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PubMed1995

Factors predicting continued high-risk behavior among gay men in small cities: psychological, behavioral, and demographic characteristics related to unsafe sex.

Nearly 6,000 men entering gay bars in 16 small American cities were anonymously surveyed to assess their sexual behavior and to determine predictors of risky sexual practices. Excluding individuals in long-term exclusive relationships, 27% of the men reported engaging in unprotected anal intercourse in the past 2 months. Factors strongly predictive of risk included having a large number of different male partners, estimating oneself to be at greater risk, having weak intentions to use condoms at next intercourse, believing that safer sex is not an expected norm within one's peer reference group, being of younger age, and having less education. These findings indicate that HIV prevention efforts are urgently needed for gay men in smaller cities, with efforts particularly focused on young and less educated men sexually active with multiple partners. Prevention should focus on strengthening intentions to change behavior and on changing social norms to foster safer sex.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1999

Developmental psychopathology and the reciprocal patterning of behavior and environment: distinctive situational and behavioral signatures of internalizing, externalizing, and mixed-syndrome children.

In contrast to assessment approaches that conceptualize traits as generalized response tendencies, this research develops a conditional approach that conceptualizes traits as patterns of relations between contexts and behaviors. Using extensive observations of social interactions, this study investigated internalizing, externalizing, and mixed-syndrome children identified by T. M. Achenbach's (1993) measures. Children in these groups differed in the patterning of their responses to social contexts and in the likelihood of encountering them. Mixed-syndrome children showed a distinctive behavior pattern consisting of aggressive and withdrawn responses to nonaversive contexts. The results demonstrate how measures of overall tendencies confound person and environment influences and obscure differences between children that are revealed by contextualized measures. The need to incorporate contexts more fully into clinical assessment is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Behavioral medicine and clinical health psychology: introduction to the special issue, a view from the decade of behavior.

This collection of articles follows prior special issues on behavioral medicine published in the Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology in 1982 and 1992. From the vantage point of the Decade of Behavior, the field has grown in scope, depth of basic science foundations, and evidence of applied utility. Yet many challenges remain-especially in addressing a wide range of health problems across diverse populations and in a health care context characterized by rapid changes in technology and by a growing concern with costs and evidence-based practice.

Behavioral Medicine↗
PubMed1983

Reactance and the coronary-prone behavior pattern: the role of self-attribution in responses to reduced behavioral freedom.

An experiment is reported that explored the role of self-attributional differences as mediators of reactions to threats to control in Type A and Type B individuals. Both Type A and Type B subjects were placed in a choice elimination reactance paradigm. In addition to the standard control and choice elimination conditions, subjects were induced to attribute having a choice among evaluated items either to themselves or to the situation prior to experiencing the elimination of choice. Reactance was measured by the subjects' reevaluations of the eliminated choice alternative. Results indicated that when a behavioral freedom is blocked, without manipulating attributions, only Type As experienced reactance. When subjects were induced to attribute having a choice to themselves, the magnitude of the reactance responses increased for both Type As and Type Bs. In contrast, when Type As and Type Bs were induced to attribute having choice to the situation, neither group reacted to the loss of choice. These results are integrated with previous findings on the coronary-prone behavior pattern.

Choice Behavior↗
PubMed2000

The medial preoptic area, necessary for adult maternal behavior in rats, is only partially established as a component of the neural circuit that supports maternal behavior in juvenile rats.

To determine whether the neurons of the medial preoptic area (MPOA) are necessary for pup-induced maternal behavior (MB) in juvenile and adult rats, subjects received bilateral injections of the neurotoxin N-Methyl-D-Aspartic acid into the MPOA. Controls were intact or were sham treated by surgical placement of the syringe barrel. The rats were then induced into MB by constant pup exposure. Starting at 27 (juvenile) or 60 (adult) days of age, rats were tested for MB for 12 consecutive days. After histological analysis, rats were categorized as having either large or small lesions of the MPOA. In juveniles, large lesions of the MPOA blocked retrieval and impaired nest-building, but crouching behavior was unaffected; small lesions had no effect on MB. In contrast, in adults, large or small lesions severely impaired all components of MB. The results suggest that in juvenile rats, the role of the MPOA neurons in MB is only partially established, whereas by 60 days of age, the unsubstitutable role of the MPOA in the neural circuit that mediates MB is fully established.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2003

Repetitive behaviors in chronic schizophrenia: using the Japanese version of the Elgin Behavior Rating Scale (JEBRS).

The main aim of this study was to test the reliability and value of the Japanese Elgin Behavior Rating Scale (JEBRS) with 92 schizophrenia patients. Cronbach's alpha for the JEBRS was 0.61. All inter-rater reliability coefficients were in the satisfactory range. The JEBRS had a high stability over time. Almost all of the correlations among the nine item scores and total score in the JEBRS were significant. The total score for nine repetitive behaviors in the JEBRS was positively correlated with positive and negative symptoms. This study showed that the JEBRS is a useful and reliable scale.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sexual activity, sexual disorders and associated help-seeking behavior among mature adults in five Anglophone countries from the Global Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Behaviors (GSSAB).

