Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Cancer detection”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 919 records · Page 51Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

[New methods of urinary bladder cancer detection at the early stage of the disease in patients of various ages].

In the sickness rate's structure of the malignant neoplasms the urological localization take 6.8 per cent (%). Among them 70% is cancer of the urinary organs. The average age of the patients with cancer of the urinary bladder is from 65.2 to 69.7 years old. The use of fluorescent cystoscopy allows to improve the quality of the diagnostics of the urinary bladder's mucous' neoplastic changes. It is illustrated that the fluorescent cystoscopy's sensitivity is 96.9-98.7% and exeeds the sensitivity of simple cystoscopy research method for more than 20%. Carcinoma in situ was found 2 times more often than with the help of traditional cystoscopy and "blind" biopsy. Carrying out urinary bladder's wall transuretral resection under the photodynamic control increases the radical character of the endoscopic operation and allows to reduce the quantity of cancer's relapses by decreasing the amount of residual tumors. The test examination (in a year after the operation) has shown that the tumor's recurrences were registered 2.2 times more seldom in those group of patients, which had the neoplasms extracted under the photodynamic control.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Evaluation of ultrasonography effectiveness in prostate cancer detection].

The database of examining 624 patients aged 49-85 were analyzed to define the diagnostic effectiveness of gray-scale, color and power Doppler transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS). Among them there are 473 (75.8%) cancer patients and 151 (24.2%) benign prostate diseases patients. All the patients underwent a transrectal ultrasound examination with multifocal biopsy. The gray-scale, color and power Doppler transrectal ultrasound examination has the diagnostic accuracy of 75,3%. At this the effectiveness of the method increases with the Gleason sum growing.

Aged↗
PubMed1986

Heterogeneity of cell surface antigen expression of human small cell lung cancer detected by monoclonal antibodies.

Using immunohistochemistry, radiobinding, and indirect immunofluorescence assays, seven distinct cell surface antigens, detected by monoclonal antibodies, were analyzed for the degree of homogeneity or heterogeneity of antigen expression on a panel of human small cell lung cancers. The panel included 7 tumors taken directly from patients, 21 established cell lines (9 of which were derived from different metastatic sites of 3 patients), and 33 clonal derivatives of 3 lines. With all assays, considerable heterogeneity of antigen expression between tumors from different patients was observed. In both fresh tumors and in cell lines, as well as in cell lines established from different metastatic sites in an individual patient, we observed intratumor heterogeneity finding antigen positive and negative cells and variation in antigenic density, by immunohistochemistry and indirect immunofluorescence assays. Antigenic expression was not cell cycle dependent. In addition, when cell lines or patient samples expressing antigen positive and antigen negative tumor cells were cloned, heterogeneity of antigenic expression was still present in the clonal lines. This suggests that either the expression of the antigen was not heritable and/or the ability to regenerate antigenic heterogeneity is an intrinsic property of the tumor cells. The heterogeneity of antigen expression on lung cancer cells has significant implications for the use of these and other monoclonal antibodies in the study and therapy of lung cancer.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed2000

Pancreatic cancer detection with magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: a prospective controlled study.

BACKGROUND: Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) is a non-invasive and increasingly used procedure in cases involving biliary and pancreatic diseases. However, the accuracy of MRCP in differential diagnosis between pancreatic cancer and chronic pancreatitis has never been documented in a large prospective controlled study. METHODS: 124 patients were recruited for the study, selected from 141 consecutive patients with an average age of 55 years (range 19-80) who presented to our department between February, 1996, and January, 1998, with a strong clinical suspicion of pancreatic cancer. MRCP images were interpreted by a radiologist and a gastroenterologist who were unaware of the clinical diagnosis of patients. The exact diagnosis was based upon histological evidence from biopsy examination (surgical and fine needle biopsy) or a follow-up of at least 12 months. FINDINGS: Of the 124 patients, 37 (30%) had pancreatic carcinoma; 17 (14%) had other neoplastic pancreatic diseases; 57 (46%) had chronic pancreatitis; 13 (10%) pancreatic ducts were clear. The sensitivity of MRCP with respect to diagnosing pancreatic cancer was 84% and its specificity 97%. The corresponding values for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) were 70% and 94%, respectively. INTERPRETATION: MRCP is as sensitive as ERCP when detecting pancreatic carcinomas. Furthermore, it is feasible to presume that the use of MRCP may prevent inappropriate explorations of the pancreatic and common bileducts in cases of suspected pancreatic carcinomas, where interventional endoscopic therapy (ie, palliative common-bileduct drainage) is unlikely.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Combined use of prostate-specific antigen derivatives decreases the number of unnecessary biopsies to detect prostate cancer.

