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PubMed2001

Effect of ammonium chloride on Biomphalaria alexandrina and on its infection with Schistosoma mansoni and Echinostoma liei miracidia.

Ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) has molluscicidal activity against B. alexandrina. The LC50 and LC90 recorded of this salt were found to be 90 ppm and 130 ppm, respectively. Maintaining of B. alexandrina at low concentrations of NH4Cl (5, 10, 15 and 20 ppm) greatly reduced their survival rate and fecundity. The net reproductive rate (Ro) [sigmaIx Mx] was deleteriously affected. This rate was significantly reduced than that of control snails in all tested snail groups. The reduction in Ro was 86.9%, 90.8%, 93.9% and 96.9%, respectively. The susceptibility of B. alexandrina to infection with S. mansoni and E. liei miracidia and infectivity of these two parasites were greatly reduced. Increasing the salt concentration increased this reduction. The magnitude of reduction in infection rate was lower in case of E. liei than that in S. mansoni indicating that E. liei is more tolerant to the effect of this salt than S. mansoni.

Ammonium Chloride↗
PubMed2001

Effect of various foods on Biomphalaria alexandrina and Bulinus truncatus and their susceptibility to schistosome miracidia.

The tested foods are tropical fish food (tetramine), rat food, blue green algae, dried lettuce leaves and a mixture of all these foods. The results indicated that feeding of B. alexandrina on a mixture of foods increased their growth and survival rates and their susceptibility to S. mansoni. Tetramine elevated the egg-laying capacity of snails compared to other tested foods. The hatchability of eggs of B. alexandrina fed on algae for a period of 16 weeks showed the highest rate followed by snails fed on a mixture of foods and then tetramine. B. truncatus maintained on a mixture of foods for 16 weeks, exhibited an increase in their growth, egg-laying, survival rates and recorded the highest infection rate with S. haematobium than other foods. Among the used foods, the hatchability of eggs of B. truncatus fed on tetramine for 16 weeks was the highest one.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1975

Control of snail hosts of bilharziasis in Egypt. 2. Effect of triphenyltin hydroxide (Du-Ter) on carbohydrate metabolism of the snails Biomphalaria alexandria and Bulinus tuncatus.

Previous work has shown that the aerobic oxidation of certain intermediates of Krebs cycle by the snail B. alexandrina and B. truncatusis inhibited by TPT. This paper reports data on the effect of TPT on glucose utilization, glycolysis, glycogen content, and glucone ogenesis in snail tissue preparations. The compounds at its LC50 inhibited gluconeogenesis, stimulated glycolysis and markedly reduced the glycogen content and glucose utilization in both snails. However, the effects were more pronounced in B. truncatus than in B. alexandrina. Possible interpretations of these findings are discussed with reference to published arrangements for regulation of gluconeogenesis and glycolysis, coupling of electorn transport to ATP synthesis and also to our present knowledge of the chemical and biological specificity of TPT.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

[Influence of EDTA on growth and reproduction of Biomphalaria glabrata (author's transl)].

The influence of EDTA on B. glabrata has been investigated. Newly hatched snails were exposed to concentrations of EDTA from 1 to 64 ppm, and young (diameter of 6 mm) snails to concentrations of 50, 80 and 100 ppm, for periods of 90 days. Fifty percent reduction of egg productivity has been caused by concentration of 16 ppm of EDTA while 50% of mortality has occurred at about 70 ppm. The calcium and iron content both in treated and non-treated young snails have been estimated by atomic absorption photometry. The uptake of calcium was 40, 83 and 90% less for calcium and 37, 77 and 81% less for iron as compared with the untreated group. The calcium content of the shell was 5--15 times greater than that of the soft body, while the iron content of those two parts was in the proportion of 1:1. These proportions were maintained constant in the treated and non-treated groups. The interference of increasing concentrations of EDTA has resulted in the proportional reduction of growth-rate, reproduction rate and of longevity of the exposed snails.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Effect of Allium cepa and Allium sativum feeding on glucose, glycogen, protein bands profile and phenol oxidase activity in Biomphalaria alexandrina.

Feeding B. alexandrina on onion and garlic powder (Allium cepa and Allium sativum) separately exert some biological and biochemical changes. The effect of the two plants on glucose and glycogen which are the energy fuel of the snails, and on phenol oxidase (PO) activity after 1, 2, 3 and 7 days were studied. Different protein bands were separated from the control and treated snails haemolymph after 24 hours and one week by using SDS-electrophoresis. The study revealed that glucose and glycogen were decreased significantly after feeding on onion and garlic. Also phenol oxidase (PO) activity was highly significantly decreased after 2 and 7 days of feeding on garlic while feeding on onion decreased the activity of the enzyme at all periods. Data obtained from SDS-electrophoresis showed variations in the different protein bands reflect the enzymatic change in the snails' tissue. So, the snails' fecundity may be reduced and in turn disturb the life cycle of schistosome parasite.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Molluscicidal activities of certain pesticide and their mixtures against Biomphalaria alexandrina.