We conducted a telephone survey during 2001-2002 to investigate sexual behavior, sexual dysfunction, and related help-seeking behavior in five Anglophone countries. In total, 5,998 individuals (2,992 men and 3,006 women) aged 40-80 years in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand completed the survey. The majority of subjects were sexually active, and although many men and women had experienced sexual dysfunctions, few had sought medical care for these dysfunctions. Further investigation is required to determine whether national differences in the prevalence of sexual dysfunctions are due to genetic predisposition, health factors, cultural perception or socioeconomic situation.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed2000

The longitudinal effects of a rape-prevention program on fraternity men's attitudes, behavioral intent, and behavior.

Rape myth acceptance, likelihood of raping, and sexually coercive behavior of 145 fraternity men randomly assigned to a control group or a rape-prevention program were surveyed. One third of 23 fraternities on a mid-Atlantic public university campus volunteered to participate in the study. The rape-prevention intervention consisted of "the men's program," a victim empathy-based presentation titled "How to help a sexual assault survivor: What men can do." Although no evidence of change in sexually coercive behavior was found, significant 7-month declines in rape myth acceptance and the likelihood of committing rape were shown among program participants. In the case of rape myth acceptance, the 7-month decrement remained lower in the participant group than in the control group. Implications of using these initial findings from the men's program for rape-prevention programming are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Gender, knowledge about AIDS, reported behavioral change, and the sexual behavior of college students.

This article reports on an analysis of the relationships among knowledge about AIDS, self-reported changes in sexual behavior, and independent measures of those behaviors--condom use, coital frequency, and number of partners. The sample consisted of 195 sexually active, heterosexual college students attending a northeastern state university in spring 1988. With other relevant variables held constant, statistically significant associations in the predicted direction were found between knowledge and reported change and each of the dependent variables among the men, especially the men not involved in relationships. Among women, however, the only significant association was that between reporting the beginning of condom use and the frequency with which condoms were used in the past year. Possible reasons for these gender differences are discussed.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1985

What is behavior therapy? A very short description of behavioral weight control.

Behavior therapy of obesity is very widely used and is the subject of numerous reports in the medical literature. The background of this therapy is described and a table lists the 49 most commonly used elements of behavioral weight control as abstracted from five of the most widely read publications on the topic.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1985

The MRFIT behavior pattern study. II. Type A behavior and incidence of coronary heart disease.

Behavior pattern was assessed by interview for 3,110 men at eight centers in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (1973-1976). The Type A pattern was not significantly associated with risk of first major coronary events (coronary death and definite nonfatal myocardial infarction) after a mean follow-up of 7.1 years. Crude relative risks for Types A1-A2 versus X-B were 1.08 in usual care, 0.82 in special intervention, and 0.92 overall. Adjustment for age, blood pressure, cigarette smoking, serum cholesterol, consumption of alcohol, and educational attainment yielded relative risks of 0.99 in usual care, 0.81 in special intervention, and 0.87 overall (95% confidence interval = 0.59-1.28). The Jenkins Activity Survey Type A score, obtained for 12,772 men at all 22 centers, was also not significantly associated with risk of first major coronary events. Overall, crude risks in the lowest (Type B) through highest (Type A) quintiles of the score's distribution were 5.0%, 4.4%, 4.0%, 4.3%, and 4.1%, respectively. The proportional hazards regression coefficient, adjusted for the variables listed above, was -0.006 (95% confidence interval = -0.015-0.003). These results raise questions regarding the robustness of the Type A hypothesis in its present form. Further studies are needed to investigate these questions and to evaluate the validity of procedures used to assess behavior patterns.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Cluster analysis of maternal characteristics and perceptions of child behavior problems in a behavioral pediatrics practice.

Mothers bringing their children to a behavioral pediatrics clinic vary considerably in terms of concerns about their children, their own emotional status, and their sense of familial and social support. Knowledge of these factors may enhance differential diagnosis and advise treatment decisions. Mothers of 90 children ages 6-12 years completed the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), Mental Health Inventory (MHI), Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS), and Health Concerns Questionnaire before their initial appointment. Cluster analysis revealed four groups of mothers that varied in their apparent motivation for seeking assistance. These groups included advice-seeking mothers, mothers that had concerns about the medical well-being of their children, mothers that were overwhelmed by their current circumstances, and mothers whose concerns about their dyadic relationships may have been displaced onto their children. The study findings support the use of cluster analysis in clinical research. Future research could focus on the specific intervention needs of these different types of families.

Child↗
PubMed2003

Are heart disease patients more likely to have healthy lifestyle behaviors? Results from the 2000 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey.