The authors evaluated the prostate cancer detection rate in Turkish patients with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels of 4 ng/ml to 10 ng/ml and who had normal digital rectal examination (DRE) findings. They also aimed to evaluate the value of PSA density and percent free PSA in minimizing unnecessary prostate biopsies for these PSA ranges. This prospective study included 134 consecutive men referred for early prostate cancer detection or lower urinary tract symptoms. All men underwent transrectal ultrasound with systematic sextant needle biopsies. The ability of PSA density and percent free PSA to improve the power of PSA in the detection of prostate cancer was evaluated with statistical analyses as well as receiver operating characteristics curves. Among the 134 men, 124 (92.5%) had a benign histology and 10 (7.5%) had cancer diagnosed on the initial biopsies. Despite the disappointing results in regard to the sensitivity and specificity of PSA derivatives alone, the combination of PSA density and percent free PSA significantly increased the area under the curve compared with the use of each test alone. To increase the specificity of PSA in this patient population, the authors recommend combining two PSA derivatives in deciding whether to perform a biopsy. In a PSA range of 4 ng/ml to 10 ng/ml and with normal DRE, a percent free PSA < 21% and a PSA density > 0.18 yields highest specificity with 90% sensitivity.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1981

Basement membrane changes in breast cancer detected by immunohistochemical staining for laminin.

The distribution of the basement membrane glycoprotein laminin was studied by the immunoperoxidase technique in benign and malignant human breast tissue and in axillary lymph nodes from patients with breast cancer. An antiserum prepared against rat laminin was used. The specificity of this antiserum against human laminin was studied using the FL cell line of human epithelial-like cells derived from normal amniotic membrane. The antiserum reacted with these cells in immunoperoxidase staining and precipitated metabolically labeled secreted polypeptides which comigrated with polypeptides with molecular weights of 400,000 and 200,000 of rat laminin in sodium dodecyl sulfate:polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The neoplastic cells in malignant breast tissues showed strong cytoplasmic staining for laminin, and a positive reaction was aslo found in lymph node metastases. In some cases in which only micrometastases were present, these cells also stained strongly for laminin. In nonmalignant breast tissues, the epithelial cells of the duct were positive for laminin, but the staining was weaker than in the carcinomas. Pretreatment of the fixed tissue sections with trypsin markedly enhanced the staining of basement membranes for laminin. In trypsin-treated sections of normal breast tissue and benign lesions, the laminin staining delineated continuous basement membranes. In carcinomas representing the more differentiated types, basement membranes presumably produced by the tumor cells could be revealed by laminin staining, but they were thinner and discontinuous. The poorly differentiated carcinomas lacked organized basement membranes detectable by laminin staining. Our studies suggest that staining for laminin may be a useful adjunct test for detection of micrometatases in lymph nodes. The correlation of disintegration of the laminin-containing basement membranes of tumors with increasingly anaplastic appearance supports the notion that basement membranes may play a role in tumor invasion.

Basement Membrane↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Outcome of palliative care regimens in patients with advanced oesophageal cancer detected during explorative surgery.

