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At least 919 records · Page 51Linked to original sources
PubMed1977

Occult rupture of a main stem bronchus.

This report described a patient with multiple injuries in whom a major bronchial tear was not diagnosed early because the lung reexpanded initially. When pulmonary sepsis intervened and the bronchial injury was discovered, repair could not be accomplished because of continuing sepsis. The case emphasizes the need for early bronchoscopic evaluation in suspected bronchial injury even in the face of multiple other injuries which may draw the focus of attention away from a correctible bronchial disruption.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Histopathologic evaluation of application of labeled neoglycoproteins in primary bronchus carcinoma.

Neoglycoproteins are readily available conjugates of a histochemically inert carrier protein and histochemically crucial carbohydrate moieties which are covalently attached to the carrier protein by chemical synthesis. Biotinylation renders these conjugates detectable in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections of human lung cancer by standard staining protocols, thereby localizing endogenous receptors for carbohydrate moieties. Examination of 30 cases of main types of human lung cancer revealed the presence of alpha-fucosyl-, alpha-mannosyl-, and alpha-glucosyl-specific receptors in adenocarcinomas or epidermoid carcinomas with high positivity rates. The extent of the expression of receptors for alpha- and beta-galactosides appeared to be comparatively lower. Within the standard protocol, using a concentration of the biotinylated probes of 10 micrograms/mL, this panel of probes consistently failed to detect endogenous sugar receptors in ten cases of small cell anaplastic carcinoma of the lung. Whereas none of the sections from the tumor cases bound the sulfated fucan fucoidan, the accompanying inflammatory cells, especially the granulocytes, expressed receptors for the sulfated fucan. Pronounced labeling for macrophages was observed for the alpha-galactoside-specific probe, whereas no binding to inflammatory cells and pneumocytes was detectable for the beta-galactoside-specific probe. The results indicate that expression of endogenous receptors for neoglycoproteins may be useful in discriminating between small cell and non-small cell lung carcinoma and carcinomatous cells from accompanying inflammatory cells.

Carbohydrate Metabolism↗
PubMed1994

Prognostic importance of human papilloma virus typing in squamous cell papilloma of the bronchus: comparison of in situ hybridization and the polymerase chain reaction.

Thirty-one solitary bronchial squamous cell papillomas (SCPs) with variable degrees of dysplasia, one combined with larynx papilloma and small cell carcinoma in the contralateral lung, and 12 papillomas combined with invasive squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) were investigated for the presence of human papilloma virus (HPV) DNA by in situ hybridization (ISH) and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Benign SCPs showed an association with HPV type 11 and rarely with type 6, whereas type 16 or 18, sometimes in combination with type 31/33/35, was found in SCPs associated with SCCs. In one patient HPV type 18- and 31/33/35-positive benign SCP preceded the recurrence of HPV 18-positive SCP (this time combined with carcinoma) by 2 years. Patients with SCP exhibiting HPV 16 or 18 positivity are at high risk for the development of SCC. Virus typing seems to be a better prognostic indicator than grading of dysplasia or age relationship. Virus typing by the PCR is more sensitive compared with ISH, but positive cells cannot be determined; ISH is less sensitive than the PCR but permits a definite designation of the cell types that have integrated HPV sequences into their DNA. Our data suggest that HPV typing should be performed in every bronchial SCP.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Effects of inhibitions of thromboxane synthesis on reactions of the cat bronchus in situ to prostaglandins.

Cats were anesthetized by chloralose, relaxed by suxamethonium, and ventilated. The influence of 3 inhibitors of thromboxane synthesis, N.0096 (+-alpha -benzyl-alpha-p-chlorobenzyl-4-hydroxyacetophenon phenylhydrogen-phosphonate), imidazole and dipyridamole were studied on bronchial reaction to prostaglandins E2 and F2 alpha and arachidonic acid. During a bronchoconstriction maintained by infusion of 5-HT, N.0096 and imidazole dose-dependently potentiated the intensity and duration of the bronchodilator effect of PGE2. This effect was maximal at a total dose of 17 mg/kg N.0096 or 25-50 mg/kg imidazole, but decreased after higher doses which are supposed to inhibit cyclo-oxygenase also. Bronchoconstrictor reactions to single injections of arachidonic acid were inhibited by N.0096 in the same dose range. Reactions to PGF2 alpha were unaltered by both drugs. Dipyridamole was devoid of a comparable activity.