The niclosamide and uccmaluscide proved to be the most effective compounds, followed by copper sulphate. The second category of efficiency includes the anilofos, isoprothiolane and fluazifop-P-butyl. Moreover, Butachlor herbicide was the least potent compound. In general, the specific molluscicides showed more efficiency than the conventional tested herbicides and fungicides on treated snails. Pre-exposure to 1/10 LC50 of anilofos, butachlor and isoprothiolane showed synergistic effects to uccmaluscide. However, the same treatment with 1/10 LC50 of fluazifop-P-butyl, isoprothiolane and butachlor gave additive effect to copper sulphate and niclosamide on treated snails. Data indicated that when butachlor, anilofos, fluazifop-P-butyl or isoprothiolane added to copper sulphate at the ratios of 10:40, 20:30 of LC50 as well as anilofos when added to copper sulphate at 30:20 showed synergism in activity against snails. On the contrary, the tested mixtures with niclosamide resulted in antagonistic action, while pesticide uccmaluscide mixtures showed synergistic effect, except isoprothiolane-uccmaluscide mixture at ratio 40:10 of LC50 showed additive effect on snails. Determination of niclosamide by gas chromatography, indicated that niclosamide showed relatively slower degradation either in the case of niclosamide or it's mixture with butachlor. Meanwhile, it's mixture with anilofos or fluazifop-p-butyl or isoprothiolane showed rapid degradation.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Effect of Echinostoma liei infection on alterations of protein content and some enzymes in Biomphalaria alexandrina snails.

The survival rate and fecundity of B. alexandrina were greatly reduced when exposed to E. liei miracidia. Also, exposure of B. alexandrina snails to E. liei miracidia induced a disruption in the snail metabolism and this effect was more pronounced in 20-days post-miracidial exposure group than in 10-days group. Protein content was significantly reduced in all exposed snail groups than in the control group. A significant elevation in the levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) enzymes was recorded also in exposed snails than unexposed ones (control snails). The results indicated also that there were significant increases in the levels of acid and alkaline phosphatases enzymes in exposed snails.

Alanine Transaminase↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Experimental Schistosomiases. I. Study of S. mansoni fecondity as regards to its adaptation to different Biomphalaria glabrata strains (author's transl)].

We compared the infestation of different strains of B. glabrata from Brasil (Recife). Guadeloupe, Martinique and Porto-Rico with 6 to 8 miracidia of S. mansoni (from Recife. We noted the four following points: 1. The planorbid snails from Martinique and Guadeloupe had a low resistance to infestation. 2. The guadeloupean snails showed the lesser rate of positivity and the lower medium amount of emitted cercaries but, in the four strains of snails, the level of the issued cercaries is quite the same. 3. many planorbid snails in the groups studied during more than 2 months, showed significant periodic variations in the emission of cercaries, We thought that those variations might be caused by the alternate maturations of sporocysts born from the same miracidium or from different miracidia. 4. Infestation by S. mansoni had a strong effect on fecondity of the snails but the laid eggs had a normal development.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1979

The influence of temperature, darkness, and starvation on growth and survival of Helisoma duryi, Biomphalaria alexandrina and Bulinus truncatus.

The influence of 10 degrees, 18 degrees, 26 degrees, 28 degrees and 33 degrees C, different periods of complete darkness and starvation on growth and survival of H. duryi, B. alexandrina and B. truncatus were studied. The optimum temperature for the growth and survival was about 26 degrees C. Survivorship and growth rates decreased proportionately according to starvation period. However, darkness had no significant effect on the growth of B. truncatus and H. duryi. Under the chosen experimental conditions H. duryi revealed higher tolerance limits and survival rates than B. alexandrina and B. truncatus. The potential of H. duryi as biological control agent of Schistosome vector snails is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Molluscicidal effect of fungicide, herbicide and plant extract on some biological and physiological parameters of Biomphalaria alexandrina.

In was found that the exposure of B. alexandrina to LC25 of fungicide (Isoprothiolane), herbicide (Anilofos) and plant extract (Euphorbia lactea) led to highly significantly elevated in the number of abnormal egg masses laid by treated snails in comparison with the control ones. The LC25 caused reduction in infection rate of B. alexandrina. It caused reduction in number of cercariae per snail during the patent period and reduction in the period of cercarial shedding. The results obtained showed that adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity of tissue of snails was significantly increased in response to tested substances. The activity level of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). pyruvate kinase (PK) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxy kinase (PEPCK) was significantly reduced in response to treatment. This reduction does not reflect on both D. lactate and pyruvate concentrations.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Effect of two herbicides on some biological and biochemical parameters of Biomphalaria alexandrina.

The herbicides, Butachlor and Fluazifop-p-butyl were evaluated against B. alexandrina and their infection with S. mansoni, as well as against the miracidia and cercariae. The tested herbicides reduced the survival and infection rates of B. alexandrina by 28% and 35.71% for Butachlor and 50% and 64% for Fluazifop-p-butyl, respectively. These herbicides significantly reduced the production and duration of cercairal shedding per infected snails. The mortality rates of miracidia and cercariae were elevated gradually by increasing the sub-lethal concentrations of herbicides being 63% and 62%, respectively, after 6 hours of exposure to 6.5 ppm of Butachlor. The protein, glycogen and lipid contents in the snail Soft tissues were significantly reduced. There was a significant elevation in the levels of acid and alkaline phosphatases in haemolymph of snails exposed to Butachlor, 0.05 and 0.48 u/mg protein, respectively.

Acetanilides↗