BACKGROUND: Our objective was to determine whether persons with coronary heart disease (CHD) were more likely to engage in healthy lifestyle behaviors (HLBs) than persons without CHD. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. METHODS: Data from the 2000 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) (n=35,677) were analyzed. HLBs included maintaining an ideal body weight (body mass index < 25.0), eating five or more fruits and vegetables daily, performing at least 30 minutes of leisure time physical activity (LTPA) at least five times per week and non-smokers (former and never smokers). Logistic regression was used to determine whether persons with CHD were more likely to engage in all four HLBs than persons without CHD after adjusting for age, sex, race and education. RESULTS: Only 6.3% of persons with CHD and 6.8% among persons without CHD engaged in all four HLBs. In the crude analysis, persons with CHD were 10% less likely than persons without CHD to engage in all four HLBs [odds ratio (OR)=0.9; 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.7-1.3]. After adjusting for covariates, persons with CHD were equally as likely to engage in all four HLBs as persons without CHD (OR=1.0; 95% CI=0.7-1.3). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, only a small proportion of persons engaged in all four HLBs. After adjusting for covariates, persons with CHD were just as likely as persons without CHD to engage in all four HLBs. Additional efforts are needed to increase the proportion of adults engaging in all four HLBs, particularly among persons with CHD.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Understanding biological and social influences on religious affiliation, attitudes, and behaviors: a behavior genetic perspective.

Although the transmission of religiousness has been assumed to be purely cultural, behavior genetic studies have demonstrated that genetic factors play a role in the individual differences in some religious traits. This article reviews the extant behavior genetic literature and presents new analyses from the "Virginia 30,000" on the causes of variation in religious affiliation, attitudes, and practices, and relates these to personality as construed by Eysenck. Results indicate that religious affiliation is primarily a culturally transmitted phenomenon, whereas religious attitudes and practices are moderately influenced by genetic factors. Further, Eysenck's personality traits do not mediate genetic influences on religiousness, but significant negative genetic correlations are found between church attendance and liberal sexual attitudes. Implications and possibilities for future studies are discussed.

Attitude↗
PubMed1997

Genetics and developmental psychopathology: 2. The main effects of genes and environment on behavioral problems in the Virginia Twin Study of Adolescent Behavioral Development.

Little is known about the contribution of genetic and environmental factors to risk for juvenile psychopathology. The Virginia Twin Study of Adolescent Behavioral Development allows these contributions to be estimated. A population-based, unselected sample of 1412 Caucasian twin pairs aged 8-16 years was ascertained through Virginia schools. Assessment of the children involved semi-structured face-to-face interviews with both twins and both parents using the Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment (CAPA). Self-report questionnaires were also completed by parents, children, and teachers. Measures assessed DSM-III-R symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Conduct Disorder, Oppositional Defiant Disorder, Overanxious Disorder, Separation Anxiety, and Depressive Disorder. Factorially derived questionnaire scales were also extracted. Scores were normalized and standardized by age and sex. Maximum likelihood methods were used to estimate contributions of additive and nonadditive genetic effects, the shared and unique environment, and sibling imitation or contrast effects. Estimates were tested for heterogeneity over sexes. Generally, monozygotic (MZ) twins correlated more highly than dizygotic (DZ) twins, parental ratings more than child ratings, and questionnaire scales more highly than interviews. DZ correlations were very low for measures of ADHD and DZ variances were greater than MZ variances for these variables. Correlations sometimes differed between sexes but those for boy-girl pairs were usually similar to those for like-sex pairs. Most of the measures showed small to moderate additive genetic effects and moderate to large effects of the unique individual environment. Measures of ADHD and related constructs showed marked sibling contrast effects. Some measures of oppositional behavior and conduct disorder showed shared environmental effects. There were marked sex differences in the genetic contribution to separation anxiety, otherwise similar genetic effects appear to be expressed in boys and girls. Effects of rater biases on the genetic analysis are considered. The study supports a widespread influence of genetic factors on risk to adolescent psychopathology and suggests that the contribution of different types of social influence may vary consistently across domains of measurement.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Behavioral history as a determinant of the effects of d-amphetamine on punished behavior.

Food-maintained responding by four squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) was suppressed by the presentation of electric shock (punishment). Two of these monkeys were experimentally naive and two had a history of responding maintained by both shock-postponement and shock-presentation schedules. In accord with earlier studies, d-amphetamine did not increase punished responding by naive monkeys. However, it did increase punished responding in the others. Subsequently, d-amphetamine also increased punished responding by the initially naive monkeys after they were trained under a shock-postponement schedule. Even though not evident in current behavior, an organism's prior experience can influence the behavioral effects of drugs.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Risking everything? Risk behavior, behavior change, and AIDS.

Inquiry into the determinants of risk-related sexual behavior is important for the development of interventions to reduce the incidence of new cases of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Recent social and behavioral research has revealed much about the individual and social factors influencing risk-taking. Findings from these studies have been important in the development of new educational and community-based interventions for communities at risk in the developed and developing worlds.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