BACKGROUND: The outcome of different palliative regimens was investigated in patients with incurable oesophageal carcinoma identified during surgical exploration. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between January 1992 and December 2002, 203 patients with oesophageal cancer underwent surgery after a standard staging procedure including computer tomography and endoscopic ultrasonography. The data from 78 patients, rendered incurable at exploration and who subsequently underwent palliative interventions, were analysed retrospectively. RESULTS: The median survival in the whole group was 8.9 (1-105) months. Patients treated with chemotherapy had a higher median survival of 11.6 months compared with that of the other palliatively-treated patients: 8.4 months (p=0.003). Overall, intraluminal stenting was the palliative measure of dysphagia in 25 patients (32.3%). CONCLUSION: Patients with incurable oesophageal carcinoma have a poor overall survival of less than 9 months. Stenting is frequently (32%) needed for ultimate palliation of dysphagia after primary treatment. In a selective group, palliative chemotherapy offered a survival benefit compared with other treatment modalities.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Clinical efficacy of prostate cancer detection using power doppler imaging in American and Japanese men.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to compare the detection rates of tumor vascular flow as measured by power Doppler imaging (PDI) in 2 populations and to determine whether PDI can reduce the number of unnecessary prostate biopsies in men with serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) concentrations less than 10.1 ng/ml. METHODS: The patient populations were Japanese (group 1) and American (group 2) men with either serum PSA concentrations of 4.1-10.0 ng/ml or abnormal findings on digital rectal examination (DRE) plus PSA concentrations less than 4.1 ng/ml. We compared the overall diagnostic accuracy of DRE, gray-scale transrectal sonography (TRUS), and PDI between the 2 groups. RESULTS: In total, 275 men were studied, 154 in group 1 and 121 in group 2. Cancer was identified in 27% of men in group 1 and in 60% of group 2. Men with cancer in both groups differed significantly in age, peripheral zone volume, and mean number of positive biopsy cores. The sensitivity and specificity of PDI in group 2 were significantly inferior to those in group 1. The negative predictive value (NPV) of PDI was significantly higher for group 1 than for group 2. The NPV of PDI in group 1 was equivalent to that for the combination of DRE and TRUS, whereas the NPV for PDI in group 2 was significantly inferior to that of DRE and TRUS. CONCLUSIONS: Tumor vascularity could be detected by PDI more effectively in Japanese men with cancer than in American men with cancer. We hypothesize that this difference was a result of larger cancer volumes and smaller prostates in the Japanese men. PDI did not provide any performance advantage over DRE and TRUS in avoiding unnecessary biopsies.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

O(6)-methylguanine methyltransferase in colorectal cancers: detection of mutations, loss of expression, and weak association with G:C>A:T transitions.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: O(6)-methylguanine methyltransferase (MGMT) repairs inappropriately methylated guanine in DNA. MGMT mutations have not previously been reported in cancers, but in colorectal tumours MGMT promoter methylation is common and has been associated with increased G:C>A:T transitions, a high frequency of K-ras mutations, and low level microsatellite instability (MSI low). However, some have suggested that MGMT changes are background or secondary events, with little importance for tumorigenesis. METHODS: We have analysed fresh frozen colorectal cancers and colorectal cancer cell lines for MGMT changes: mutations, allelic loss, and protein expression. RESULTS: Six of 113 cancers harboured somatic missense MGMT mutations, at least three of which probably caused reduced MGMT function and were accompanied by silencing or loss of the wild-type allele. Cancers with pathogenic MGMT mutations tended to harbour G:C>A:T somatic mutations at other loci. Overall, MGMT expression was reduced or lost in more than half of the cancers. We found no association between MGMT expression and the somatic mutation spectrum at APC, beta-catenin, K-ras, or p53, but decreased MGMT expression was weakly associated with the presence of a G:C>A:T change at any one of these loci. Reduced MGMT expression was not however associated with an increased frequency of K-ras mutations or with MSI low. CONCLUSION: In summary, we found that mutation of MGMT contributes to decreased protein function. Our findings provide good evidence to show that MGMT changes, including methylation, are selected rather than background events, at least in some cases. Decreased MGMT expression or function probably has a weak or moderate effect on the mutation spectrum in colorectal cancers.