Acetophenones↗
PubMed1986

A comparison of the contractile activity of PGD2 and PGF2 alpha on human isolated bronchus.

Prostaglandins may be implicated in the bronchoconstriction which occurs in asthma. Prostaglandins F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) and D2 (PGD2) have been reported to produce bronchoconstriction in asthmatic subjects in vivo and PGF2 alpha contracts human isolated airway smooth muscle. We examined the relative efficacy and potency of PGF2 alpha and PGD2 on human bronchial spiral strips taken from 6 patients at thoracotomy. PGF2 alpha had greater efficacy than PGD2. The mean % Tmax (percentage of maximal contractile response) +/- s.e. mean were 84 +/- 7 and 54 +/- 7 respectively (P less than 0.05). PGF2 alpha (mean pD2 +/- s.e. mean = 6.39 +/- 0.6) tended to be more potent than PGD2 (5.68 +/- 0.2). Since, in vivo, PGD2 has greater efficacy and potency than PGF2 alpha, our results suggest that the in vivo effect of these prostaglandins does not result solely from an action on airway muscle.

Bronchi↗
PubMed1979

Study on the significance of bronchial hyperreactivity in the bronchus obstruction after inhalation of cat dander allergen.

The role of bronchial hyperreactivity in the process that leads to bronchial obstruction after inhalation of an allergen was investigated. In 30 asthmatic children selected because of a positive skin test to cat dander allergen, we measured the histamine threshold, the reaction after allergen inhalation, the allergen-specific IgE concentration in serum, the lowest allergen concentration to which the intracutaneous skin test was positive (skin titer), and the histamine release of leukocytes after challenge with allergen. These variables were correlated with each other. The highest correlation was found between the inhalation reaction and the combination of the histamine threshold and either the allergen-specific IgE or the skin titer. Inhalation was only positive with a decreased histamine threshold (less than or equal to 8 mg/ml). With a low histamine threshold, a positive reaction to inhalation is likely to occur at an allergen-specific IgE concentration of > or = 2 U/ml or at a skin titer of < or = 2.5 x 10(-1) micrograms/ml.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

The effect of cetirizine on the human isolated bronchus: interaction with salbutamol.

The effects of cetirizine (C), a new generation, nonsedative, H1-antihistamine drug, were studied on human isolated bronchi. C is a potent antagonist of the bronchial muscle contraction induced by histamine, irrespective of whether C is administered by cumulative addition or prophylactically. In the former case, this effect of C was significant at a concentration of 3 X 10(-8) mol/L and was maximal at a concentration of 10(-5) mol/L. The -log of concentration of C causing 50% of the maximal effect induced was 7.30 +/- 0.05 (n = 6), and the effect produced was not significantly modified by bronchial epithelium removal. When C was administered prophylactically, the concentration-response curves to histamine were displaced to the right, but the reduction of maximum histamine response suggests a noncompetitive type of antagonism. C is devoid of notable anticholinergic effects. At concentrations of 10(-8) to 10(-7) mol/L, C proved capable of enhancing the relaxant effect produced by salbutamol (10(-7) to 3 X 10(-7) mol/L) on human isolated bronchi that had been contracted by either histamine or acetylcholine (ACh). The synergy appeared to be additive or potentiating, depending on salbutamol (SAL) concentrations. Under similar conditions, mepyramine does not potentiate the effects of SAL against histamine. Finally, at concentrations of 10(-8) to 10(-6) mol/L, C reduced the functional antagonism observed between SAL and ACh, as can be observed by the increase, in the presence of C, of the maximal relaxant effect of SAL on contractions produced by 10(-3) mol/L of ACh. We may, therefore, conclude that C appears to be a specific antihistamine on human isolated bronchi and that it appears to potentiate the bronchodilator effect of SAL on this preparation.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1993

Effect of neuropeptide Y on human bronchus and its modulation of neutral endopeptidase.

