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Body composition changes in the critically ill patient: emphasis on water balance.

The moisture contents of foods, fluids, and parenteral solutions taken in and of all samples excreted, the water of oxidation of fuel mixtures burned, and the evaporative water loss must be determined in order to obtain a quantitative picture of water balance. Because there is a tendency to retain water after trauma, surgery, or an acute illness, changes in the water compartment of the body may lead to changes in body weight that may be considered erroneously as changes in energy or protein stores. Measurement of water balance, in addition to calorie and nitrogen balance is one of the most accurate means of accounting for these changes in body composition. Fluid and electrolyte therapy and nutritional supplementation can be tailored to meet the patient's specific needs by utilizing this information. Application of these principles to the care of hospitalized patients outside of the research setting will be discussed.

Body Composition↗
PubMed1976

Aspects of body fluid dynam1cs of neonatal calf diarrhoea.

The results of balance studies upon 26 calves, most of which were diarrhoeic and some of which died, demonstrated that: (a) milk intake helped to maintain plasma volume but calves still died: (b) changes in haematocrit were related to milk intake but not to faecal output; (c) the kidney tended to compensate for excess faecal water output. but this function was dependent on the maintenance of adequate plasma volume and therefore on milk intake.

Animals↗