Cell Line, Tumor↗
PubMed2006

Sustaining a safety net breast and cervical cancer detection program.

For the past six years, the Chicago-area faith-based Reach Out Consortium has mobilized low-income uninsured and underinsured African American women and Latinas to seek screening for breast and cervical cancer. The funding history for this program illustrates how funds for a small community-based program were leveraged into a broader program, and that grew to serve low-income women across the state. Further, as the program reached more and more uninsured women, community activism led to a further state investment in services for the uninsured. Program sustainability and expansion depended on a combination of public and private competitive grants and grassroots advocacy.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The contribution of endocervical smears to cervical cancer detection.

Data from a Colposcopy Clinic have been presented in which endocervical and cervical smears were evaluated in singly and in combination for accuracy and effectiveness. In patients with marked dysplasia, carcinoma in situ and early invasive cancer, false negative results rarely occurred using either cervical or endocervical smears; more false negatives were encountered in the minimal to moderate dysplasia group of lesions. Endocervical smears were found to be unreliable in determining the distribution of cervical neoplasia when correlated with endocervical curettage specimens. These smears contributed little as supplemental screening procedures for early cervical neoplasia since less procedures for early cervical neoplasia since less than three per cent of lesions would have been missed had only a cervical scrape smear been performed. It should be pointed out, however, that this was a young population in which cervical eversion with exposure of endocervical tissue and the neoplastic lesions was the rule. The accuracy of endocervical aspiration and endocervical swab techniques was similar although there was a much higher proportion of unsatisfactory specimens with the dry cotton swab technique.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Prevalence of mycoplasma conserved DNA in malignant ovarian cancer detected using sensitive PCR-ELISA.

Mycoplasmas are tiny polymorphic prokaryotic organisms (0.2-0.3 microm) that lack a cell wall and reside ubiquitously at the cell membrane or internalized into the cell. The organisms have been implicated in many diseases including functioning as cofactors catalyzing the HIV disease state. The oncogenic potential of mycoplasmas was only recently realized when they were shown to cause chromosomal changes and in vitro cell transformations through gradual progressive chromosomal loss and translocations. While a recent study linked mycoplasmas with gastric cancer, the association between mycoplasmas and ovarian cancer has not been established. Recently, a commercial assay which combined polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods was developed for the detection of mycoplasmas. The present objective was to determine the prevalence of mycoplasmas in archived paraffin-embedded malignant ovarian cancer tissue. The combined PCR-ELISA procedure was used with consensus primers targeting for 15 species of mycoplasmas and acholeplasmas. Archived human malignant ovarian cancer tissues (N = 27 cases) embedded in paraffin blocks were processed, and DNA was extracted and the presence of DNA verified. The extracted DNA specimens were randomly divided into three groups for analyses. PCR-ELISA assays were performed on extracted DNA together with appropriate negative and positive controls. The results showed mycoplasmas were present in 59.3% of the malignant ovarian cancer specimens. PCR-ELISA analysis of Neisseria gonorrhea and Chlamydia trachomatis controls did not produce cross-reacting false-positive results. The results suggest an association between mycoplasmas and malignant ovarian cancer. A 59.3% prevalence rate was demonstrated for mycoplasmas in paraffin-embedded ovarian cancer tissues. The mechanism involved in oncogenesis by mycoplasmas remains to be elucidated.

DNA, Bacterial↗
PubMed1987

[Improvement of practical assistance to public health facilities in detecting cancer pathology].

Weekly consultations have been offered to general public at the Institute since 1982. This resulted in a spontaneous distribution of patients into high-risk groups on the basis of psychological considerations. The rate of neoplasm detection has grown to 4.2%, while that of gynecological malignancies--to 7.34%, which marks a considerable increase as compared to traditional screenings (0.03-0.06%). The said consultations have assured sizeable economic gains.