BACKGROUND: Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and neutral endopeptidase have been shown to regulate the response of airway smooth muscle. However, their interactions have not been studied. METHODS: To determine the role of NPY and endogenous neutral endopeptidase in regulating the effects of NPY, we investigated the effects of NPY and a neutral endopeptidase inhibitor, phosphoramidon, on the contractile response of isolated human bronchial segments to electrical field stimulation (EFS). RESULTS: Concentrations of up to 10(-6) mol/L of NPY did not change resting tension. NPY inhibited the cholinergic contractions induced by EFS at 5 Hz dose-dependently. Phosphoramidon (10(-5) mol/L) enhanced the inhibitory effect of NPY on EFS-induced contractions at 5 Hz. NPY (3 x 10(-7) mol/L) shifted the frequency-response curve for EFS (1 to 50 Hz) to the right and significantly increased the mean logarithm of frequency that produced 50% of maximal contraction (control: 0.54 +/- 0.07 versus NPY: 0.79 +/- 0.09, p < 0.05). Phosphoramidon (10(-5) mol/L) did not affect the frequency response to EFS, but enhanced the inhibitory effect of NPY (3 x 10(-7) mol/L) on frequency response to EFS, resulting in a significant increase in the mean logarithm of frequency that produced 50% of maximal contraction (NPY: 0.79 +/- 0.09 versus NPY plus phosphoramidon: 1.18 +/- 0.15, p < 0.05). NPY (3 x 10(-7) mol/L) did not affect the response of tissues to exogenously applied acetylcholine. CONCLUSIONS: These observations suggest that NPY inhibits the output of acetylcholine from nerve endings and that endogenous neutral endopeptidase modulates the effect of NPY in the human airway by inactivating this peptide.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1991

Analysis of preganglionic nerve evoked cholinergic contractions of the guinea pig bronchus.

We compared cholinergic bronchial muscle contractions induced by vagus nerve (preganglionic) stimulation (VNS) with those induced by electrical field (postganglionic) stimulation (EFS). When normalized to their respective maximum response, the frequency-response curves (10 s trains) between 4 and 16 Hz were similar between VNS and EFS; however, at frequencies of 0.1-2 Hz, and at frequencies greater than 32 Hz, the VNS contractions were significantly less than EFS. When contractions elicited by 100 pulses were examined, it was found that the responses to VNS were maximal at 10-30 Hz then declined significantly to 82-35% of maximal between 40 and 200 Hz, whereas the response to EFS was essentially unchanged at frequencies up to 60 Hz and declined only to 72% of maximal up to 200 Hz. At frequencies as low as 20 Hz, the contractions evoked by VNS faded to 45 +/- 9% of the peak contraction during 60 sec of continuous stimulation, whereas those evoked by 60 sec continuous EFS remained constant. This fade observed during prolonged VNS was not blocked by the antagonists, pirenzepine and AFDX-116, at concentrations selective for M1 and M2 muscarinic receptors, respectively; nor was the fade blocked by pre-treatment with indomethacin, propranolol, phentolamine, or choline. At frequencies greater than 10 Hz, the amplitude of the preganglionic compound action potential also faded during repetitive stimulation. The results support the hypothesis that the airway ganglion neurons innervating guinea pig bronchial smooth muscle effectively filter preganglionic stimuli, especially at low and relatively high frequencies. During continuous vagus nerve stimulation, preganglionic mechanisms may also play a role in limiting the ultimate output of airway ganglia.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

High dose rate intraluminal radiotherapy for carcinoma of the bronchus: outcome of treatment of 406 patients.

