ethyl methylpropanoate (XX) in that of Cox Orange. Preparation of a homogenate changed the headspace composition of potent odorants. Hexyl acetate (IX) became the key odorant of Elstar and aldehydes III and IV those of Cox Orange. Quantification and calculation of odour activity values indicated I, IV, V, VII, VIII and IX as the character impact odorants of the fruit flesh of the two cultivars. Elstar contained more I, V, VII and IX and Cox Orange more IV than the other cultivar. The concentrations of VIII were similar.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed1983

Expression of embryonic characters by malignant cells.

While the expression of fetal characters by malignant cells is now well-documented, the mechanism involved and the nature of the cells that are the target of malignant transformation remain controversial. It has often been assumed that carcinogenesis results in 'dedifferentiation' of specialized cells. The alternative hypothesis is that neoplasia results from a disorder of some normal stem cells. This view is discussed in relation to several examples, in particular teratocarcinomas.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Dermatoglyphic characters and physique: a correlation study.

The association of anthropometrics, particularly hand measurements, with dermatoglyphic characters is quantified. Children with square hands exhibit higher main line indices, a-b ridge counts, and more open atd angles. Adults with broader hands have more arches. Taller individuals with larger hands present higher a-b ridge counts and leaner subjects with long narrow hands, closer atd angles. The correlation of physique and dermatoglyphics is small but if verified, suggests that at early fetal stages, factors responsible for the establishment of dermatoglyphic patterns interact with genetic determinants of adult shape that are already active.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Analysis of the 13C NMR spectra of molecules, chiral by isotopic substitution, dissolved in a chiral oriented environment: towards the absolute assignment of the pro-R/pro-S character of enantiotopic ligands in prochiral molecules.

We examined and discuss the proton- and deuterium-decoupled carbon-13 1D spectrum of a molecule, chiral by virtue of the isotopic substitution, dissolved in a chiral oriented medium which simultaneously exhibits chiral discrimination, enantiomeric enrichment and isotope effect. Using the 1-deutero-(2',3',4',5',6'-pentadeuterophenyl)phenylmethanol orientationally ordered in a chiral nematic liquid crystal as illustrative example, we point out three important features. First, we demonstrate that the absolute assignment of the pro-R/pro-S character may be derived from the absolute configuration of the isotopically chiral analogue. Second, we report evidence that isotopic effect on (13)C chemical shift anisotropy is negligible in a weakly orienting solvent. Third, we definitely establish that the molecular orientation of prochiral C(s) symmetry molecules and their parent compounds that are chiral by virtue of the isotopic substitution is the same.

Journal Article↗