Consultants↗
PubMed1985

Cobalt-57 bleomycin scanning for lung cancer detection: a prospective study in thoracic surgery.

Patients displaying an abnormal chest X-ray, in some cases, cause a difficult diagnostic problem. A differential diagnosis between benign and malignant lesions is important to determine the choice of treatment i.e. whether or not to perform a thoracotomy. In a prospective study, we have examined the role of 57Co-bleomycin scanning for prethoracotomy assessment of 60 patients with a high clinical probability of lung cancer. For these patients, a sensitivity of 89%, a specificity of 84% and an accuracy of 88% were found. However, as a consequence of the six false-negative scans (two in-situ carcinomas and four stage I carcinomas), bleomycin scanning cannot be regarded as adequate for obviating thoracotomy in patients with a high clinical probability of lung cancer but a negative scan. Nevertheless, the technique is useful for the assessment of tumour size and for the detection of hilar, mediastinal and extra-thoracic metastases, with consequences for TNM staging. It has been found that the tumour dimension correlates well with the actual anatomo-pathologic size determined after surgical examination (r2 = 0.65 and p less than 0.01). Therefore, with an accuracy around 90% for the diagnosis of lung cancer, 57Co-bleomycin scanning offers a major tool for use in clinical investigation.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1997

Microsatellite-based cancer detection using capillary array electrophoresis and energy-transfer fluorescent primers.

The development of sensitive, rapid, and accurate methods and apparatus for high-throughput short tandem repeat (STR) analysis will be critical for the use of microsatellite alteration in cancer screening. Here we show that STR-based bladder cancer diagnosis can be performed using capillary array electrophoresis and two-color labeling with energy-transfer (ET) fluorescent primers. Rapid (< or = 35 min) separations are achieved on capillary arrays using replaceable separation matrices and the allelic ratios are quantitatively determined with a precision of +/- 10%. With this precision, a variation of 20% was considered diagnostically significant. These methods provide a significant improvement in the speed, ease, and precision of STR analyses compared to slab gel electrophoresis.

DNA, Neoplasm↗
PubMed2001

Prostate cancer detection in veterans with a history of Agent Orange exposure.

PURPOSE: Agent Orange, a chemical that was widely used in the Vietnam War as a defoliant, is widely accepted as a health hazard but its potential causative role in prostate cancer has been controversial. We evaluated the rate of prostate cancer in veterans referred for prostate biopsy who reported a history of Agent Orange exposure compared to the rate in veterans who denied such exposure. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 400 consecutive veterans referred for prostate needle biopsy in a 30-month period completed a survey regarding Agent Orange exposure. Of these 400 patients 32 (8%) reported previous exposure to Agent Orange. From the remaining 368 patients who denied Agent Orange exposure 3 consecutive age matched controls were selected per each patient reporting exposure for a total of 96 age matched controls. Prostate specific antigen, prostate cancer, cancer grade and length of cancer in the biopsy cores were compared in Agent Orange exposed patients and unexposed controls. To determine whether the patient population referred for biopsy was skewed by proportionally more exposed and referred than unexposed patients those referred for biopsy were compared to the overall adult male veteran population followed at the outpatient clinics at our facility. RESULTS: Of the 32 Agent Orange exposed patients 13 (41%) had prostate cancer, while 33 of the 96 controls (34.4%) had cancer. There was no correlation of Agent Orange exposure with cancer (r = 0.06). There was also no statistically significant difference in the 2 groups in regard to PSA (p = 0.90), cancer (p = 0.15), proportion of well differentiated cancers (p = 0.41) or length of cancer in the biopsy cores (p = 0.34). Compared with the total adult male veteran population followed on an outpatient basis at our facility an average of 1.07% of those with a history of Agent Orange exposure were referred for prostate biopsy yearly versus 1.33% of unexposed patients. CONCLUSIONS: Agent Orange may have a role in the causation of some types of cancer but we identified no significant relationship of prostate cancer with Agent Orange exposure in patients referred for prostate biopsy.

2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid↗