In April 1988 the Christie Hospital started using the microSelectron-HDR machine to deliver intraluminal radiotherapy (ILT) to inoperable bronchial carcinomas causing symptoms due to endobronchial disease. Results of treatment in the first 406 patients with primary non-small-cell carcinoma are presented. Three main categories of patient were defined. Category 1 consisted of 324 patients (79.8%) who were previously unirradiated and received a single fraction of ILT as their primary treatment, mostly to a dose of 1500 cGy (76%) or 2000 cGy (23%) at 1 cm from the centre of the iridium-192 treatment source. The percentage of these patients whose symptoms or signs were improved at 6 weeks following ILT were as follows: stridor 92%, haemoptysis 88%, cough 62%, dyspnoea, 60%, pain, 50% and pulmonary collapse, 46%. Approximately two-thirds of these patients (67.3%) derived long lasting palliation and required no further treatment during their lifetime. The other third of patients needed subsequent treatment at some stage because of recurrence of their symptoms and in this situation external beam radiotherapy (EB) or a repeat ILT treatment was effectively utilised. Category 2 consisted of 65 patients (16%) who had previously received EB but required ILT when their tumour recurred. At 6 weeks post-ILT levels of symptom palliation were broadly similar to those obtained if ILT was used in previously unirradiated individuals, although the improvement was not so well sustained with time and only 7% showed improvement in pulmonary collapse at 6 weeks. Category 3 consisted of 17 patients (4.2%) in whom ILT was used concurrently with EB as a combined initial treatment. Similar levels of palliation were seen when compared with patients who received a single ILT treatment only. Overall, ILT was well tolerated in terms of early and late morbidity. In conclusion, the efficiency of a single ILT treatment in palliating symptoms due to endobronchial tumour in previously unirradiated individuals is comparable with that reported in series where treatment for advanced lung cancer combines a prolonged course of EB concurrently with several ILT treatments.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

Concentration-related differences in the effects of the Ca2+ agonist Bay K 8644 in human bronchus in vitro.

1. In human isolated bronchial muscle Bay K 8644 (1 nM-1 microM) increased the force of contraction. In concentrations greater than 1 microM (in sensitized tissues), and 10 microM (in control), Bay K 8644 relaxed tissues to below their pretreatment baseline tension. 2. In control tissues contracted with methacholine or LTD4, Bay K 8644 (10 microM) produced a further small contraction; Bay K 8644 (100 microM) relaxed the tissues below baseline. 3. In tissues contracted with histamine, Bay K 8644 (10-100 microM) produced only relaxation. 4. Bay K 8644 therefore has both Ca2+ agonist and Ca2+ antagonist properties, the calcium agonist activity is more pronounced in sensitized tissues.

3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethy↗
PubMed1995

Inhibitory effects of d-nicotine on the responses evoked by 1-isomer in trachea and bronchus isolated from guinea-pig and rabbit.

1. The effects of d-nicotine on the responses induced by 1-isomer were studied in tracheae and bronchi isolated from guinea-pigs and rabbits. In guinea-pigs trachea 1-nicotine produced a biphasic response consisting of initial contraction and following relaxation. In other airway preparations 1-nicotine produced only contraction. 2. d-Nicotine did not produce any responses except for the case of guinea-pig trachea. d-isomer produced only relaxation and relative potency was approximately 0.44 in guinea-pig trachea. 3. Pretreatment with d-nicotine (30-300 microM) reduced concentration response curves for 1-isomer in a non-competitive manner in all preparations used in this study. 4. 1-nicotine at the concentration of 3 microns, which did not produce any response itself, reduced the concentration response curve of 1-nicotine in guinea-pig trachea. 5. Inhibition by d-nicotine or 1-nicotine (3 microM) of the concentration-response curve of 1-nicotine may be due to desensitization of nicotine receptors.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Abnormal modulation of cholinergic neurotransmission by opioid in hyperresponsive bronchus of rats.

1. The electrical field stimulation (EFS)-induced bronchoconstriction in vitro in rats challenged by DNP-Ascaris antigen was significantly greater than that in normal rats. 2. Morphine inhibited the EFS-induced bronchoconstriction in normal rats. Whereas the inhibition of EFS-induced bronchoconstriction by the opioid was little, if any, in the DNP-Ascaris-challenged rats. 3. These findings suggest that dysfunction of presynaptic inhibitory modulation through the opioid receptor may take place in the airways of DNP-Ascaris-challenged rats.

Acetylcholine↗